The location of the site where the pioneers settled permanently was determined by the availability of water in the immediate environment. The Highveld contains fertile soils, a fine climate, and an abundance of water. The area has always been extensively used for crop and stock farming, but in general, mixed farming was practiced. The farmers depended on the availability of water, therefore their experiences, observations, weather forecasts, and conclusions, developed into a popular folk meteorology. Furthermore, environmental factors such as local topography, micro climate, hydrography, ground fertility, and the appearance of natural vegetation determined whether or not an area was suitable for permanent residence. The farmstead may be divided into three functional zones (the core-, extended-, and outer farmyard) that are joined by a canal network, used for irrigation and drinking water. The farmhouse and buildings, erected a stones throw away from the water source, served as a focal point for the activities of the farmer. The manipulation of the water source by obstruction of streams and the construction of water canals, weirs and water furrows, assisted the farmer in planning his activities and in using the water to his advantage. The settlement and development of the residence on the rural parts of the Highveld may be divided into three distinct phases. Firstly, the temporary trekboer phase, secondly the pioneer phase and thirdly the permanent settlement phase. The permanence of residence had a direct influence in the layout of the house, the method of construction, and the use of the available water supply. At first, the trekkers were content to reside in roof dwellings (their wagons and tents and a grass screen as their kitchen and a hut near a spring). The first houses were hartbieshuise and kapsteilhuise. The more permanent homesteads of the earlier settlers were a simple rectangular structure (pioneer house) with a saddle grass roof. With the introduction of galvanised iron sheeting, the house was expanded and developed into the veranda-, stoeproom- and a flat roofed rectangular house. This development resulted into a typical rural Highveld homestead. After the discovery of gold in the vicinity of the Witwatersrand, the first gold rush took place resulting in the proclamation of Johannesburg in 1886. Prospectors, mostly foreigners, descended upon the Witwatersrand. Housing took on a more planned structure resembling the late Victorian period of housing in England. The water supply and drainage systems were planned and improved, making it possible to provide running water to kitchens and bathrooms. This impacted firstly on the upper riches of society in the cities, later on the lower middle classes and lastly on the rural areas. European technology regarding the supply of hot pipe water and drainage systems changed the layout of the house. The cooking activity moved from outside behind a screen to a seperate room inside the house. Inevitable changes regarding collecting, storage, purpose, saving and drainage of household water took place. Between 1840 and 1910, evolutionary changes took place regarding sanitation, water supply and personal hygiene. Being part of a particular social class made certain facilities available to certain individuals. A rural Highveld dwelling rarely included sanitary facilities, instead dwellers had a more primitive wash basin in each room in which they washed daily. On a Saturday, a weekly bath was taken in a bathtub in the kitchen or bedroom. Trekkers simply relieved themselves outside. A revolution in sanitary habits and facilities became inevitable. The Victorian dwelling on the Highveld was built according to a standard plan, including a flush water system already in place. This was the ultimate manifestation of sophistication and civilization. The aim of this investigation is to identify the similarities and differences between the use of water by the pioneer, the poor people and the wealthy in their rural dwellings. Furthermore, information has been obtained regarding water usage and sanitation in the bathroom and kitchen in the rural dwelling to be useful in the area of historic architecture and the heritage of our water history. / Thesis (M.A. (History))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.

In 1963, M.H. Abrams suggested that the ultimate source of Wordsworth's poetry is the Bible, and, in particular, the New Testament. This thesis, however, demonstrates the importance of the Old Testament and offers the first extended analysis of Wordsworth's use of Old Testament rhetoric. It examines both his affectionate perceptions of the natural world, and the Biblical recollections that saturate his writing. The purpose is to align two critical discourses - on Scripture and topography - and in doing so, situate Wordsworth's sense of himself as a poet-prophet in both Britain and America. The four chapters are structured topographically (Dwelling, Vales, Mountains, Rivers), and organised around a phenomenological experience of lived space, as expressed in key poems. Close analysis of Wordsworth's poetic language from Descriptive Sketches to Yarrow Revisited reveals the influence of the Bible (and the recent analysis of sacred Hebrew poetry undertaken by Lowth), while the theories of Heidegger and Bachelard provide a conceptual approach to Wordsworth's investment in nature. The epilogue opens questions of Wordsworth's reception in America by exploring the awareness of cultural and physical geography and sense of Wordsworth's prophetic ministry amongst his heirs. The thesis concludes that Wordsworth's extensive recourse to scriptural language and the physical landscape strengthened his claim to be a Prophet of Nature. His poetry self-consciously adopted the universal 'language of men' - that of the King James Bible.

Ce mémoire propose d’aborder la relation entre le chez-soi et la construction des identités géographiques. Plus précisément, il s’agit de se pencher sur l’importance que revêt cette dimension intime et familière de l’habitat dans la part des identités qui mobilise les lieux, territoires et paysages comme référents. S’interroger à cet égard s’avère d’autant plus pertinent aujourd’hui, dans un contexte de fragmentation socio-spatiale à l’échelle urbaine et de prolifération d’enclaves résidentielles qui témoignent d’un enfermement et d’une introversion de l’habitat. Nous abordons la question à travers le cas du projet AlphaVille São Paulo (Brésil), un large développement résidentiel composé de plusieurs communautés fermées. Les entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de onze habitants de ce projet permettent de confirmer l’importance du chez-soi dans leur construction identitaire. En effet, le chez-soi en communauté fermée représente l’aboutissement d’un parcours géographique et permet au regard des habitants rencontrés une expérience de l’espace résidentiel qui s’approche de celle qu’ils ont connue au cours de l’enfance et qu’ils ont perdue à mesure que la ville s’est transformée en un milieu de plus en plus hostile. Ainsi, il leur permet dans une certaine mesure de revivre un idéal perdu. Néanmoins, habiter en communauté fermée contraint les territorialités : au sein de la métropole, le chez-soi fait figure de refuge. Il n’en demeure pas moins que les réponses des résidents révèlent une conscience que leur choix d’habitat constitue en quelque sorte une fuite de la réalité. Ainsi, ils entretiennent à l’égard de leur milieu de vie une relation qui oscille entre illusion et désillusion. / This thesis proposes to study the relationship between the home and the formation of geographic identities. More precisely, it aims understanding the role of this intimate and familiar place in the part of human identity that is defined through the individual’s interaction with places, territories and landscapes. This question appears particularly relevant in the present urban context, largely characterised by socio-spatial fragmentation and the proliferation of residential enclaves, which express a confinement of the home environment. We approach this question through the case of the AlphaVille São Paulo project (Brazil), a large residential development composed of various gated communities. The semi-directed interviews that were conducted with eleven residents allow us to confirm the relevance of the home in their identity formation. Indeed, the dwelling inside a gated community represents the final destination of the residents’ geographical trajectories. According to the inhabitants, this allows for a residential experience similar to the one they underwent during childhood and that was subsequently lost as the city transformed into a more hostile environment. Thereby, it allows, to a certain extent, for the revival of a lost ideal. However, living in a gated community constrains territorialities: within the urban context, the home place becomes a refuge. Nonetheless, the residents’ answers reveal a degree of consciousness that their choice of residence represents an escape from reality. Thus, their relationship towards their living environment oscillates between illusion and disillusion.

L’insomnie, commune auprès de la population gériatrique, est typiquement traitée avec des benzodiazépines qui peuvent augmenter le risque des chutes. La thérapie cognitive-comportementale (TCC) est une intervention non-pharmacologique ayant une efficacité équivalente et aucun effet secondaire. Dans la présente thèse, le coût des benzodiazépines (BZD) sera comparé à celui de la TCC dans le traitement de l’insomnie auprès d’une population âgée, avec et sans considération du coût additionnel engendré par les chutes reliées à la prise des BZD. Un modèle d’arbre décisionnel a été conçu et appliqué selon la perspective du système de santé sur une période d’un an. Les probabilités de chutes, de visites à l’urgence, d’hospitalisation avec et sans fracture de la hanche, les données sur les coûts et sur les utilités ont été recueillies à partir d’une revue de la littérature. Des analyses sur le coût des conséquences, sur le coût-utilité et sur les économies potentielles ont été faites. Des analyses de sensibilité probabilistes et déterministes ont permis de prendre en considération les estimations des données. Le traitement par BZD coûte 30% fois moins cher que TCC si les coûts reliés aux chutes ne sont pas considérés (231$ CAN vs 335$ CAN/personne/année). Lorsque le coût relié aux chutes est pris en compte, la TCC s’avère être l’option la moins chère (177$ CAN d’économie absolue/ personne/année, 1,357$ CAN avec les BZD vs 1,180$ pour la TCC). La TCC a dominé l’utilisation des BZD avec une économie moyenne de 25, 743$ CAN par QALY à cause des chutes moins nombreuses observées avec la TCC. Les résultats des analyses d’économies d’argent suggèrent que si la TCC remplaçait le traitement par BZD, l’économie annuelle directe pour le traitement de l’insomnie serait de 441 millions de dollars CAN avec une économie cumulative de 112 billions de dollars canadiens sur une période de cinq ans. D’après le rapport sensibilité, le traitement par BZD coûte en moyenne 1,305$ CAN, écart type 598$ (étendue : 245-2,625)/personne/année alors qu’il en coûte moyenne 1,129$ CAN, écart type 514$ (étendue : 342-2,526)/personne/année avec la TCC. Les options actuelles de remboursement de traitements pharmacologiques au lieu des traitements non-pharmacologiques pour l’insomnie chez les personnes âgées ne permettent pas d’économie de coûts et ne sont pas recommandables éthiquement dans une perspective du système de santé. / Insomnia is common in the geriatric population, typically treated with benzodiazepine drugs which can increase the risk of falls. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a non-pharmacological intervention with equivalent efficacy and no adverse events. This thesis compares the cost of benzodiazepines versus CBT for the treatment of insomnia in older adults, with and without consideration of the additional cost of falls incurred by benzodiazepine use. A decision tree model was constructed and run from the health payer’s perspective over 1 year. The probability of falls, ER visits, hospitalisation with and without hip fracture, cost data and utilities were derived from a comprehensive literature review. Cost consequence, cost utility and potential cost saving analyses were performed. Both probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses were conducted to account for uncertainty around the data estimates. Benzodiazepine treatment costs 30% less than the price of CBT when the costs of falls are not considered (CAN $231 vs. CAN $335 per individual per year). When the cost of falls is considered, CBT emerges as the least expensive option (absolute cost-saving CAN$ 177 per person per year, CAN $1,357 with benzodiazepines vs. $1,180 for CBT). CBT dominated benzodiazepines, with a mean cost saving of CAN $ 25,743 per QALY gained with CBT due to fewer falls. The cost savings analysis shows that if the CBT were to completely replace benzodiazepine therapy, the expected annual direct cost savings for the treatment of insomnia would be $ 441 million CAD dollars, with a cumulative cost savings of $112 billion CAD dollars over 5-years. The PSA report shows that even at different varying parameters, benzodiazepines cost CAD$ 1,305, S.D $ 598 (range 245-2,625) on average / person / year vs. CAD$ 1,129, S.D $ 514 (range 342-2,526) on average / person / year for CBT. Current treatment reimbursement options that fund pharmacologic therapy instead of non-pharmacologic therapy for geriatric insomnia are neither cost-saving nor ethically recommendable from the health system’s perspective.

Ce mémoire propose une analyse de l'enfermement identitaire présent dans les romans Lullaby et Survivor de l'auteur Chuck Palahniuk et montré en rapport au rôle que les personnages tiennent dans leur famille et à leur pratique d'habitation. En utilisant les théories de Baudrillard et de Foucault, l'imposition d'une identité par la société moderne s'explique en relation à sa domination par le capitalisme de consommation et par la présence médiatique. Les univers romanesques de cet auteur s'inscrivent dans la tradition américaine où, par l'emploi du langage littéraire, sont développées les notions de liberté et de libre arbitre au coeur de l'identité nationale américaine rendant possible la lutte contre les différents dispositifs de contrôle présents dans cette société (m'inspirant du projet de Weinstein). Cette étude ne porte pas seulement sur l'enfermement identitaire, tant individuel que culturel des personnages, mais aussi sur les problématiques de l'identité masculine et de la passivité dans ces deux romans. L'auteur tente de solutionner lesdits problèmes en brisant la solitude de ses personnages que ce soit parce qu'ils réussissent à faire partie d'une communauté les reconnaissant comme un sujet unique, parce qu'ils établissent une connexion grâce au partage de leur histoire personnelle ou parce qu'ils retrouvent les sentiments d'appartenance et d'amour liés à la famille. / This thesis focuses on the internalization of identity in Chuck Palahniuk's novels Lullaby and Survivor in regards to each character's role within their respective families and surroundings (environments). Using both Baudrillard and Foucault's theories, we can demonstrate that one's identity, created by our modern society, can be explained by its domination by the capitalist mantra and the mediatic presence. The literary universes created by Palahniuk are in the American style where literary language is used to develop the notions of liberty and free will within the American national identity, enabling the main protagonists to fight against the various control methods present within this society (inspired by Weinstein's project). This study does not fucus solely on the internalization of identity, both individual and cultural, but also on the problems related to the masculine identity as well as the character's passivity in both novels. The author attempts to solve these problems by breaking its character's solitude either by way of integrating them in a community that recognizes them as unique individuals, by establishing a connection based on the retelling of their personal history or by reconnecting with the feelings of filial love and belonging.

Falling among older adults is a leading cause of concern due to the known impacts including physical injury, loss of independence, increased health care costs, and mortality. In efforts to decrease the numbers of falls experienced by older adults, healthcare providers assess individuals’ fall risks and provide corresponding fall prevention recommendations. The effectiveness however, of these recommendations, is only as strong as the level of adherence to those recommendations; which has proven low in recent research. Using the theoretical foundation of the Health Belief Model, this study quantified adherence to environmental fall prevention recommendations. Twenty-two community-dwelling older adults participated in this randomized control group study that took place across three home visits, scheduled approximately 30 days apart. Participants were interviewed regarding their recent falls and perceived susceptibility to future falls; then a home evaluation was conducted. Treatment group participants were provided personalized education explaining how and why environmental fall prevention recommendations were important to decrease their risk of falls while control group participants were provided general recommendations. A two-sample t-test for independent groups determined a statistically significant relationship: participants who received personalized education intervention were more likely to follow recommendations than those who received general education intervention. Multiple regressions were conducted to review relationships between an individual’s recent falls, and their perceived susceptibility to future falls, with their extent of adherence with fall prevention recommendations. No statistically significant relationship was found. This study suggests that providing personalized education for community-dwelling older adults regarding environmental fall prevention recommendations increases their extent of adherence with such recommendations.

Trata da moradia urbana paulista do ciclo do café, considerando como recorte o Centro Histórico da cidade de São José do Rio Pardo entre os anos de 1865 e 1940, período que compreende desde a fundação até o início da redefinição econômica com o desenvolvimento do setor comercial e industrial e da própria expansão urbana com o surgimento de novos bairros. Identifica, compreende e analisa a moradia urbana a partir das características arquitetônicas, formais e compositivas, verificando usos e arranjos internos, partidos adotados e técnicas construtivas empregadas. Analisa ainda como que essa moradia se transformou coadunada com as mudanças no espaço urbano após a implantação de infraestrutura, a construção de diferentes tipologias de edifícios e a disponibilidade de material e mão de obra. Constata a atuação de 106 profissionais, práticos licenciados e artífices na construção civil local, destacando, através das moradias, as diferenças entre as diversas gerações de profissionais. O estudo se vale de documentação consultada em arquivos, públicos e privados, bibliotecas e cartórios, que inclui materiais iconográficos, jornais, almanaques, relatórios de governo, mapas e projetos constantes nos processos de aprovação de construção; pesquisa de campo através de mapeamento, registro fotográfico e levantamento métrico das moradias; realização de entrevistas com pessoas engajadas com a história e os movimentos culturais da cidade, e também com antigos moradores do Centro Histórico; e leitura de estudos correlatos. Busca sustentação teórica em importantes autores nas áreas de interesse da pesquisa, dentre eles Carlos Lemos, Nestor G. Reis Filho, Murilo Marx, Emma Debenedetti e Anita Salmoni e Sandra J. Pesavento, além de bibliografia de teóricos, memorialistas e historiadores locais, com destaque para Rodolpho José Del Guerra e Amélia Franzolin Trevisan. Contribui para ampliar o conhecimento da diversidade da produção da moradia urbana brasileira na medida em que qualifica e quantifica o processo de transformações do espaço urbano de São José do Rio Pardo; ao revelar que sua arquitetura, especialmente suas moradias, que ao mesmo tempo em que podem ser tidas como recorrentes e comuns quando comparadas a outras cidades do ciclo do café paulista, também são carregadas de singularidades e nuances próprias; e ainda ao revelar a existência de redes e relações estabelecidas que ultrapassam fronteiras na circulação de saberes, novidades, materiais e tecnologias, dos artífices, práticos licenciados e profissionais, e dos clientes envolvidos nessa produção. / It deals with the urban dwelling of the coffee cycle in São Paulo, considering as recort the Historic Center of the city of São José do Rio Pardo between 1865 and 1940, period that consist since the foundation to the beginning of the economic redefinition with the development of the commercial and industrial and of own urban expansion with the emergence of new neighborhoods. Identifies, understands and analyzes the urban dwelling from the architectural, formal and compositional characteristics, verifying uses and internal arrangements, adopted parties and constructive techniques employed. It also analyzes how these dwelling became compatible with changes in urban space after the implementation of infrastructure, the construction of different typologies of buildings and the availability of material and labor. It verifies the work of 106 professionals, licensed practitioners and craftsmen in the local civil construction, highlighting, through the dwellings, the differences between the different generations of professionals. The study is based in documentation consulted in archives, publics and privates, libraries and registry offices, that inclues iconographic materials, newspapers, almanacs, government reports, maps and projects in construction approval processes; field research through mapping, photographic record and metric survey of dwellings; conducting interviews with people engaged in the history and cultural movements of the city, and also with former residents of the Historic Center; and reading related studies. This paper seeks theoretical support from important authors in areas of interest to the research, among them Carlos Lemos, Nestor G. Reis Filho, Murilo Marx, Emma Debenedetti and Anita Salmoni and Sandra J. Pesavento, as well as bibliographies of theoreticians, memorialists and local historians, with highlighted by Rodolpho José Del Guerra and Amélia Franzolin Trevisan. It contributes to increase the knowledge of the diversity of Brazilian urban dwelling production insofar as it qualifies and quantifies the process of transformation of the urban space of São José do Rio Pardo; revealing that its architecture, especially its dwellings, which at the same time can be considered as recurrent and common when compared to other cities of the São Paulo coffee cycle, are also loaded with singularities and nuances of their own; and it also by revealing the existence of established networks and relationships that cross borders in the circulation of knowledges, novelties, materials and technologies, of craftsmen, licensed practitioners and professionals, and of the clients involved in this production.

La chute est un problème de santé publique qui touche principalement les personnes âgées. Nos travaux portent sur la caractérisation des stratégies biomécaniques et cognitives impliquées dans le maintien et le rattrapage de l'équilibre et qui permettent à une personne âgée d'éviter de chuter. En particulier, nous nous sommes intéressé à une population âgée, encore autonome et en bonne santé, dans le but d'identifier les personnes à risque et de permettre une intervention le plus tôt possible. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que, dans cette population, les tests cliniques classiques ne permettent pas de bien discriminer les « chuteurs » des « non-chuteurs » et que le problème de la chute ne réside pas que dans une déficience musculaire mais aussi cognitive et/ou sensorielle qui affecte les réponses biomécaniques de rattrapage. Les tests les plus discriminants sont identifiés et un outil d'évaluation du risque de chute, permettant d'identifier rapidement les déficiences, est proposé. Enfin, nous fournissons des informations sur les mécanismes impliqués dans les pas protectifs, une stratégie d'équilibration prévalente mais peu évaluée dans les tests cliniques / Falling is a common and concerning health problem for the elderly population. This research work focuses on the characterization of the biomechanical and cognitive strategies involved in the balance maintain and balance recovery that help elderly to avoid a fall. Particularly, we interested in a community-dwelling elderly population, in order to identify the persons who are at risk of fall and suggest a forward preventive intervention. We show, for this population, that usual clinical tests do not well discriminate between “fallers” and “non-fallers” and that the fall problem is more concerned by cognitive and/or sensorial troubles than by muscular troubles that affect biomechanical responses. The most discriminant tests are identified and a risk of fall assessment tool is suggested to give informations about the deficient mechanisms. Finally, we provide informations about the mechanisms involved in protective steps, a prevalent balance strategy which not used in balance clinical assessments

A existência de pessoas que moram nas ruas é um fenômeno global complexo que envolve, entre outros, aspectos econômicos, sociais, políticos, psicológicos e urbanísticos. Este trabalho busca contribuir para o entendimento desse fenômeno ao analisá-lo sob a perspectiva da cidade de São Paulo. O morar na rua, suas origens, diversidade, transformações e sua consolidação como integrante do ambiente construído são elementos ainda pouco estudados, e que o presente trabalho busca contemplar. O que distingue esta pesquisa das outras feitas sobre o tema, é que o objeto de estudo é a cidade , ou seja, o morar na rua na cidade, e não o morador de rua, o indivíduo. Na medida em que o foco do trabalho é o espaço urbano, a metrópole, e que o morar na rua é uma realidade que não se pode ignorar, é papel de arquitetos e urbanistas incorporar estes cidadãos em seus projetos urbanos. O fato aparente é que as respostas que têm sido dadas ao problema - no caso de São Paulo, os albergues e casas de convivência - parecem insuficientes tanto para a compreensão quanto para resolução desse problema. Desse modo, o presente estudo tem o intuito de analisar o morar na rua em São Paulo a partir da compreensão do perfil dessa população, de suas demandas e formas de organização, discutindo as respostas dadas e as propostas urbanísticas existentes que a contemplem. A caracterização iniciou-se por uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o significado e a condição do morar na rua, e os diversos grupos que compõe esta população. Analisou-se então os diferentes tipos de equipamentos ofertados, as soluções existentes e a sua pertinência ao perfil de população encontrado. A análise da população dita \"em situação de rua\" mostra, primeiramente, que há pessoas que desejam sair dessa condição ou seja, para quem a situação de estar na rua é circunstancial, e outras que continuam a habitar as ruas como morada, por escolha própria. O segundo aspecto mostra que as respostas que têm sido dada para o primeiro grupo - albergues e casas de convivência - tem sido consideradas insatisfatórias. Já para o segundo grupo elas são inexistentes, pois esta hipótese não tem sido considerada. De qualquer forma mesmo que a questão do morar na rua seja transitória para um dado indivíduo, outros aparecerão, ou seja, há um contingente permanente de pessoas que habita os espaço público e para o qual se espera uma resposta, que o projeto urbano não tem dado conta. Para parte dessa população, a resposta é a oferta de meios que proporcionem sua saída das ruas. No entanto, o grande desafio diz respeito ao grupo que opta por viver nas ruas. Para o este, a cidade teria que assumir sua existência no território urbano e, mais que isso, aceitar o seu direito à cidade como inerente à cidadania plena. Para a formulação de propostas inovadoras faz-se necessário conhecer a fundo a população para a qual se está projetando valendo-nos de conceitos contemporâneos que vão além do campo da arquitetura e do urbanismo. / The occurrence of city homeleness is a widespread phenomenon throughout the whole world and involves economical, social, political, psychological and urbanistic aspects. Present work intends at contributing to the understanding of this process which is analyzed here from the view point of the city of São Paulo. Street dwelling in São Paulo has several components that need reappraisal such as its origins, diversity, changes along time and consolidation as part of the urban morphology. However, present work differs from previous ones dealing with the subject for its emphasis on the role of living the city itself rather than on the people that live in the city streets, the homeless. It is the architects and city planners\' task the need to consider these citizens as inherent to the urban space, to the metropolis, that cannot at all be ignored. The solutions that have been proposed for this problem in regard with the city of São Paulo, namely, shelters and conviviality houses seemingly are not efficacious to solve the problem. Thus, present study intends to analyze the street living attitude accounting for the basic needs of this population through discussions of the urbanistic proposal to deal with it. Accordingly, the first task was to analyze the profile of the people that belong to this population, how appropriate is it to label them as street dwellers or homeless and simultaneously to understand how the city itself interacts with them. We have learned that there are street dwellers willing to get rid of their condition, in other words, people for whom street dwelling is a transient process. Solutions offered them either as shelters and conviviality houses have so far been deemed unsatisfactory. And there are those that go on living in the streets by their own choice, namely, permanently. Besides, even if transient street living conditions was temporary for someone there will always be new adherents joining the street environment. Urbanistic solutions for this group are scarce, not effective and based on the Idea that with very few exceptions street dwellers are willing to give up their living conditions. For some of them proper solutions is offering all means to help them get off the streets, but the real challenge concerns those that definitely chose to remain on the streets. In this case, the city must accept their existence, their own right to the city, namely, to full citizenship. Innovative proposals require a careful appraisal of the population we aim at favoring and need contemporary concepts that go beyond the common current practices in the fields of architecture and urbanism.

A existência de pessoas que moram nas ruas é um fenômeno global complexo que envolve, entre outros, aspectos econômicos, sociais, políticos, psicológicos e urbanísticos. Este trabalho busca contribuir para o entendimento desse fenômeno ao analisá-lo sob a perspectiva da cidade de São Paulo. O morar na rua, suas origens, diversidade, transformações e sua consolidação como integrante do ambiente construído são elementos ainda pouco estudados, e que o presente trabalho busca contemplar. O que distingue esta pesquisa das outras feitas sobre o tema, é que o objeto de estudo é a cidade , ou seja, o morar na rua na cidade, e não o morador de rua, o indivíduo. Na medida em que o foco do trabalho é o espaço urbano, a metrópole, e que o morar na rua é uma realidade que não se pode ignorar, é papel de arquitetos e urbanistas incorporar estes cidadãos em seus projetos urbanos. O fato aparente é que as respostas que têm sido dadas ao problema - no caso de São Paulo, os albergues e casas de convivência - parecem insuficientes tanto para a compreensão quanto para resolução desse problema. Desse modo, o presente estudo tem o intuito de analisar o morar na rua em São Paulo a partir da compreensão do perfil dessa população, de suas demandas e formas de organização, discutindo as respostas dadas e as propostas urbanísticas existentes que a contemplem. A caracterização iniciou-se por uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o significado e a condição do morar na rua, e os diversos grupos que compõe esta população. Analisou-se então os diferentes tipos de equipamentos ofertados, as soluções existentes e a sua pertinência ao perfil de população encontrado. A análise da população dita \"em situação de rua\" mostra, primeiramente, que há pessoas que desejam sair dessa condição ou seja, para quem a situação de estar na rua é circunstancial, e outras que continuam a habitar as ruas como morada, por escolha própria. O segundo aspecto mostra que as respostas que têm sido dada para o primeiro grupo - albergues e casas de convivência - tem sido consideradas insatisfatórias. Já para o segundo grupo elas são inexistentes, pois esta hipótese não tem sido considerada. De qualquer forma mesmo que a questão do morar na rua seja transitória para um dado indivíduo, outros aparecerão, ou seja, há um contingente permanente de pessoas que habita os espaço público e para o qual se espera uma resposta, que o projeto urbano não tem dado conta. Para parte dessa população, a resposta é a oferta de meios que proporcionem sua saída das ruas. No entanto, o grande desafio diz respeito ao grupo que opta por viver nas ruas. Para o este, a cidade teria que assumir sua existência no território urbano e, mais que isso, aceitar o seu direito à cidade como inerente à cidadania plena. Para a formulação de propostas inovadoras faz-se necessário conhecer a fundo a população para a qual se está projetando valendo-nos de conceitos contemporâneos que vão além do campo da arquitetura e do urbanismo. / The occurrence of city homeleness is a widespread phenomenon throughout the whole world and involves economical, social, political, psychological and urbanistic aspects. Present work intends at contributing to the understanding of this process which is analyzed here from the view point of the city of São Paulo. Street dwelling in São Paulo has several components that need reappraisal such as its origins, diversity, changes along time and consolidation as part of the urban morphology. However, present work differs from previous ones dealing with the subject for its emphasis on the role of living the city itself rather than on the people that live in the city streets, the homeless. It is the architects and city planners\' task the need to consider these citizens as inherent to the urban space, to the metropolis, that cannot at all be ignored. The solutions that have been proposed for this problem in regard with the city of São Paulo, namely, shelters and conviviality houses seemingly are not efficacious to solve the problem. Thus, present study intends to analyze the street living attitude accounting for the basic needs of this population through discussions of the urbanistic proposal to deal with it. Accordingly, the first task was to analyze the profile of the people that belong to this population, how appropriate is it to label them as street dwellers or homeless and simultaneously to understand how the city itself interacts with them. We have learned that there are street dwellers willing to get rid of their condition, in other words, people for whom street dwelling is a transient process. Solutions offered them either as shelters and conviviality houses have so far been deemed unsatisfactory. And there are those that go on living in the streets by their own choice, namely, permanently. Besides, even if transient street living conditions was temporary for someone there will always be new adherents joining the street environment. Urbanistic solutions for this group are scarce, not effective and based on the Idea that with very few exceptions street dwellers are willing to give up their living conditions. For some of them proper solutions is offering all means to help them get off the streets, but the real challenge concerns those that definitely chose to remain on the streets. In this case, the city must accept their existence, their own right to the city, namely, to full citizenship. Innovative proposals require a careful appraisal of the population we aim at favoring and need contemporary concepts that go beyond the common current practices in the fields of architecture and urbanism.