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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
511

Estudo de Blindagem Óptica em Colisões Frias / Studies on Optical Shielding of Cold Collisions

Muniz, Sérgio Ricardo 05 March 1998 (has links)
Neste trabalho, mostramos que é possível suprimir a maioria dos processos inelásticos que podem causar perdas de átomos em armadilhas magneto-ópticas. Nossos resultados revelam que o processo de blindagem óptica (demonstrado pelo nosso grupo, pela primeira vez para o processo de ionização fotoassociativa – Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1911 (1994)) é bem mais geral do que se supunha. Permitindo, inclusive, a supressão de colisões entre átomos no estado fundamental. E provavelmente qualquer outro processo inelástico que ocorra a curtas distâncias internucleares. Para se chegar a esses resultados, foi necessário desenvolver uma nova técnica de aprisionamento, que permite o estudo de colisões frias, mesmo em armadilhas cujo potencial de confinamento é pequeno. Graças a essa técnica foi possível, pela primeira vez, observar perdas causadas por mudança de estrutura hiperfina, numa armadilha de átomos de sódio operando na linha D1 (carregada a partir de uma célula de vapor). Essa técnica ainda nos permitiu medir a taxa de colisões frias () no trap da linha D1, um dado que até então não existia na literatura. Para verificar a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos por essa técnica, realizamos também medidas de  na linha D2 e comparamos esses resultados com outros existentes na literatura (obtidos por uma técnica diferente). A boa concordância entre esses resultados nos deixa confiantes em dizer que essa técnica, além de ser muito interessante, no estudo de armadilhas rasas (seja isso devido à intensidade dos lasers de aprisionamento, seja devido a natureza própria da armadilha), é também bastante confiável / In this work, we showed that is possible to suppress most of the inelastic processes that may cause losses of atoms in a magneto-optical trap. Our results reveal that the process of optical shielding (demonstrated by our group, for the first time to photoassociative ionization - Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1911 (1994)) is much more general than it was supposed. Even allowing the suppression of ground state collisions and probably any other inelastic process that happens at short internuclear distances. To achieve those results, it was necessary to develop a new trapping technique, which allows the study of cold collisions, even in traps whose confinement potential is small. Thanks to that technique it was possible, for the first time, to observe losses caused by hyperfine changing collisions, in a trap of sodium atoms operating in the D1 line (loaded from a vapor cell). That technique has still allowed us to measure the rate of cold collisions () for the D1 line trap, a result which, until now, did not exist in the literature. To verify the reliability of the results obtained by that technique, we also accomplished measures of  in the D2 line and compared those results with other existent ones in the literature (obtained by a different technique). The good agreement among those results, made us confident in saying that this technique, besides being very interesting in the study of shallow traps (due to the intensity of the trapping lasers, or due to the own nature of the trap), it is also quite reliable.
512

Aplicação de Redes Bayesianas na análise da contribuição do erro humano em acidentes de colisão. / Application of Bayesian Networks in the human error contribution analysis of collision accidents.

Maturana, Marcos Coelho 04 February 2010 (has links)
Recentemente, na indústria naval, a normatização por sociedades classificadoras e pela IMO (International Maritime Organization) tem apresentado uma mudança paulatina, migrando dos procedimentos prescritivos para uma estrutura regulatória baseada em risco. Tal perspectiva oferece algumas vantagens para operadores e armadores (empresas que exploram comercialmente as embarcações): 1) maior capacidade de incorporar projetos inovadores, tecnicamente superiores, a custos aceitáveis; 2) maior confiança quanto à segurança; 3) melhor entendimento de eventos de periculosidade, dos riscos enfrentados em novos projetos e de medidas de mitigação. Especificamente no setor petrolífero, a análise, a avaliação e o gerenciamento de risco são vitais, em face da potencial gravidade dos acidentes no que diz respeito à vida humana, ao meio-ambiente e ao patrimônio. Dado que a maior parte dos acidentes nesta área são motivados por fatores humanos, o propósito deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia e técnicas eficientes de análise de confiabilidade humana aplicáveis a esta indústria. Durante as últimas décadas, se desenvolveram várias técnicas para o estudo quantitativo da confiabilidade humana. Na década de oitenta foram desenvolvidas técnicas que modelam o sistema por meio de árvores binárias, não permitindo a representação do contexto em que as ações humanas ocorrem. Desta forma, a representação dos indivíduos, suas inter-relações e a dinâmica do sistema não podem ser bem trabalhadas pela aplicação destas técnicas. Estas questões tornaram latente a necessidade de aprimoramento dos métodos utilizados para a HRA (Human Reliability Analysis). No intuito de extinguir, ou ao menos atenuar, estas limitações alguns autores vêm propondo a modelagem do sistema por meio de Redes Bayesianas. Espera-se que a aplicação desta ferramenta consiga suprimir boa parte das deficiências na modelagem da ação humana com o uso de árvores binárias. Este trabalho apresenta uma breve descrição da aplicação de Redes Bayesianas na HRA. Além disto, apresenta a aplicação desta técnica no estudo da operação de um navio petroleiro, tendo como foco a quantificação da contribuição do fator humano em cenários de colisão. Por fim, são feitas considerações a respeito dos fatores que podem influenciar no desempenho humano e no risco de colisão. / Recently, in the naval industry, the normalization of classification societies and IMO (International Maritime Organization) has presented a gradual change, going from prescriptive procedures to a regulatory structure based on risk. That perspective offers some advantages to operators and constructors: 1) greater capacity to incorporate innovations in design, technically superiors, at acceptable cost; 2) greater confidence as to security; 3) better understanding of hazardous events, the risks faced by new projects and measures of mitigation. Specifically in the oil sector, the analyze, evaluation, and management of risk are vital, in face of the accidents severity potential in respect to human life, environment and property. Given that the greater part of the accidents on this sector is caused by human factors, the purpose of this dissertation is present a methodology and efficient techniques to HRA (Human Reliability Analysis) that can be applied in this industry. During the last decades many techniques were developed to a quantitative study of the human reliability. In the eighties were developed some techniques based in the modeling by means of binaries trees. These techniques do not consider the representation of the context in which the human actions occur. Thus, the representation of individuals, their inter-relationships and dynamics of the system cannot be better worked by the application of these techniques. These issues became the improvement of the used methods for HRA a latent need. With the aim of extinguish, or attenuate at least, these weaknesses some authors proposed the modeling of the human system by means of Bayesians Network. It is expected that with the application of this tool can be suppressed great part of the deficiencies of the human action modeling by means of binaries trees. This work presents a brief description about the application of Bayesians Network in HRA. Additionally, is presented the application of this technique in the study of an oil tanker operation, focusing in the human factor quantification in scenarios of collision. Besides, are presented some considerations about the factors that can influence the human performance and the collision risk.
513

Animação e tratamento de colisões de corpos rígidos utilizando análise dinâmica / Animation and treatment of collisions of rigid bodies using dynamic analysis

Lemos, Robson Rodrigues January 1993 (has links)
Os métodos de controle de movimento em animação baseados em Física, e utilizados em Computação Gráfica, tem como objetivo simular o comportamento de objetos de acordo com as leis físicas que governam o mundo virtual adotado. Este trabalho utiliza a dinâmica de corpos rígidos como método de controle de movimento em animação por computador aplicada a movimentos e colisões de corpos rígidos não-articulados. O trabalho também apresenta uma metodologia para projeto e implementação de simulações gráficas com o objetivo de estabelecer relações entre modos de interação e os mecanismos de abstração necessários em ambientes de simulação. A principal vantagem da utilização da Mecânica newtoniana esta no fato de que ela garante o realismo dos movimentos e colisões. Associados a cada objeto devem estar os seguintes atributos físicos: centro de massa, massa total, momento de inércia e, eventualmente, a elasticidade do material. A partir de um estado inicial (velocidade linear, posição, velocidade angular e orientação) e de estímulos iniciais sobre os objetos (forças e torques), o sistema determina a evolução do estado dinâmico inicial ao longo de um dado intervalo de tempo. Para produzir o movimento dos corpos, são resolvidos sistemas de equações diferenciais de primeira ordem utilizando métodos numéricos. O tratamento de colisões de corpos rígidos envolve a detecção da colisão e contato entre objetos e a determinação das forças de contato entre os mesmos. A estratégia utilizada para a colisão considera que num determinado instante de tempo existe apenas um ponto de contato entre dois objetos. As superfícies dos objetos são representadas por uma grade de pontos conectados para formar polígonos. Existem dois tipos de estratégias para se detectar o ponto de contato entre dois objetos: o ponto de contato resultante da intersecção do vértice das arestas de um objeto com a face poligonal de outro objeto e o resultante da intersecção da aresta de um objeto com a face poligonal de um outro objeto. A análise de impacto, para resolver a dinâmica, utiliza um método analítico que preserva os momentos linear e angular durante a colisão e resulta em novas velocidades linear e angular para cada corpo rígido. Este tratamento de colisões permite ao sistema de animação realizar, em tempo de simulação, um controle automático da restrição de que dois corpos rígidos, ao colidirem, não podem se interpenetrar. Tal tratamento automático, em geral, não realizado pelos sistemas de animação por computador atualmente existentes. O trabalho apresenta o protótipo desenvolvido para validar as soluções dadas aos problemas de determinação do movimento e detecção de colisões, assim como sua aplicação na produção de suas seqüência animadas. São comentadas, também, as extensões do presente trabalho, decorrentes da abordagem dada ao problema da simulação do comportamento fundamental de corpos rígidos num dado mundo virtual a qual permite a incorporação de outras características aos objetos: elasticidade, para modelagem de deformações, e articulações, para produção de movimentos articulados com diferentes graus de liberdade. / The goal of the motion control methods used in Computer Graphics for physically based animation is to simulate the behavior of objects according to physical laws that govern a certain virtual world. This work uses rigid body dynamics as a motion control method for animation applied to motions and collisions of non-articulated rigid bodies. In addition, the work presents a methodology for the design and implementation of graphical simulation systems with the aim of providing relationships among interaction modes and abstraction mechanisms for a variety of applications. The principal advantage in using Newtonian Mechanics is that it keeps the realism of motions and collisions. Physical attributes must be associated with objects: center of mass, mass, moment of inertia, and sometimes, elasticity of the materials. Given an initial state (linear velocity, position, angular velocity, and orientation) and initial stimuli applied to the objects (forces and torques), the system determines the evolution of the dynamic state along a determinate time interval. The motion description is obtained using numerical solutions of sets of first order differential equations. The treatment of collisions of rigid bodies involves detecting collision and contact between objects and determining the contact forces present between contacting objects. The strategy used to treat collisions takes into account that there is just one contact point between two objects. The surfaces of objects are represented by a grid of connecting points forming polygons. There are two kinds of strategies to detect the contact point between two objects: the contact point resulting of intersecting the vertices of the edges of an object with the polygonal face of another one and that resulting of intersecting the edges of an object with the polygonal face of another one. The analysis of impact, to resolve the dynamic, uses an analytical method that preserves the linear and angular moments during the collision, finding a new linear and angular velocity for each rigid body. This treatment of collision allows the animation system to provide, at simulation time, an automatic control of the restriction that there is no interpenetration between two rigid bodies when they colide. This automatic treatment in general is not provided by existing computer animation systems. The work presents the prototype developed for validating the solutions given to the problems of motion control and collisions treatment, as well as its application in the production of animated sequences. The text ends with comments on extension of the present work from the approach given to the problem of simulating the behavior of objects in a certain virtual world allowing the incorporation of other characteristics to the objects: elasticity, to model deformations, and articulations, for the production of articulated movements with different degrees of freedom.
514

Estudo da produção de multijatos em colisões próton-próton com √s= 7 TeV no detector CMS/LHC / Study of multijet production in proton-proton collisions with √s= 7 TeV in the CMS/LHC

Walter Luiz Aldá Júnior 18 November 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) é um dos principais detectores instalados no LHC que possibilita o estudo de diferentes aspectos da Física, indo do Modelo Padrão à matéria escura. Esse detector de propósito geral, foi construído para ser capaz de medir múons com uma grande precisão e todos os seus subdetectores foram construídos com uma alta granularidade, tornando possível identificar e caracterizar as propriedades cinemáticas das partículas finais da colisão. O algoritmo de reconstrução de eventos inclui a identificação de jatos, ou seja, é possível identificar a assinatura da produção de pártons na colisão e a medida de seções de choque da produção de muitos jatos é um dos métodos para se explorar as contribuições da Cromodinâmica Quântica (Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD) perturbativa, permitindo avaliar as previsões implementadas nas simulações de eventos. Tendo em vista a caracterização de processos relacionados com a QCD em colisões de próton-próton a uma energia do centro de massa de 7 TeV, é apresentada a medida da seção de choque da produção inclusiva de multijatos no CMS. Para realizar essa medida foram utilizados dados reais coletados em 2010, onde não se apresentava muitas colisões por cruzamento de pacote, com uma luminosidade integrada de L = 2,869 pb-1 e utilizando jatos que estão em quase todo o espaço de fase acessível em pseudorapidez |n|&#8804; 4,8 e momentum transverso pT &#8805; 30 GeV/ c2. Desse resultado foram removidos os efeitos de detecção comparado com predições simuladas. / CMS is one of the main detectors installed in the LHC that is able to study different physical aspects, from the Standard Model to dark matter search. This general purpose detector was constructed to measure muon properties with high precision and all subdetectors were built with high granularity making possible to identify and characterize the kinematic properties of all final stable particles. The event reconstruction algorithm includes the jet identification, in other words, it is possible to identify the signature of parton production in the collision. The measurement of the cross sections of multijet production is one of the methods to explore perturbative QCD contributions, allowing the evaluation of the predictions implemented in the event simulation. Focusing on the characterization of the QCD related process in proton-proton collision at &#8730;s = 7 TeV , the measurement of the inclusive multijet production in CMS is presented. The measurement is done using real data with low pileup events collected in 2010 with integrated luminosity of L = 2,869 pb-1 and using jets in almost all pseudo-rapidity accessible range |n| < 4,8 and low transverse momentum pT > 30 GeV/c2. The detector effects in the measurement was removed, called unfolding procedure, and compared with Monte Carlo predictions.
515

Application of Generalized Sturmian Basis Functions to Molecular Systems / Applications de bases Sturmiennes généralisées à des systèmes moléculaires

Granados Castro, Carlos Mario 18 February 2016 (has links)
Dans cette thèse nous implémentons une approche Sturmienne, qui se sert de fonctions Sturmiennes généralisées (GSFs, en anglais), pour étudier l'ionisation de molécules par collisions de photons ou d'électrons. Comme l'Hamiltonian de la cible est non central, la description de l'ionisation des molécules n'est pas simple. En plus, puisque l'orientation spatiale de la molécule n'est généralement pas déterminée lors des expériences, une question importante à considérer est l'orientation aléatoire de la cible. Dans la littérature, des nombreuses méthodes théoriques ont été proposées pour traiter les molécules ; néanmoins, la plupart sont adaptées pour étudier, principalement, des états liés. Une description précise des états non-liés (continuum) des molécules reste un défi. Ici, nous proposons d'attaquer le problème avec les GSFs qui ont, par construction, un comportement asymptotique approprié au système étudié. Cette propriété permet de faire des calculs d'ionisation de façon plus efficace. Dans une première partie, nous validons l'implémentation de notre approche Sturmienne par l'étude de la photo-ionisation (PI) d'atomes. Différents potentiels effectifs sont utilisés pour décrire l'interaction de l'électron éjecté avec la cible ionisée. Les sections efficaces de PI sont calculées dans les jauges de longueur et de vitesse. Pour l'atome d'hydrogène la comparaison avec la formule analytique, indique qu'une convergence très rapide est obtenue avec un nombre modéré de GSFs. Pour He et Ne, nos résultats montrent, également, un très bon accord avec d'autres résultats théoriques et expérimentaux. Dans le cas des molécules, nous avons abordé l'orientation aléatoire avec deux stratégies : une utilise un potentiel moléculaire modèle (non-central), et l'autre un potentiel moyenné (central). Nous étudions la PI de CH4, NH3 et H2O à partir des orbitales de valence extérieure et intérieure, et aussi de SiH4 et H2S à partir des orbitales extérieures. Les sections efficaces de PI et les paramètres d'asymétrie (obtenus à partir des distributions angulaires) sont comparés avec ceux publiés dans la littérature. Nos résultats sont globalement satisfaisants et reproduisent les caractéristiques principales de ce processus d'ionisation. Dans une deuxième partie de la thèse, nous utilisons l'approche Sturmienne pour étudier l'ionisation de molécules par impact d'électrons. Pour le processus (e,2e), les sections efficaces triplement différentielles (TDCSs) sont examinées dans la première et deuxième approximation de Born, également en traitant de deux façons l'orientation aléatoire des molécules. Nous avons testé la méthode en comparent nos TDCSs pour l'atome d'hydrogène, montrant aussi son efficacité. Enfin, nous l'avons apliqué à l'ionisation de CH4, H2O et NH3, et nous avons comparé les résultats avec des données expérimentales et théoriques disponibles dans la littérature. Dans la plupart des cas, nos TDCSs sont en accord satisfaisant avec ces données, en particulier pour H2O et pour des électrons lents dans le cas de CH4 / In this PhD thesis we implement a Sturmian approach, based on generalized Sturmian functions (GSFs), to study the ionization of molecules by collision with photons or electrons. Since the target Hamiltonian is highly non-central, describing molecular ionization is far from easy. Besides, as the spatial orientation of the molecule in most experimental measurements is not resolved, an important issue to take into account is its random orientation. In the literature, many theoretical methods have been proposed to deal with molecules, but many of them are adapted to study mainly bound states. An accurate description of the unbound (continuum) states of molecules remains a challenge. Here we propose to tackle these problems using GSFs, which are characterized to have, by construction, the correct asymptotic behavior of the studied system. This property allows one to perform ionization calculations more efficiently. We start and validate our Sturmian approach implementation by studying photoionization (PI) of H, He and Ne atoms. Different model potentials were used in order to describe the interaction of the ejected electron with the parental ion. We calculated the corresponding PI cross sections in both length and velocity gauges. For H atom, the comparison with the analytical formula shows that a rapid convergence can be achieved using a moderate number of GSFs. For He and Ne we have also an excellent agreement with other theoretical calculations and with experimental data. For molecular targets, we considered two different strategies to deal with their random orientation: one makes use of a molecular model potential (non-central), while the other uses an angular averaged version of the same potential (central). We study PI for CH4, NH3, and H2O, from the outer and inner valence orbitals, and for SiH4 and H2S from the outer orbitals. The calculated PI cross sections and also the asymmetry parameters (obtained from the corresponding angular distributions) are compared with available theoretical and experimental data. For most cases, we observed an overall fairly good agreement with reference values, grasping the main features of the ionization process. In a second part of the thesis, we apply the Sturmian approach to study ionization of molecules by electron collisions. In the so-called (e,2e) processes, fully differential cross sections are investigated within both the first- or the second-Born approximations. Again, we show how to include in the description the random orientation of the molecule. We start with H atom, as a test system: the comparison of the calculated triple differential cross sections (TDCSs) with analytical results illustrates, similarly to the PI case, the efficiency of our GSF method. It is then applied to ionization of CH4, H2O and NH3, and comparisons are made with the few theoretical and experimental data available in the literature. For most cases, our TDCSs can reproduce such data, particularly for H2O and for slow ejected electrons in CH4
516

Desenvolvimento de um ambiente para visualização tridimensional da dinâmica de risers. / Development of an environment for tridimensional visualization of riser dynamics.

João Luiz Bernardes Júnior 21 December 2004 (has links)
A importância da exploração marítima de petróleo, em especial para o Brasil, é indiscutível e risers são estruturas essenciais para essa atividade. Uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica dessas estruturas e dos esforços a que estão submetidas vem resultando de pesquisa constante na área, pesquisa que gera um grande volume de dados, freqüentemente descrevendo fenômenos de difícil compreensão. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um ambiente que combina técnicas de realidade virtual (como ambientes 3D, navegação e estereoscopia) e visualização científica (como mapeamento de cores, deformações e glifos) para facilitar a visualização desses dados. O ambiente, batizado como RiserView, permite a montagem de cenas tridimensionais compostas por risers, relevo do solo, superfície marítima, embarcações, bóias e outras estruturas, cada um com sua dinâmica própria. Permite ainda a visualização do escoamento para que a formação de vórtices na vizinhança dos risers e a interação fluido-mecânica resultante possam ser estudadas. O usuário pode controlar parâmetros da visualização de cada elemento e da animação da cena, bem como navegar livremente por ela. Foi desenvolvido também um algoritmo de baixo custo computacional (graças a simplificações possíveis devido à natureza do problema) para detecção e exibição em tempo real de colisões entre risers. O Processo Unificado foi adaptado para servir como metodologia para o projeto e implementação do aplicativo. O uso do VTK (API gráfica e de visualização científica) e do IUP (API para desenvolvimento de interfaces com o usuário) simplificou o desenvolvimento, principalmente para produzir um aplicativo portável para MS-Windows e Linux. Como opções de projeto, a visualização científica e a velocidade na renderização das cenas são privilegiadas, ao invés do realismo e da agilidade na interação com o usuário. As conseqüências dessas escolhas, bem como alternativas, são discutidas no trabalho. O uso do VTK e, através dele, do OpenGL permite que o aplicativo faça uso dos recursos disponíveis em placas gráficas comerciais para aumentar sua performance. Em sua versão atual a tarefa mais custosa para o RiserView é a atualização das posições de risers, principalmente descritos no domínio da freqüência, mas o trabalho discute aprimoramentos relativamente simples para minimizar esse problema. Apesar desses (e de outros) aprimoramentos possíveis, discutidos no trabalho, o ambiente mostra-se bastante adequado à visualização dos risers e de sua dinâmica bem como de fenômenos e elementos a eles associados. / The importance of offshore oil exploration, especially to Brazil, cannot be argued and risers are crucial structures for this activity. A better understanding of the dynamics of these structures and of the efforts to which they are subject has been resulting from constant research in the field, research that generates a large volume of data, often describing phenomena of difficult comprehension. This work describes the development of a software environment that combines elements of virtual reality (3D environments, navigation, stereoscopy) and scientific visualization techniques (such as color mapping, deformations and glyphs) to improve the understanding and visualization of these data. The environment, christened RiserView, allows the composition of tridimensional scenes including risers, the floor and surface of the ocean and ships, buoys and other structures, each with its own dynamics. It also allows the visualization of the flow in the neighborhood of the risers so that vortex shedding and the resulting fluid-mechanic interactions may be studied. The user may control parameters of the scene animation and of the visualization for each of its elements, as well as navigate freely within the scene. An algorithm of low computational cost (thanks to simplifications possible due to the nature of the problem), for the detection and exhibition of collisions between risers in real time, was also developed. The Unified Process was adapted to guide the software's project and implementation. The use of VTK (a scientific visualization and graphics API) and IUP (a user interface development API) simplified the development, especially the effort required to build an application portable to MS-Windows and Linux. As project choices, scientific visualization and the speed in rendering scenes in real time were given higher priority than realism and the agility in the user interaction, respectively. The consequences of these choices, as well as some alternatives, are discussed. The use of VTK and, through it, OpenGL, allows the application to access features available in most commercial graphics cards to increase performance. In its current version, the most costly task for RiserView are the calculations required to update riser positions during animation, especially for risers described in the frequency domain, but the work discusses relatively simple improvements to minimize this problem. Despite these (and other) possible improvements discussed in the work, the application proves quite adequate to the visualization of risers and their dynamics, as well as of associate elements and phenomena.
517

Modelagem e simulação de veículo aéreo não tripulado autônomo para avaliação de risco de colisão com outras aeronaves. / Modeling and simulation of autonomous unmanned aircraft to assess risk of collision with other aircraft.

Thiago Toshio Matsumoto 12 May 2016 (has links)
O crescimento do interesse pelas possíveis aplicações civis de Veículos Aéreos Não Tripulados (VANT) vem resultando em pressões por diversos setores da sociedade para a regulamentação do uso desse tipo de veículo, sobretudo em espaço aéreo não segregado. No entanto, uma vez que a segurança crítica (safety) no sistema de tráfego aéreo é um item de extrema importância, faz-se necessário aprofundar o conhecimento a respeito do assunto. A fim de se criarem meios que permitam um maior entendimento dos riscos de segurança associados a esse tipo de aplicação, propõe-se nesse trabalho uma abordagem baseada em modelagem e simulação computacional para avaliação de risco de colisão de VANT com outras aeronaves. Os conceitos utilizados para modelagem, implementação e avaliação do VANT são apresentados junto aos resultados preliminares obtidos. Também são apresentados o estado da arte do tema abordado e as atividades futuras de pesquisa a serem realizadas. / The growing interest in possible civil applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has resulted in pressure from various sectors of society to regulate the use of this type of vehicle, especially in non-segregated airspace. However, since the critical safety in the air traffic system is an item of major importance, it is necessary to deepen the knowledge on the subject. In order to create means to permit a better understanding of the safety risks associated with this type of application, it is proposed herein an approach based on computer modeling and simulation for assessment of collision risk of an UAV and other aircraft. The concepts used for modeling, implementation and evaluation of UAVs are presented along with preliminary results. Additionally, the state of the art of the theme discussed and future research activities to be performed are presented as well.
518

Co-manipulation sûre d’un robot de protonthérapie / Safe physical human-robot interaction for a protontherapy robotic system

Baumeyer, Julien 28 June 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse se place dans un contexte médical de traitements oncologiques, plus particulièrement en protonthérapie robotisée. L’objectif de cette thèse, réalisée sous contrat Cifre avec la société LEONI CIA Cable Systems, est le développement d’une commande en co-manipulation sûre dédiée à un robot médical sériel. Cette commande doit permettre à un opérateur de manipuler intuitivement et précisément un robot de grande inertie positionneur de patients. Les contributions portent sur deux axes, d’une part le développement et l’implémentation sur le robot Orion de l’entreprise LEONI CIA Cable Systems d’une commande en admittance ainsi que la comparaison de trois dispositifs haptiques, et d’autre part le développement d’un mécanisme de détection de collisions proprioceptif permettant l’amélioration de la sécurité de fonctionnement. À partir d’une revue de la littérature concernant les commandes compliantes, nous avons développé et implémenté une commande en admittance dédiée au robot Orion en tenant compte de la discrétisation de la commande par le contrôleur spécifique de ce robot. Une expérience de comparaison sur le robot nous a permis d’identifier le dispositif haptique le mieux adapté au cas clinique considéré. Après une étude de l’état de l’art des mécanismes de détection de collisions, une approche fréquentielle de la modélisation du couple axial prenant en compte les rapports de réduction élevés et de technologie différente du robot a été proposée. Elle permet de modéliser finement le couple théoriquement fourni par les moteurs ; celui-ci est ensuite comparé avec la mesure du couple réellement produit afin de détecter une éventuelle collision. / This PhD thesis takes place in a medical context of oncological treatments, more particularly in robotised protontherapy. The objective of this thesis, carried out under a CIFRE contract with LEONI CIA Cable Systems, is the development of a safe comanipulation control dedicated to a serial medical robot. This control law should allow an operator to intuitively and precisely manipulate a robot of high inertia for accurate patients positioning. The contributions of this thesis focus on the development and implementation of an admittance-controlled Orion robot from LEONI CIA Cable Systems and the comparison of three haptic devices, and on the other hand, on the development of a proprioceptive collision detection mechanism allowing the improvement of operational safety. Based on a review of the literature on compliant controls, we have developed and implemented an admittance control approach dedicated to the Orion robot, taking into account the discretization of the control by the controller specific to this robot. A comparison experiment on the robot allowed us to identify the haptic device best suited to the clinical case considered. Based on a state of the art of collision detection mechanisms analysis, a frequency approach of the modeling of the axial torque taking into account the high reduction ratios and different robot technology has been proposed. It allows us to finely model the torque theoretically provided by the motors ; The latter is then compared with the measurement of the torque actually produced in order to detect a possible collision.
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Self-collision avoidance through keyframe interpolation and optimization-based posture prediction

Degenhardt, Richard Kennedy, III 01 January 2014 (has links)
Simulating realistic human behavior on a virtual avatar presents a difficult task. Because the simulated environment does not adhere to the same scientific principles that we do in the existent world, the avatar becomes capable of achieving infeasible postures. In an attempt to obtain realistic human simulation, real world constraints are imposed onto the non-sentient being. One such constraint, and the topic of this thesis, is self-collision avoidance. For the purposes of this topic, a posture will be defined solely as a collection of angles formed by each joint on the avatar. The goal of self-collision avoidance is to eliminate the formation of any posture where multiple body parts are attempting to occupy the exact same space. My work necessitates an extension of this definition to also include collision avoidance with objects attached to the body, such as a backpack or armor. In order to prevent these collisions from occurring, I have implemented an effort-based approach for correcting afflicted postures. This technique specifically pertains to postures that are sequenced together with the objective of animating the avatar. As such, the animation's coherence and defining characteristics must be preserved. My approach to this problem is unique in that it strategically blends the concept of keyframe interpolation with an optimization-based strategy for posture prediction. Although there has been considerable work done with methods for keyframe interpolation, there has been minimal progress towards integrating a realistic collision response strategy. Additionally, I will test this optimization-based approach through the use of a complex kinematic human model and investigate the use of the results as input to an existing dynamic motion prediction system.
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Petrographic and Kinematic Investigation of the Volcaniclastic and Plutonic Rocks of the Northern Alisitos Arc, Baja California, Mexico

Tutak, Fatin 19 February 2008 (has links)
The Alisitos arc segment forms part of the western zone of Jura-Cretaceous Peninsular Ranges batholith of Baja California. It extends south from the ancestral Agua Blanca Fault to the state boundary between Baja Norte and Sur. The study area is located within a fold and thrust belt intruded by a number of plutons that were emplaced during and after the deformational event. The northern end of the Alisitos arc is characterized by subvertical tight to isoclinal folds and high-angle reverse faults that define a northwest trending, southwest vergent fold and thrust belt. The aABF defines the northern limit to the Alisitos arc segment. In this study we present the results of a petrographic study of igneous rocks in order to determine the relative timing and the distribution of deformation within the northern Alisitos arc segment. The study includes samples of the mylonitic shear zone of the aABF, and plutonic samples from intrusions proximal to the aABF emplaced later during regional deformation. These samples were investigated in order to characterize the distribution of the subsolidus strain in grain scale and the sense of shear during later phases of deformation in the northern Alisitos arc. The results are presented and discussed based on the mineralogical and textural observations from the Balbuena pluton, the Piedra Rodada pluton, and volcaniclastics that were deformed within the aABF. The Balbuena pluton, emplaced at ~ 108 Ma after the surrounding country rocks had already been folded, exhibits little if any evidence for subsolidus deformation. In contrast, the Piedra Rodada pluton, emplaced at ~ 105 Ma just to the southwest of the aABF, exhibits a strong magmatic fabric overprinted by a moderate subsolidus fabric to the southwest that grades into a strong subsolidus fabric with proximity to the fault. Kinematics observed from lineation parallel-foliation normal sections exhibit consistent top-to-the southwest sense of shear.

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