<p>Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 &ndash / &nbsp / ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as&nbsp / the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and&nbsp / there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners&rsquo / writing skills. The research also&nbsp / analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners&nbsp / to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic&nbsp / arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal&nbsp / Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to&nbsp / onstruct and convey meaning.&nbsp / The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s)&nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent&nbsp / their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing&nbsp / learners&rsquo / writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and&nbsp / factors which build on learners&rsquo / prior experiences and creativity.</p>

Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta reda på hur lärarens skriftliga respons uppfattas av elever och hur de arbetar med den samt hur lärare tänker kring skriftlig respons. För att finna svar har vi valt att använda en kombination av en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ ansats. Undersökningen har genomförts i form av två fallstudier i två olika utbildningsmiljöer. Undersökningen består av sammanlagt sex elevintervjuer, två lärarintervjuer och 41 deltagande elever i en enkätundersökning. Båda uppsatsförfattarna gör var sin fallstudie som innebär att intervjua en lärare och tre elever vardera samt genomföra en enkätundersökning. Undersökningen visar att eleverna i respektive fallstudie uppfattar den skriftliga lärarresponsen som positiv. Majoriteten av eleverna i både Fallstudie 1 och 2 tycker att de utvecklas med hjälp av skriftlig respons. Resultatet visar också att eleverna i Fallstudie 2 har enklare för att förstå responsen till skillnad från eleverna i Fallstudie 1. Anledningen till detta kan vara att eleverna i Fallstudie 2 ständigt har en dialog med sin lärare när de bearbetar sina texter efter de skriftliga lärarkommentarerna. Detta saknar eleverna i Fallstudie 1 då de enbart bearbetar sin text efter de skriftliga lärarkommentarerna utanför lektionstid.

En la presente tesis se han investigado las Procesiones de Semana Santa en cada uno de los pueblos de la Región de Murcia, destacando las formas particulares de celebrarlas en cada lugar, reflejando todo ello a través de las tradiciones, la religiosidad popular, el patrimonio escultórico, y el simbolismo de determinados actos, como son "El Caracol" realizado por los Armaos de Jumilla, o "La Caracola" realizada por los Armaos de Cieza. La parte histórica se ha proyectado a través de Textos Literarios de la Pasión, así como del desarrollo de Cofradías y Hermandades, conformándose de esta forma una visión cultural de la Rememoración de la Pasión , Muerte y Resurrección de Cristo en la Región de Mucia en general y en cada pueblo en particular. La implicación en los actos de Semana Santa que cada pueblo potencia y la presencia cultural que en cada lugar alcanza, revela el compromiso asumido por las gentes, la fe, la devoción y la profunda religiosidad popular que los impulsa.La tesis ha sido estructurada en dos partes; la primera recoge la Semana Santa pueblo a pueblo en la Región de Murcia, y la segunda una visión general de la misma pero a través de los Textos Literarios de la Pasión, incluyendo cuantos hemos hallado. Por tanto, el tema ha sido estudiado desde los comienzos de las manifestaciones pasionarias y cofradieras, que se produjo hacia el comienzo del siglo XV. Los textos han sido presentados agrupándolos por materias y formando con cada una de ellas capítulo propio, entre los que figuran: Publicaciones pasionarias en prensa, Autos de Pasión, Cuentos, Pregones, Vía Crucis, etc. Se da por terminado el trabajo con las correspondientes conclusiones, así como bibliografía consultada. / In this thesis, the author has investigated the different Easter processions that take place in each one of the towns/villages in the Murcia region, pointing out how each of them specifically celebrates this holy festivity. All this has been done within the framework provided by cultural traditions, popular religious beliefs, sculptural heritage and the symbolism of specific events such as "El Caracol," performed by the Armaos in Jumilla (Murcia), or "La Caracola," performed by the Armaos in Cieza (Murcia). The more historic analysis has been conducted by means of an in-depth study of literary texts regarding the passion of Christ. Another source used in this thesis has been the study of the development of religious brotherhoods, thus presenting a cultural overview of how the passion of Christ, his death and resurrection are acted out globally in the region and individually in each town. The implications of the different Easter celebrations that each town promotes/enhances, and the cultural relevance that they have within the region, shows how truly devoted, faithful and committed to these traditions the inhabitants of each town are. This thesis has been structured in two main parts: the first one describes the different Easter celebrations that take place in each town in the Murcia region; the second part provides a general/global approach to the Easter celebrations, but this time using all available literary texts dealing with the passion of Christ as the main source, i.e. from the first literary manifestations in the 15th century to the most recent ones. These texts have been classified according to their specific typology, devoting one chapter to each. This includes Easter journalistic publications, passion plays, short stories, religious proclamations, texts featuring the way of the cross narrative, etc. The thesis ends with the corresponding conclusions as well as the list of references used.

<p>Speciallärarprogrammet med inriktning mot utvecklingsstörning</p>

This is a thesis on information design with a focus on text design. The purpose of this study is to gather knowledge about how information on the Easy-to-Read website, of the police, should be composed so that immigrants more easily will be able to read and understand the content. The goal of the study is to present a design proposal based on the knowledge that has been found through principles for readability, theoretical perspectives and literature, together with methods; readability analysis and interviews. The interviews were performed individually with the coordinator at polisen.se as well as four students from SFI (Swedish for immigrants).   The study showed that the content on the website of the police is not adequately adapted to the needs of the target group. It also exhibited that the website's disposition is unclear, and that complicated terms are not explained. This makes the understandability worse for immigrants as their difficulties with reading mostly have to do with vocabulary, background knowledge and textual proficiency is culturally limited. / Detta är ett examensarbete i Informationsdesign med inriktning mot textdesign. Syftet med denna studie är att få kunskap om hur information på polisens lättlästa webbplats ska utformas för att nyanlända svenskar lättare ska kunna läsa och förstå innehållet. Målet med studien är att presentera ett gestaltningsförslag grundat på den kunskap som framkommit genom principer för lättläst, teoretiska perspektiv och litteratur, samt metoder; läsbarhetsanalys och intervjuer. Intervjuerna skedde individuellt och genomfördes med samordnaren på polisen.se samt fyra elever från sfi.   Det framgick i studien att innehållet, på polisens lättlästa webbplats, inte är anpassat efter målgruppens behov. Det framkom bland annat att webbplatsens disposition är otydlig, och att komplicerade begrepp inte förklaras. Detta försvårar förståelsen för nyanlända svenskar då deras lässvårigheter framförallt har att göra med att deras ordförråd, bakgrundskunskaper och textkompetens, är kulturellt begränsade.

Tourist texts provides information to a wide variety of readers. The main functions of these texts is typically to be both informative and persuasive. When translating a tourist text, the translator should not only maintain these two functions in the target text, but is also faced with the challenge of adapting the text to the premises of the target culture.      The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of the cultural aspects related to history and religion, as well as the stylistic features in the tourist text Los Caminos del Norte a Santiago. The techniques used in the translation of these aspects from the original spanish cultural context to the new swedish target culture are also studied, more specificly which ones of these translation techniques are the most frecuently used and why.      A cualitative as well as a cuantitative analysis of our translation has been carried out, which indicates that the translation techniques most commonly used regarding the translation of the cultural aspects related to history and religion was amplification and modulation. These were used, for example, in order to compensate for the lack of previous knowledge of the Spanish culture amongst the target text readers. Regarding the adaptation of the style to the target context, modulation and especially generalization was the most commonly used translation techniques. This is due to the intention of making the text less formal and poetic so as to better adjust to the target culture and its textual conventions.

published_or_final_version / Music / Master / Master of Philosophy

Konjunkcija – loginiai prasminiai ryšiai tarp dviejų sakinių, realizuojami formaliomis sakinių siejimo priemonėmis, išreiškiančiomis tam tikrus santykius. Konjunkcijos raiškos priemonių gretinimui pasirinkti dviejų skirtingų funkcinių stilių – meninio ir administracinio – tekstai. Konjunkcija skirstytina į du tipus: tipiškąją ir modalinę. Tipiškąja konjunkcija reiškiami santykiai yra grynieji, jais nenusakomas joks vertinimas ar santykis su tekstu. Pagal tai, kokias funkcijas tekste atlieka loginės semantinės (prasminės) sakinių siejimo priemonės, skiriami keturi tipiškosios konjunkcijos potipiai: sudėjimo, priežasties, priešinamoji ir laiko konjunkcija. Modalinės konjunkcijos siejimo priemonės ne tik susieja sakinius kokiu nors santykiu, bet taip pat nusako ir tam tikrą adresanto požiūrį į sakomą dalyką, turi subjektyvumo atspalvį; ją realizuojančios siejimo priemonės gali išreikšti abejojimą, įsitikinimą, pabrėžimą ar reikšti informacijos šaltinį. Tirtų konjunkcijos atvejų analizė leidžia daryti tokias išvadas: 1) Gausiausia tirtuose tekstuose – sudėjimo konjunkcija (45%). Dažniausias sudėjimo santykis – turinio papildymas – meninio stiliaus tekste reiškiamas sudedamuoju jungtuku ir, administracinio stiliaus tekste – jungtuku tačiau. 2) Pridūrimo konjunkcija būdinga tik meninio stiliaus tekstams, nes atlieka ekspresinę funkciją. 3) Administracinio stiliaus tekste labai dažnas iliustruojamasis santykis, realizuotas įterpiniu pavyzdžiui. Tai lemia analizuoto teksto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / A conjunction is a logical semantic link between two sentences, realized with the formal devices for connecting sentences, and expressing certain relations. Two different styles of texts were chosen for the comparison of the devices used to express a conjunction, which are literary texts and administrative texts. Conjunctions are divided into two types: typical and modal. A typical conjunction expressing relation are pure, and with them no judgement or link with the text is defined. There are four sub-types of typical conjunctions according to the functions the logical semantical devices for connecting sentences perform in the text, which are additive, causal, adversative and temporal conjunctions. The linking device for a modal conjuntion do not only link sentences by a relation, but also define a certain point of view by the addresser towards something that is said, and has a hint of subjectivity; the connecting tools realizing it can express doubt, certainty, emphasis or stand for an informational source. The analysis of the cases of the conjuntions studied allow one to make the following conclusions: 1. The most conjunctions found in the texts analysed were additive conjuntions (45 %). The most common building relationship – extension – in an literary text is expressed by using the building conjuntion ir (“and”), and in administrative texts with the conjunction tačiau (“however”). 2. Enhancement conjunctions are characteristic only for literary texts, because they... [to full text]

<p>Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 &ndash / &nbsp / ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as&nbsp / the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and&nbsp / there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners&rsquo / writing skills. The research also&nbsp / analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners&nbsp / to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic&nbsp / arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal&nbsp / Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to&nbsp / onstruct and convey meaning.&nbsp / The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s)&nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent&nbsp / their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing&nbsp / learners&rsquo / writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and&nbsp / factors which build on learners&rsquo / prior experiences and creativity.</p>

La classification de données (ou apprentissage non-supervisé) vise à regrouper un ensemble d'observations sous la forme de classes homogènes et contrastées. Lorsque les données sont caractérisées par un grand nombre de variables, il devient nécessaire d'adapter les méthodes classiques, notamment au niveau des métriques, afin de maintenir des classes pertinentes ; ce phénomène est connu sous le nom de "malédiction de la dimension". Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une mesure de co-similarité basée sur la notion de co-occurrences d'ordre supérieur, directement extraites à partir des données. Dans le cas de l'analyse de texte, par exemple, les similarités entre documents sont calculées en prenant en compte les similarités entre mots, qui simultanément prennent en compte les similarités entre documents. Par cette approche " circulaire ", nous parvenons à mettre en correspondance des documents sans mots communs mais ayant juste des mots similaires. Cette approche s'effectue de manière purement numérique sans nécessiter de thesaurus externe. En outre, notre méthode peut également être étendue pour tirer parti de connaissances "a priori" afin de réaliser des tâches de catégorisation de textes : l'étiquette des documents est utilisée pour influencer les mesures de similarité entre les mots afin de classer de nouvelles données. Ainsi, le même cadre conceptuel, exprimable en terme de théorie des graphes, peut être utilisé à la fois pour les tâches de classification et de catégorisation en fonction de la quantité d'information initiale. Nos résultats montrent une amélioration significative de la précision, par rapport à l'état de l'art, à la fois pour le co-clustering et la catégorisation sur les jeux de données qui ont été testés.