Qu'est-ce qui pousse les citadins à jardiner, dans des contextes souvent peu favorables, les abords de leur logement ? Guidé par cette question, notre travail se focalise sur les pratiques habitantes du jardin privé de type balcon, loggia, terrasse et pied d'immeuble. Parmi les nombreux travaux consacrés à l'étude des modes d'habiter urbains, peu se sont jusque-là spécifiquement intéressés au rôle du "petit" jardin. Comment ce petit jardin – et en particulier son jardinage - permet-il à la fois de se ménager un chez-soi et de cohabiter avec ses voisins ? C'est cette problématique que nous avons explorée en inscrivant notre travail dans le champ des ambiances architecturales et urbaines, c'est-à-dire en faisant de l'environnement sensible une clé de lecture privilégiée des pratiques habitantes jardinières. Notre enquête a porté sur quinze ensembles de logements grenoblois et parisiens situés en milieu urbain dense. Sur une période de quatre ans, elle s'est déployée autour du recueil de la parole habitante, couplée à des observations ethnographiques. Adoptant une approche pluridisciplinaire qui croise les dimensions spatiales, horticoles, sociales et sensibles du jardin, l'analyse s'attache à élaborer une typologie de configurations de jardins à partir de quatre critères : la morphologie (horticole et paysagère) des jardins, leur imaginaire, les perceptions sensibles et les tactiques habitantes dont ils sont le support. Cette typologie propose une rhétorique jardinière explicitant les formes de liens et de ruptures que les habitants créent entre eux et leurs voisins, entre leur logement et leur jardin, entre leur jardin et le voisinage et entre leur jardin et la ville. Elle intéresse directement la programmation et la conception des abords de l'habitat en questionnant les manières de composer le jardin et ses articulations au logement, d'agencer les logements entre eux et de penser le rapport du logement à la ville par le biais du jardin. Deux expériences pédagogiques réalisées à la fin de la recherche rendent compte de ce potentiel. Plus largement, cette recherche ouvre vers l'hypothèse selon laquelle les enjeux de l'habiter urbain se situeraient à la lisière jardinée entre un chez-soi (qu'il soit privé ou public) et la ville. / What encourages city dwellers to garden their housing surroundings often located in unfavourable contexts? Following this question, this research focuses on the residents' practices in private gardens such as balcony, loggia, terrace and ground garden. Among the numerous works about the different types of urban dwellings, few of them interest in the role of small gardens. How do small gardens -and its gardening- allow handling carefully a home and help living together among neighbours? This research question is tackled through the field of urban and architectural ambiences, in which the sensory environment is considered a key element in reading residents' gardening practices. For elaborating this work, we conducted a survey on fifteen dwellings, located in high-density urban context in two different French cities: Grenoble and Paris. During four years, we realised semi-directive interviews in addition to ethnographic observations in sixty households. We analysed the collected data through a pluridisciplinary approach that crosses spatial, horticultural, social and sensory dimensions of gardening. This approach aims at designing a typology -gathering configurations of gardens- based on four criteria: gardens' morphology, its imaginary, sensory perception and residents' tactics. This typology proposes a rhetoric gardening that explores the different links and ruptures that residents create between them and their neighbours, their housing and their garden, their garden and the neighborhood and finally between the garden and the city. This work deals directly with the housing surroundings briefing and design by reappraising how gardens are composed and linked to the housing, how housings are organized with each other, while examining at the same time the way that gardens link together housing projects to the city. Two educational experiences have been realised in two French schools of architecture at the end of this research in order to test the design potentials of our typology. In a wider sense, we theorize that the urban dwelling issues are anchored in a gardening edge between a home (set on a private or public space) and the city.

A pesquisa proposta pretende esclarecer os pontos obscuros e controvertidos do artigo 1228, 4 e 5 do Código Civil, tendo por finalidade a busca da efetividade de tal dispositivo legal, que possui, na sua essência, o reconhecimento do direito fundamental de moradia e, ainda, tutela o direito ao trabalho. O dispositivo em questão rompe com o paradigma da posse como mera sentinela avançada do direito de propriedade e reconhece a defesa da posse autônoma exercida por aqueles que realmente cumprem com a sua função social. A partir do preenchimento dos requisitos previstos na lei, concede-se a legitimação da posse aos possuidores e, com o pagamento da indenização ao proprietário, converte-se a posse em direito de propriedade. Dessa forma, o instituto visa não apenas à regularização fundiária de áreas urbanas ou rurais, mas, principalmente, à efetividade dos direitos fundamentais de moradia e trabalho, que dão substância ao principio norteador de qualquer sociedade civilizada: o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Assim sendo, na busca pela efetividade do dispositivo, o estudo tem ainda como finalidade desenvolver a natureza jurídica específica do instituto, reconhecendo-o como um modo autônomo de aquisição onerosa do direito de propriedade, não se equiparando a formas de desapropriação ou de usucapião do direito de propriedade. / The proposed research aims to clarify the obscure and controversial points presented in the article 1228, 4 and 5 of the Civil Code, aiming at the effectiveness of this legal device which has at its core the acknowledgment of the fundamental right to housing and even guards the right to work. The device in question breaks the paradigm of possession as a mere advanced outpost of law of property and recognizes the defense of autonomous possession made by those who actually fulfill their social role. After the fulfillment of the requirements foreseen by law, it is granted the legitimacy of the possession to the possessors, and as compensation, pay the possession to the proprietor is turned into ownership right. Thus, the institute aims not only the regularization of urban and rural areas, but mostly the effectiveness of the fundamental rights of dwelling and work, which strengthen the mainstream principle of any civilized society, that is, the principle of human dignity. Thus, in the pursuit of the effectiveness of the advice, the study also aims to develop the specific legal nature of the institute, recognizing it as an autonomous way of costly acquisition of property law, not being equated with ways of dispossession or prescription of real property right.

En France, les rénovations énergétiques en résidentiel, et ceci tout particulièrement pour les maisons individuelles, font peu l'objet après réalisation d'une évaluation ex-post permettant de quantifier la performance atteinte.Cette thèse se propose donc d'effectuer une évaluation ex-post de l'efficacité de solutions de rénovation énergétique en résidentiel, à partir de données (environ 100 cas par échantillon étudié) provenant d'enquêtes menées auprès de ménages, propriétaires occupants de maison individuelle, ayant participé à des opérations de maîtrise de la demande en énergie conduites à l'échelle régionale dans le nord-est et le sud-est de la France. Une approche statistique tant descriptive que de modélisation est principalement employée pour aborder ce travail.Le premier volet de l'évaluation ex-post consiste en une quantification des économies unitaires obtenues associée à un calcul d'incertitude. Pour chacune des opérations, la modélisation statistique de la consommation énergétique après travaux permet l'étude de l'influence des actions elles-mêmes mais aussi de certains facteurs tels que le changement de la gestion du chauffage ou l'utilisation après travaux de la climatisation.Le second volet de cette évaluation ex-post a pour but d'identifier les causes des écarts entre les consommations observées et celles simulées par un modèle de calcul ex-ante (dit d'ingénieur). Ainsi, nous étudions l'évolution des écarts des états avant à après travaux. Tout d'abord, une quantification et une modélisation statistique des écarts en situation avant travaux est réalisée. Puis, les écarts en situation après travaux sont à leur tour quantifiés et modélisés statistiquement en intégrant notamment l'erreur commise initialement (avant travaux). Les différences entre économies d'énergie observées et simulées sont également étudiées.Enfin, dans la dernière partie de la thèse, sur la base des sources d'écart identifiées, nous proposons des pistes de perfectionnement du modèle de calcul d'ingénieur utilisé. Plus largement, à partir d'un retour critique quant aux limites des modèles statistiques établis pour étudier les causes des écarts, des pistes sont avancées pour permettre de les améliorer. / In France, ex-post evaluations of energy retrofits in residential buildings, allowing to quantify the performance achieved, are rarely realized, particularly for the dwelling houses.This thesis is an ex-post evaluation of energy efficiency measures for retrofit in residential buildings from surveys data (around 100 cases by studied sample) of households, house owners, that participated in regional energy efficiency operations (northeast and southeast of France). This work is mainly tackled by descriptive statistics and statistical models.The first part of the ex-post evaluation is a quantification of unitary energy savings associated to an uncertainty assessment. For the two operations, a statistical model of energy consumption after retrofitting studies the effect of energy efficiency measures and also the effects of factors as space heating management modification or air conditioning use after refurbishment.The second part of the ex-post evaluation has for aim to identify the sources of gaps between observed consumptions and ones simulated by an ex-ante engineering model. Thus, we study gaps evolution from before retrofitting to after retrofitting situations. In the first time, we realise a quantification and a statistical modelling of gaps before retrofitting. Then, we repeat the method for gaps after retrofitting, in taking into account gap before retrofitting in the statistical model. Deviations between observed energy savings and calculated ones are also studied.In the last part of the thesis, we propose some improvements of the engineering model on the base of the gaps sources identified. From a critical analysis of statistical models realised to study gaps, some propositions are did to improve them.

Background: Approximately 48 000 meals are distributed to home-dwelling older adults every day in Sweden. The ability to influence the meals is of great importance for the quality of life and therefore it is important to include the views, needs and wishes of older adults when structuring the food distribution service. Objective: The purpose is to explore the perceptions and acceptability of home delivered meals among home-dwelling older adults and professional caregivers. Methods: The present study was the first qualitative phase of a mixed method study with an exploratory sequential design. Qualitative data was collected from five older adults >65 in five municipalities and two caregivers through interviews. Results: Most of the participants were able to choose from two alternative dishes every day and they were pleased with the selection of dishes most of the time. Overall the menus were considered variated and seasonal and holiday themes were highly valued. The Swedish cuisine was their favorite, however many ethnic dishes were appreciated as well. The meals were considered delicious, however the texture of the vegetables, potatoes and meat was not optimal. Conclusions: Sometimes two alternative dishes were not considered enough. More and a broader selection of dishes might increase older adults feeling of independence but also help meeting expectations of older adults with different cultural backgrounds. Familiar dishes, a conscious choice of condiments, enhanced flavors and improved textures and appearance might compensate for deteriorating senses. Descriptive information about the meals on the menus might also help meeting older adults’ expectations. / Bakgrund: Det levereras cirka 48 000 måltider till äldre i ordinärt boende varje dag i Sverige. Möjligheten att påverka måltiderna är en viktig förutsättning för äldres livskvalitet, därför är det viktigt att inkludera äldres uppfattningar, önskemål och behov vid strukturering av måltidsdistributionen. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska äldres uppfattningar och acceptans av hemlevererade måltider bland äldre och vårdgivare. Metod: Studien var den första kvalitativa fasen av en mixed method studie med en exploratory sequential design. Kvalitativ data samlades in genom intervjuer med fem äldre i fem kommuner samt två undersköterskor. Resultat: De flesta av deltagarna kunde välja mellan två måltidsalternativ varje dag och de var nöjda med måltidsutbudet för det mesta. Överlag ansågs menyerna vara varierande och säsongs-och högtids anpassade rätter var uppskattade. Även om det svenska köket var en favorit, uppskattades etniska rätter också. Måltiderna ansågs goda, men texturen på grönsaker, potatis och kött var inte optimal. Slutsatser: Ibland uppfattades inte två måltidsalternativ som tillräckligt. Fler rätter och ett bredare utbud av rätter skulle kunna öka äldres känsla av självständighet men också möta förväntningar hos äldre från olika kulturer. Välbekanta rätter, medvetna val av tillbehör, förstärkta smaker och optimerade texturer och utseende kan möjligtvis kompensera för nedsatta sinnen. Detaljerad information om maträtterna på menyerna skulle kanske också kunna hjälp till att möta äldres förväntningar.

The topic of the thesis is "Criminal Law and Criminological Aspects of Domestic Violence". The phenomenon of domestic violence transpires through the whole society; it is a socially-wide issue which has been present for a long period of time. Initially, domestic violence was considered to be a private problem not to be intervened by the state. However, in last 30 years this attitude has changed and the interception of domestic violence gone through a significant transformation. The society started to recognize this issue as a subject of a public concern which requires also state intervention. The complexity of domestic violence requires interdisciplinary approach. The first part of the thesis provides definition and general description of domestic violence. It describes elements of domestic violence (such as privateness, recurrence, long-term, inequality of the involved parties, escalation, etc.), its kinds and forms, rules and specifics which differentiates domestic violence from other types of violent conduct. Further, it describes causes of domestic violence and theories of causes leading to its occurrence. The end of the first chapter deals with the role of gender in domestic violence. Criminological part of the thesis presents view on the perpetrators and victims of domestic violence and more...

Abstract The aim of the study was to develop an instrument and to statistically test the main structure of the middle-range nursing theory for the self-care of home-dwelling elderly. Further, connections between the satisfaction with life, self-esteem, functional capacity and self-care behavior styles of older people living at home were studied. According to the theory in question, self-care is a partly conscious, partly subconscious way to function and live, including an emotional aspect. It evolves during a person’s life course. The theory consists of four main types of self-care, which are associated with older person’s past life and future: responsible, formally guided, independent and abandoned self-care. Also, the functional capacity, life satisfaction and self-esteem vary between persons having different self-care behaviour styles. Furthermore, individual factors – turning points of life, habitual ways to react, resources, meanings of the self-care and experiences of getting old – oriented self-care, either into the internal, unambiguous or external, ambiguous direction. The interview data to test the instrument (n = 200) and the theory (n = 179) were collected by structured interviews from home-dwelling older people aged 74 or older around Finland. The interview data of both phases of the study were analysed with descriptive and multivariate statistical methods. Face-validity was used to ensure the content validity of the instrument. The instrument appeared to be reliable and the main structure of the theory was predominantly supported by the data. The main types of self-care and their connections to the self-care orientations were especially confirmed. Also, the connections between self-care behaviour styles, orientations towards the future and experiences of ageing were fairly well confirmed. In addition, connections between different self-care behaviour styles, functional capacity, life satisfaction and self-esteem were found in the study. The study produces new knowledge of the experiences and self-care of older people as well as of the factors connected to it. The results can be used in clinical settings to improve the care of home-dwelling older people. The theory can also be used as a theoretical basis in the education of geriatric care. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli testata Backmanin (2001) kehittämän kotona asuvien ikääntyvien itsestä huolenpidon teorian ydinrakenne, kehittää mittari teorian testaamiseksi ja tutkia itsestä huolenpitoon yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Teorian mukaan ikääntyvien itsestä huolenpito on elämänkulun aikana kehittynyt, osittain tietoinen, osittain tiedostamaton tapa toimia ja elää, joka sisältää myös emotionaalisen ulottuvuuden. Teoria koostuu neljästä itsestä huolenpidon päätyypistä: omavastuinen, ulkoapäin ohjautuva, omapäinen ja luovutettu itsestä huolenpito. Jokaisella tyypillä on sille ominainen itsestä huolenpidon tapa, menneisyys ja tulevaisuuteen suuntautuminen. Myös toimintakyky, elämään tyytyväisyys ja itsearvostus vaihtelevat eri tavoin itsestään huolehtivilla ikääntyvillä. Itsestä huolenpitoa suuntaavat yksilölliset tekijät: elämän taitekohtien luonne, reagointitapa, voimavarat, itsestä huolenpidon merkitys ja vanhenemisen kokeminen. Näiden tekijöiden kautta muodostuu kaksi itsestä huolenpidon pääsuuntaa: sisäistetty, selkeä itsestä huolenpito ja ulkokohtainen, selkiytymätön itsestä huolenpito. Haastatteluaineistot mittarin (n = 200) ja teorian (n = 179) testaamiseksi kerättiin strukturoiduilla haastatteluilla 74 vuotta täyttäneiltä kotihoidon asiakkailta eri puolilta Suomea. Haastatteluaineistot analysoitiin tilastollisesti kuvailevilla ja monimuuttujamenetelmillä. Lisäksi mittarin sisältövaliditeettia arvioitiin face-validiteetilla. Mittari osoittautui luotettavaksi tutkittaessa suomalaisten 75 vuotta täyttäneiden kotihoidon asiakkaiden itsestä huolenpitoa ja siihen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Teorian ydinrakenne sai tukea aineistosta erityisesti omavastuisen ja ulkoapäin ohjautuvan itsestä huolenpidon osalta. Myös itsestä huolenpidon eri tapojen yhteyksiä toimintakykyyn, elämään tyytyväisyyteen ja itsearvostukseen pystyttiin tunnistamaan muiden paitsi luovutetun itsestä huolenpidon tavan osalta. Tutkimus tuottaa uutta tietoa ikääntyvien kokemuksista, itsestä huolenpidosta ja siihen yhteydessä olevista tekijöistä. Tieto ja ymmärrys auttavat ikääntyvien kanssa työskenteleviä toteuttamaan yksilöllisempää, ikääntyvien asiakkaiden voimavaroja huomioivaa ja toimintakykyä tukevaa hoitoa. Testattua teoriaa voidaan käyttää myös teoreettisena lähtökohtana terveydenhuollon ammatillisessa koulutuksessa opetettaessa ikääntyvien hoito- ja huolenpitotyötä.

社區安寧療護的推展以「居家存有」為中心，以身心整體照顧為導向的醫療，與全然「醫療權力」視角不同。本研究嘗試探討家屬照顧者於居家安寧照顧處境下的經驗，嘗試以「倫理關係」思考居家型的照顧內涵。 本研究透過田野參與觀察及深度訪談法，以北部某醫療院所提供之社區安寧療護服務區域為田野，訪談接受社區安寧照護之五位家屬主要照顧者。資料分析依現象學心理學分析方法（李維倫、賴憶嫺，2009）。而後，邀請兩名受訪者，對資料的組織脈絡描述及其所驅動的主題置身結構，予以交叉討論與分享，提昇質性研究可靠度的品質。 研究結果發現，鄉村型態安寧照顧者的置身經驗中，呈現出一種「鄉村型態的寓居」混合狀態，既安居又陌生的處境。一方面，參與者經驗到的棲居地域，並不侷限於家屋建築或特定地域，更是對地方的認同與情感的依附，從而開展自我「寓居於世」的「照顧者棲居」樣態；另一方面，照顧事件的衝擊，為照顧者帶來一種既熟悉又陌生的詭譎「無居家感」（uncanny）狀態。然而，如此看似矛盾處境，反使其於居家照顧處境之倫理凝視中，啟動反身窺探自我生命，以及於居家照顧處境中與他者間關係的梳理，進一步帶出「居家照顧作為一倫理行動」，進而深刻化「照顧自己/關切他人」的倫理意涵。 由此發現，鄉村型態居家照顧經驗之置身結構，可為與其相似處境之居家照顧者提供置身經驗之參考，並據以推動社區安寧方案的規劃。 / The goal of the home-based palliative care model is to facilitate the patients and their family to feel “being at home.” Differ from the perspective of the “power domination in medical regime,” the home-based palliative care model focuses on the ethical relationship besides the bio-psycho-social care aspects. This study aims to understand the caring situatedness of family members as caregivers in home-based palliative care model, and try to disclose the sense of homelikeness through the caring relationship. We applied the participatory observation and depth interview to collect data. Five family caregivers who agreed the informed consent were recruited from home-based palliative care service in northern Taiwan and were interviewed twice. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by a phenomenological psychology method. The results revealed that there is ambivalent caring experience towards “dwelling in the community-home”. The experiences they felt seemed both strange and familiar. On the one hand, the caregivers’ dwelling pattern of being-in-the-world was constructed from the perspective of human-environment comfortable relationship (sense of feeling at home); on the other hand, they are bothered and struck by the caring problem, they faced the new challenges and thrown into the situation of “uncanny.” It is an unhomelike being-in-the-world in which Da-sein takes on alien and uncanny qualities. However, the two caring modes manifested the meaning of existentiality. Immersed in this situation, caring is not only the labor work, it is also the ethical act to respond the worrisome emotion and regain the relationships with others during the caring experiences. Ethical caring is the cornerstone of relational understanding towards the human subjectivity rather than the medical positivism. By elaborating the situatedness of home-based palliative care model, further planning of the community-based palliative care model in similar situation may base on this study outcome implication.

The subject of my diploma thesis is the design documentation for polyfunctional building and will be supplemented with a specialty from the air-conditioning branch. The building is situated in the town Velká Bíteš and it's located at 336/1 and 336/8 about the total area of 5110 m2. The building has a L-shaped ground plan consisting. Has got three above-ground floors with partial basement. The building is designed as masonry structure with sharpened clay blocks Porotherm 38 Profi with thickness 380 mm. The ceiling from structure prestressed concrete floor slab Spiroll. The roof of the building is suggested as a single-coated flat roof. The building is covered with a ventilated facade from fiber cement board and thermal insulation is mineral fibreglass insulation Isover Multimax. The building is located on the first floor of the fitness room, on the second floor are offices and on the third floor there are 4 flat.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design of a multifunctional building, which consists of parking lots, store section, office as well as dwelling units. Multifunctional building has four above-ground floors, full basement and a flat roof. During processing, emphasis was placed on layout solutions to be designed according to legislation and standards. In the basement there are parking lots, the ground flood is used as a store section, the first floor consists of office units designed for start-up companies. The third and fourth floor consists dwelling units from one-bedroom to three-bedroom apartments. The building has a concrete frame structure combined with a masonry system from Porotherm ceramic pieces. Horizontal load bearing system is designed of two way reinforced concrete slabs. Walls bellow the ground level are made from core-filled reinforced concrete blocks. The building is supported by the spread footing concrete system. Multifunctional building is situated in flat terrain in the city of Brumov-Bylnice.

Introduktion  Fallolyckor är den vanligaste typen av olycka hos äldre personer och det finns behov av nya fallpreventiva åtgärder där fysisk träning med mobilapplikation är en möjlighet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om träningsmängden påverkar effekten av ett års fallpreventiv träning med mobilapplikation för äldre personer i ordinärt boende mätt i funktionell benstyrka, upplevd balans och benstyrka samt fallrädsla och hälsorelaterad livskvalité hos äldre personer.  Metod  Deltagarna medverkade i ett större projekt där de under ett år erbjudits fallpreventiv träning med en mobilapplikation. Innan studiens start samt efter 12 månader besvarades en enkät som behandlade bland annat ett 30 sekunders uppresningstest för funktionell benstyrka, upplevd balans, upplevd benstyrka, fallrädsla och hälsorelaterad livskvalité. Vid 12 månader skattade deltagarna även sin genomsnittliga träningsmängd under de senaste tre månaderna. Deltagarna delades in i grupper efter träningsmängd; ingen träning (n=13), <30 minuter (n=31), 30-59 minuter (n=13), ≥60 minuter (n=25). Effekten av träningen jämfördes mellan grupperna med hjälp av Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Resultat 82 deltagare inkluderades i denna studie, de hade en medelålder på 76 år, varav 72% var kvinnor. Gruppen som tränat ≥60 minuter hade signifikant förbättrad funktionell benstyrka samt upplevd benstyrka i dagsläget i jämförelse med hur den var för ett år sedan vid jämförelse med gruppen som tränat <30 minuter. De som tränat ≥60 minuter visade även en signifikant förbättring i upplevd balans i dagsläget i jämförelse med ett år sedan gentemot gruppen som inte tränat alls samt gruppen som tränat <30. Inga signifikanta gruppskillnader sågs i fallrädsla eller hälsorelaterad livskvalité. Konklusion Fallpreventiv träning som utförs ≥60 minuter i veckan ger signifikanta förbättringar i jämförelse med mindre träningsmängd gällande funktionell benstyrka samt upplevd balans och benstyrka i jämförelse med för ett år sedan.