My essay begins with a story in which I portray different communicative situations at the preschool unit Myran. The children in my story are at an early stage of development and they all suffer from multiple disabilities which inhibit their ways of communicating. Through my story, I describe how I perceive different communication dilemmas in my work place. A difficulty I cover in my essay is how the educator knows if he or she has interpreted a child correctly when it does not have a verbal communication and therefore is completely dependent on the educators’ interpretations of its communication efforts. The purpose of my essay is to demonstrate the educator´s role in communication, and I want to highlight how children with multiple disabilities communicate. I also want to investigate how important communication is in a child´s learning process. The question I ask myself is how the communication between an educator and a multiply disabled child looks like and also what nature of communication is. The method I use is the essay form where my reflection takes up a large part. In my reflection I start from my experience-based story and by making use of literature addressing various theories of communication, I arrive at the conclusion that the educator has a decisive role for developing a child´s communication skill.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1218590 bytes, checksum: e0e2b992d2b51792602fe1517c8deeb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Childhood is characterized as the crucial period for the appearance of typical human skills and potentials, which allow the child to a gradual appropriation of culture and its artifacts. In this sense, when the adults interact with babies and attribute meaning to their actions, they favor the emergence of the ability of infant intentional communication. The literature in this topic indicates that the mothers perceptions about the communicative intentionality of the baby and its implications for the infant behavior may have important effects throughout the child's development. Thus, the objective of this dissertation was to know the maternal perceptions about the ability of intentional communication of infants in the first year of life, and more specifically propose an instrument capable of to detect those perceptions. The study included 40 mothers, being 20 mothers of 4 months babies and 20 mothers of 9 months babies. Maternal age ranged from 21 to 36 years, mean 29.23 (SD = 4.54). Twenty-four mothers were primiparous and 16 secundiparous. For data collection, were used a sociodemographic questionnaire, an Initial Interview about mothers' perceptions about the overall development of their children and a semi-structured interview, result from the semantic adaptation process of the Infant Intentionality Questionnaire. Initially, the information concerning sociodemographic questionnaire data were listed. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and then made the floating read and the survey of the frequencies of the responses reported by the mothers in each age group studied. Besides frequency, were considered the similarities and contradictions of the mothers discourse, a qualitative content analysis being done. The results demonstrated that mothers with higher educational levels showed, in general, more elaborate answers and more information about the baby's development and dyadic relationship. Regarding the number of children, most secundiparous mothers reported that experiences with the first child contributed to the perception and actual practice of them with the baby. As regards the age of the baby, differences were found between the responses of the two groups of mothers, especially regarding maternal perceptions of babies intentional communication ability. Mothers of 9 months babies reported greater number of intentional communicative behaviors and showed more clear examples of such actions than mothers of 4 months babies. It is emphasized that these differences in maternal responses may be related to each specific period of child development and acquisitions that take place over social interactions. Moreover, the Maternal perception of intentional communication ability of baby interview, instrument proposed at the end of this paper, can contribute to actions of psychologists and scholars of language that aim at to capture the maternal perceptions of infant intentional communication ability and to analyze the language sociopragmatic domain. It is considered that the present study can aid the discussion of maternal perceptions and practices and the early identification of developmental disorders and deficits in communication and language, providing support to the practices of psychologists in the guidelines to parents, caregivers and/or educators. / A infância caracteriza-se como o período crucial para o surgimento das habilidades e potencialidades tipicamente humanas, que permitem à criança uma gradativa apropriação da cultura e de seus artefatos. Nesse sentido, os adultos, ao interagirem com os bebês e atribuírem significado às suas ações, favorecem a emergência da habilidade de comunicação intencional infantil. A literatura sobre esse tema refere que as percepções das mães acerca da intencionalidade comunicativa do bebê e suas implicações nos comportamentos deste podem ter efeitos importantes ao longo do desenvolvimento infantil. Diante disso, o objetivo desta dissertação foi conhecer as percepções maternas acerca da habilidade de comunicação intencional de bebês no primeiro ano de vida e, mais especificamente, propor um instrumento capaz de apreender essas percepções. Participaram do estudo 40 mães, sendo 20 mães de bebês de 4 meses e 20 mães de bebês de 9 meses. A idade das mães variou entre 21 e 36 anos, com média 29,23 (DP = 4,54). Vinte e quatro mães eram primíparas e 16 secundíparas. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados um questionário sociodemográfico, uma entrevista inicial acerca das percepções maternas sobre o desenvolvimento global dos seus filhos e uma entrevista semiestruturada resultante do processo de adaptação semântica do Infant Intentionality Questionnaire. Inicialmente, foram levantadas as informações referentes aos dados do questionário sociodemográfico. As entrevistas foram transcritas de forma literal; em seguida, foi realizada a leitura flutuante e o levantamento das frequências de respostas das mães de cada grupo de idade estudado. Além da frequência, foram consideradas as semelhanças e contradições dos discursos das mães, sendo feita uma análise qualitativa de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstraram que as mães com um nível educacional maior apresentaram, de maneira geral, respostas mais elaboradas e com maiores informações sobre o desenvolvimento do bebê e a relação diádica. Com relação ao número de filhos, a maioria das mães secundíparas relatou que as experiências com o primeiro filho contribuíram para a percepção e as práticas atuais delas com o bebê. No que se refere à idade do bebê, foram encontradas diferenças entre as respostas dos dois grupos de mães, principalmente no tocante às percepções maternas acerca da habilidade de comunicação intencional dos bebês. As mães de bebês de 9 meses relataram maior número de comportamentos comunicativos intencionais e apresentaram exemplos mais claros de tais ações do que as mães de bebês de 4 meses. Ressalta-se que essas diferenças nas respostas maternas podem estar relacionadas a cada período específico do desenvolvimento infantil e às aquisições que se dão ao longo das interações sociais. Ademais, a Entrevista sobre percepção materna acerca da habilidade de comunicação intencional do bebê, instrumento proposto ao final deste trabalho, pode contribuir para ações de estudiosos da linguagem e psicólogos que visem a captar as percepções maternas acerca da habilidade de comunicação intencional dos bebês e analisar o domínio sociopragmático da linguagem. Considera-se que o presente estudo pode auxiliar a discussão em torno das percepções e práticas maternas e a identificação precoce de transtornos e déficits do desenvolvimento na área da comunicação e da linguagem, fornecendo subsídios às práticas de psicólogos nas orientações aos pais, cuidadores e/ou educadores.

Abstract User experience research has focused mainly on understanding user experiences during or directly after use. However, studies that focus on anticipated user experiences are scarce. Different methods and metrics have also been developed to measure user experience, but only a few are suitable for evaluating visual user interface design in an anticipated use situation. Moreover, these methods do not provide guidance on how to create suitable examples for research. This thesis investigates how anticipated user experiences, needs, and wishes for visual user interface design can be studied in the early development phase. Furthermore, it investigates how visual design examples can be created and used in these studies as well as their benefits. To answer these questions, it was necessary to create and evaluate prototypes and visual design examples in the user early development phase user experience studies. The examples allowed the study of how interactive elements of user interfaces should be visually designed to draw users’ attention to them. In addition, the thesis explains the means of increasing the visibility of an interactive object and the impact of its use context on its visual design. A constructive design research approach is used in this thesis. The research material is compiled from the artifacts and results of the seven user studies. The main data collection and analysis methods are qualitative, supported with some quantitative methods. The main contribution of this thesis is a practical EDE method for creating visual design examples and evaluating them in early development phase anticipated user experience studies focused on the visual design of a user interface. The second contribution of this thesis is user experience-based preliminary suggestions for the design of interactive elements within the studied user interfaces. The findings are useful for both practitioners and researchers dealing with user experience and visual user interface design. / Tiivistelmä Käyttäjäkokemustutkimus on keskittynyt käyttäjien kokemuksiin varsinaisen käytön aikana tai heti sen jälkeen. Kiinnostus ennakoidun käyttäjäkokemuksen tutkimukseen ennen käyttötilannetta on herännyt vasta hiljattain. Käyttäjäkokemuksen arviointi- ja mittausmenetelmiä on kehitetty paljon, mutta vain harvat niistä sopivat visuaalisen käyttöliittymäsuunnittelun tutkimiseen ennakoidussa käyttötilanteessa. Menetelmät eivät myöskään opasta arviointiin sopivien visuaalisten esimerkkien suunnittelussa. Tutkielmassa selvitetään, miten käyttäjien ennakoituja kokemuksia, tarpeita ja toiveita visuaalisesta käyttöliittymäsuunnittelusta voidaan tutkia tuotekehityksen alkuvaiheessa. Lisäksi selvitetään, kuinka visuaalisia esimerkkejä voidaan luoda ja käyttää alkuvaiheen ennakoidun käyttäjäkokemuksen arvioinneissa sekä pohditaan niiden etuja tutkimuksille. Jotta näihin kysymyksiin voidaan vastata, täytyi luoda prototyyppejä ja visuaalisia esimerkkejä sekä arvioida niitä käyttäjätutkimuksissa. Esimerkkien avulla tutkitaan, miten vuorovaikutteisia käyttöliittymäelementtejä tulisi visuaalisesti esittää, jotta käyttäjä erottaisi ne muusta sisällöstä. Lisäksi selvitetään, miten elementin vuorovaikutteista ilmettä voitaisiin vahvistaa sekä arvioidaan sovellusympäristön vaikutusta elementin visuaaliseen esittämiseen. Tutkimuksen lähestymistapa on konstruktiivinen suunnittelun tutkimus. Aineisto muodostuu artefakteista ja seitsemän käyttäjäkokemustutkimuksen tuloksista. Tutkimusten tiedonkeruumenetelmät ja aineiston analyysimenetelmät ovat laadullisia. Lisämenetelminä on käytetty myös määrällisiä mittareita ja analyysimenetelmiä. Tutkielman päätulos on käytännöllinen EDE-menetelmä, joka on tarkoitettu visuaalisten esimerkkien luontiin ja arviointiin alkuvaiheen ennakoiduissa käyttäjäkokemustutkimuksissa, jotka keskittyvät tuotteen visuaaliseen suunnitteluun. Tutkielman toinen tulos on käyttäjäkokemuspohjaiset alustavat suositukset tutkittujen käyttöliittymien vuorovaikutteisten elementtien visuaaliseen suunnitteluun. Tulokset palvelevat visuaalisen käyttöliittymäsuunnittelun tai käyttäjäkokemuksen parissa työskenteleviä tutkijoita ja teollisuuden ammatinharjoittajia.

L'apoptose est un processus cellulaire fondamental pour l'homéostasie tissulaire. Ce type de mort cellulaire est sous le contrôle des protéines de la famille Bcl-2 qui régulent la perméabilité de la membrane externe de la mitochondrie. Cependant, au-delà de leur rôle dans le contrôle de l'apoptose, les protéines de la famille Bcl-2 peuvent intervenir dans d'autres processus tels que le cycle cellulaire ou le métabolisme. Au sein du laboratoire, nous nous intéressons tout particulièrement aux rôles non-apoptotiques des protéines Bcl-2 au cours du développement embryonnaire. Grâce à l'utilisation du poisson zèbre, nous avons pu montrer que les protéines de la famille Bcl-2 contrôlent différents processus au cours du développement grâce à leur capacité à réguler l'homéostasie calcique. En effet, nous avons montré que la protéine anti-apoptotique Nrz participe au remodelage du cytosquelette d'actine au cours de l'épibolie en régulant la concentration de calcium cytosolique par son interaction avec le récepteur à l'IP3 (IP3R). Nous avons de plus pu montrer que Nrz diminue la sortie de calcium du réticulum endoplasmique en inhibant la fixation de l'IP3 sur son récepteur. Nous avons également identifié un nouveau membre pro-apoptotique de la famille Bcl-2, Bclwav, spécifiquement exprimée chez les poissons et le xénope. Cette protéine participe à la régulation de l'homéostasie calcique mitochondriale en interagissant avec VDAC. Nous avons de plus montré que cette activité est essentielle pour les mouvements de convergence et d'extension au cours du développement embryonnaire précoce du poisson zèbre / Apoptosis is a key cellular process for tissue homeostasis. Apoptotic cell death is under control of Bcl-2 family proteins which regulate outer mitochondrial membrane permeability. However, beyond their role in apoptosis, Bcl-2 family proteins are also involved in other cellular processes such as cell cycle or metabolism. In our laboratory we are interested in non-apoptotic functions of Bcl-2 family proteins in embryonic development. Using zebrafish model we have shown that Bcl-2 proteins control different processes during early development thanks to their ability to regulate calcium homeostasis. Indeed, we have shown that the anti-apoptotic protein Nrz participates in actin cytoskeleton remodeling during epiboly by regulating cytosolic calcium concentration via an interaction with the IP3 receptor (IP3R). We have also demonstrated that Nrz decreases calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum by inhibiting IP3 fixation on its receptor. We have furthermore identified a new pro-apoptotic member of Bcl-2 family, Bcl-wav which is expressed only in fish and frogs. This protein regulates mitochondrial calcium homeostasis by interacting with VDAC. We have moreover shown that this activity is essential for convergence and extension movements during early zebrafish development

Life course literature states that early childhood development (ECD) can influence most aspects of health throughout the life-cycle. Canada ranked last among 25 wealthy nations in meeting ECD objectives. Fewer than 5% of children born have clinically detectable shortcomings in developmental health, increasing to 26% by school age with emerging socioeconomic associations. Understanding how social determinants of health (SDH) influence ECD at the household and neighbourhood scales would help identify conditions for optimal developmental outcomes. The effects of SDH on ECD in the Kingston, Ontario area were studied. SDH were classified via marginalization (ONMarg) and deprivation (Pampalon) indices. ECD was measured via 2006 Early Development Instrument (EDI) scores for children most at risk upon school entry (Grade One). The basic spatial unit of analysis was 2006 Census of Canada Dissemination Areas, subdivided into quintiles of deprivation (Q1 being the least deprived and Q5 the most). EDI results from each of the quintiles within the two indices were compared and then combined. The socioeconomic health gradient assumes that EDI scores will directly correlate to material and social deprivation. Social deprivation had a slightly greater impact than material deprivation on children’s developmental vulnerability, with Q5 being the most vulnerable in all competencies. Surprisingly, emotional health and social competence were significant areas of vulnerability for children in Q1 and Q2. “Village effects” – when social determinants at the neighbourhood level have protective effects on ECD despite material deprivation at the household level – were present within the Q3 and Q4 groups for the domains of social competency and emotional health. While the highest proportions of early childhood developmental vulnerability are found within the most deprived households, the largest numbers of vulnerable children are spread throughout the middle-class in a variety of neighbourhoods. Canadian policy should focus on mediating avoidable risks within this critical time to avoid future deleterious health effects and costs. Mapping the effects of SDH at the neighbourhood level generates knowledge that informs intersectoral action by policy makers to provide the supports needed to foster healthy children. / Thesis (Master, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2013-05-04 10:36:25.165

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel_Valmorbida.pdf: 1039911 bytes, checksum: f9af83c22da423b866713b0a21b70adb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / Fundação Araucária / Muvuca is a seed sowing technique of various tree species succession of distinct stages, together with species of green manure, in order to restore a degraded area. In this seeding technique, there can be biological interaction exudates, seeds and seedlings adjunct, different species of which may be mutually benefit or impaired, as germination and early development. An attempt was made in this study to investigate the allelopathic potential of exudates of Cajanus cajan seeds and Bauhinia forficata on bioindicator species (Solanum lycopersicum - tomato); and the allelopathic effect of these same exudates on forest species (Bauhinia forficata and Parapiptadenia rigida). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory, and the treatments were: control; exudates of Phase I and II of the soaking curve of C. cajan seeds and B. forficata, who underwent pH testing, electrical conductivity and phytochemical screening. The bioindicator species subjected to treatment was evaluated for germination, early growth, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation. Forest species subjected to the treatments were evaluated for germination and early development. According to the electrical conductivity, a greater release of exudates of precursor species in phase II of soaking. All exudates showed allelochemicals in its composition. As for the allelopathic potential, it is concluded that the exudates of C. cajan seeds and B. forficata not adversely affect germination, early growth and antioxidant enzyme activity of bioindicator, on the contrary, benefited performance these variables evaluated tomato. As for the allelopathic effect, the exudate of phase I of soaking C. cajan, and phases I and II of the seeds of B. forficata stimulated shoot length P. rigida. However, the exudate of the soaking stage II seeds of C. cajan, negatively affected the germination and initial development B. forficata. And still retarded germination of P. rigida. / Muvuca de sementes é uma técnica de semeadura de diversas espécies florestais, de distintos estágios sucessionais, juntamente com espécies de adubos verdes, com a finalidade de restaurar uma área degradada. Nesta técnica de semeadura, pode ocorrer interação biológica de exsudatos de sementes e plântulas adjuntas, das diferentes espécies, que mutuamente podem ser beneficiadas ou prejudicadas, quanto à germinação e desenvolvimento inicial. Procurou-se neste trabalho investigar o potencial alelopático de exsudatos de sementes de Cajanus cajan e Bauhinia forficata sobre espécie bioindicadora (Solanum lycopersicum - tomate); e o efeito alelopático destes mesmos exsudatos sobre espécies florestais (Bauhinia forficata e Parapiptadenia rigida). O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório, e os tratamentos foram: Testemunha; Exsudatos das Fases I e II da curva de embebição das sementes de C. cajan e B. forficata, que foram submetidos a testes de pH, condutividade elétrica e prospecção fitoquímica. A espécie bioindicadora submetida aos tratamentos foi avaliada quanto à germinação, desenvolvimento inicial, atividade enzimática antioxidante e peroxidação lipídica. As espécies florestais submetidas aos tratamentos foram avaliadas quanto à germinação e desenvolvimento inicial. Segundo a condutividade elétrica, houve maior liberação de exsudatos das espécies precursoras na fase II de embebição. Todos os exsudatos apresentaram aleloquímicos em sua composição. Quanto ao potencial alelopático, conclui-se, que os exsudatos das sementes de C. cajan e B. forficata não afetaram negativamente a germinação, desenvolvimento inicial e atividade enzimática antioxidante da planta bioindicadora, pelo contrário, beneficiou o desempenho das variáveis avaliadas do tomate. Quanto ao efeito alelopático, o exsudato da fase I de embebição de C. cajan, e das fases I e II das sementes de B. forficata estimularam o comprimento da parte aérea de P. rigida. Porém, o exsudato da fase II de embebição das sementes de C. cajan, influenciou negativamente a germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de B. forficata. E ainda retardou a germinação de P. rigida.

La méthylation de l'ADN est un processus vital pour le développement des mammifères. Sa distribution anormale,notamment au niveau des régions répétées du génome, est une signature pathologique. La découverte de maladies héréditaires touchant la stabilité du génome a permis des avancées considérables dans l'identification des acteurs et des mécanismes. Nous avons choisi d'étudier le syndrome ICF (Immunodéficience, instabilité Centromérique et anomalies Faciales), première maladie génétique identifiée avec des défauts de la méthylation de l’ADN, liés à une instabilité chromosomique. Lorsque j'ai commencé ma thèse, des mutations dans les gènes DNMT3B et ZBTB24 avaient été décrites comme causes génétiques du syndrome. Cependant, d'autres causes génétiques restaient inconnues. Nos travaux ont permis d'identifier deux nouveaux gènes, CDCA7 et HELLS, dont les mutations sont responsables du syndrome. J'ai montré que leur perte de fonction dans les cellules somatiques entraîne un défaut de méthylation des répétitions centromériques, suggérant leur rôle dans le maintien de la méthylation de l'ADN. Par conséquent, l'étude de l'étiologie d'une maladie génétique rare a permis d'identifier de nouveaux « gardiens » de la stabilité du génome, avec des fonctions jusqu'alors insoupçonnées dans les processus de méthylation de l'ADN et dans le développement. Au cours de mon doctorat, j'ai établi des cartes de méthylation des cellules de patients ICF afin d'identifier les cibles communes et distinctes de ces facteurs, ainsi que leurs caractéristiques génomiques et épigénomiques. Contrairement aux mutations de DNMT3B,celles de ZBTB24, CDCA7 et HELLS affectent la méthylation dans des régions pauvres en CpG, dans des régions intergéniques et dans des répétitions d'ADN intercalées. Plus généralement, ce sont les régions d'hétérochromatine qui sont les plus touchées et en particulier des clusters des gènes codants et non codants, dont certains sont exprimés de manière monoallélique. Pour mieux caractériser le rôle de ZBTB24 dans le développement et la méthylation de l'ADN,nous avons généré un modèle murin mutant qui nous a permis de monter que ZBTB24 était essentielle pour le développement embryonnaire précoce. De plus, ZBTB24 jouerait un rôle dans l'établissement de la méthylation des séquences répétées de l'ADN, à la fois en tandem ou intercalé. Fait intéressant, ZBTB24 semble être également impliqué dans l'établissement de la marque répressive H3K9me3, suggérant un rôle de la protéine dans le "dialogue" entre la méthylation de l'ADN et celle des histones. Dans l'ensemble, mon travail met l'accent sur la façon dont la méthylation de l'ADN et les marques d'hétérochromatine sont établies et maintenues à des gènes uniques et des répétitions de l'ADN, et fournit de nouveaux acteurs et mécanismes à considérer dans les études sur le maintien de la stabilité du génome. / DNA methylation is an essential process for the development of mammals. Its abnormal distribution, particularly at the level of the repeated regions of the genome, is a pathological signature. The discovery of hereditary diseases affecting DNA methylation and the stability of the genome allowed a considerable progress in the identification of their actors and mechanisms. We chose to study the ICF (Immunodeficiency, Centromeric Instability and Facial Abnormalities) syndrome, the first genetic disorder identified with defects in the distribution of DNA methylation, linked to chromosomal instability. When I started my PhD, mutations in two genes had been described to cause the ICF syndrome: DNMT3B and ZBTB24. However, the genetic origin of a subset of ICF patients remained unknown. We identified mutations in CDCA7 and HELLS as causative of the ICF syndrome. I showed that their loss of function in somatic cells results in the loss of DNA methylation at centromeric repeats, strongly suggestive of a role DNA methylation maintenance. Hence, the study of the aetiology of a genetic disease provided new candidate “guardians” of DNA repeats and genome stability, with virtually unknown functions but with exciting potential roles in the DNA methylation machinery and in development. During my PhD, I established methylation maps in ICF patients cells to identify common and distinct targets of these factors, as well as their genomic and epigenomic characteristics. In contrast to DNMT3B mutations, those in ZBTB24, CDCA7 and HELLS affect methylation at CpG-poor regions in intergenic genomic locations and at interspersed DNA repeats, and more generally, at genomic locations with heterochromatic features. Their integrity is required for the methylated status of coding and non-coding clusters of genes, some of which are expressed in a monoallelic manner. To better characterize the role of ZBTB24 in development and DNA methylation pathways, we generated a mouse model carrying mutations in ZBTB24. We showed that ZBTB24 is essential for early development, while it seemed to be dispensable for in vitro differentiation of murine ES cells. We implicated ZBTB24 in the establishment of DNA methylation at DNA repeats, both in tandem or interspersed, in differentiating ES cells. Interestingly, ZBTB24 seems to be also implicated in the establishment of the repressive mark H3K9me3 suggesting that ZBTB24 may indirectly control DNA methylation through an interplay with histone marks. As a whole, our work sheds light on how DNA methylation and heterochromatin marks are established and maintained at unique genes and DNA repeats, and provides new actors and mechanisms to consider in studies of the maintenance of genome stability.

Dans le domaine des sciences cognitives, la plupart des études sur la communication humaine se sont intéressées à la manière dont on comprend la communication et non pas à la manière dont on l’évalue. D’après le cadre théorique de la vigilance épistémique (Sperber et al., 2010) les êtres humains disposent d’un ensemble de mécanismes dédiés à l’évaluation des messages qui servent à se protéger d’informations potentiellement trompeuses et qui permettent de communiquer de manière fluide et relativement honnête. D’après ce cadre théorique, le raisonnement aurait évolué pour permettre une discrimination plus fine des messages. La principale fonction du raisonnement serait argumentative : il s’agirait de trouver des arguments pour convaincre les autres et d’évaluer les arguments d’autrui afin d’acquérir des croyances plus solides (Mercier & Sperber, 2011). Si le raisonnement est le résultat d’une adaptation, ces compétences devraient être relativement universelles et on ne devrait pas avoir à les enseigner. L’universalité et le développement précoce de ces compétences permettraient donc de montrer qu’elles ne reposent pas sur un apprentissage culturel spécifique. Cependant, la plupart des études sur le raisonnement et l’argumentation chez les adultes comme chez les enfants, et par conséquent les principaux résultats qui soutiennent la théorie argumentative du raisonnement, se limitent à un échantillon restreint des sociétés humaines : les cultures occidentales. Aussi, on pourrait penser que ces caractéristiques du raisonnement sont davantage l’expression de facteurs culturels plutôt que des traits universaux. Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse à cette question en déployant une approche interculturelle (en comparant les sociétés occidentales, orientales et traditionnelles) et développementale. Les cultures traditionnelles et orientales diffèrent des cultures occidentales sur de multiples aspects - tels que la tradition philosophique, l’approche parentale ou l’accès à l’éducation formelle - qui sont particulièrement pertinents pour tester ces prédictions adaptatives. Le rôle de la discussion a souvent été sous-estimé dans le domaine du raisonnement, à l’exception de certaines études développementales très influentes (Doise & Mugny, 1984; Perret-Clermont, 1980). En coupant le raisonnement de son contexte argumentatif, les psychologues du raisonnement l’ont privé de l’une de ses forces : l’échange d’arguments avec les autres. Dans une première étude, nous avons montré que dans une population traditionnelle – les Mayas indigènes du Guatemala – la discussion en groupe amène à de meilleures performances que le raisonnement individuel. De tels résultats avaient déjà été rapportés pour des populations occidentales et orientales. Deux caractéristiques du raisonnement peuvent expliquer ces résultats : the biais vers son côté, qui empêche les individus d’améliorer leurs performances individuelles, et l’habilité à évaluer les arguments des autres, qui permettent aux individus de bénéficier des discussions de groupes (Article 1). Dans trois études exploratoires, nous avons apporté des preuves que le bénéfice de l’argumentation peut aussi s’étendre au raisonnement moral. La première étude confirme que les arguments peuvent faire changer les individus d’avis même dans des jugements moraux impliquant une forte charge émotionnelle. En revanche, les seconde et troisième études n’ont pas permis de révéler des effets notables de la discussion sur les jugements moraux (Chapitre 2). Avant l’âge de trois ans, les enfants échangent des arguments avec leurs parents et leurs frères et sœurs. Cependant, aucune expérience n’a montré que les enfants de cet âge sont sensibles à la qualité des arguments. Dans une première étude, nous fournissons des preuves expérimentales que les enfants de deux ans sont sensibles à la force des arguments (Article 3)... / Within cognitive science, most studies of communication have focused on how we understand communication and not on how we evaluate it. According to the epistemic vigilance framework (Sperber et al., 2011) a set of mechanisms would be devoted to evaluating other people's messages to protect us from potentially misleading information, allowing communication to work smoothly and to remain mostly honest. In this framework, reasoning would have evolved to allow for a finer grained discrimination of messages. The main function of reasoning would be argumentative: to find reasons in order to convince others, and to evaluate others' reasons in order to adopt better supported beliefs (Mercier & Sperber, 2011).If reasoning is an evolved adaptation, these skills should be relatively universal and they should not have to be taught. Universality and early development is suggestive of skills that do not rest on specific cultural learning. However, most of the studies on reasoning and argumentation, either with adults or children, and consequently the main results supporting the argumentative theory of reasoning, are limited to a small range of human societies: Western cultures. One can argue that the features of reasoning might be the expression of specific cultural factors rather than universals traits. The present thesis addresses this question by deploying a cross-cultural (comparing Western, Eastern, and traditional societies) and a developmental approach. Traditional and Eastern cultures differ from Western cultures in dimensions such as philosophical tradition, parenting styles, or access to formal education that are particularly relevant to test these adaptive predictions.The role of discussion has been often underestimated in the field of reasoning, with the exception of some influential developmental research (Doise & Mugny, 1984; Perret-Clermont, 1980). Cutting reasoning from its argumentative contexts, psychologists of reasoning deprived it from one of its strength, the exchange of arguments with others. In a first study we showed that, as reported in Western and Eastern populations, group discussion yields better performance than individual reasoning in a traditional population – indigenous Maya from Guatemala. Two features of reasoning can account for this improvement: the myside bias, which precludes individuals from improving their performance on their own, and the ability to soundly evaluate others’ arguments, which allows individuals to benefit from group discussions (Article 1). In three exploratory studies we brought some evidence that the benefit of argumentation could be extended to moral judgments. The first one confirms that arguments can make people change their mind even on some emotionally charged moral judgments. By contrast, the second and the third ones failed to reveal consistent effects of discussion on moral judgments (Chapter 2).Before the age of three, children exchange arguments with their parents and siblings, but no experiment has demonstrated that they are sensitive to argument quality. In a first study we provide experimental evidence that 2-year-olds are sensitive to argument strength (Article 3). However, these skills might have been fostered by the particular cultural context of Western middle- and upper-class families, to which most children studied belong. No experimental data had been gathered in Eastern or traditional societies. A series of experiments first revealed that, as reported in Western culture, Mayan (Article 4) and Japanese (Article 7) children can discriminate between a strong (perceptual) argument and a weak (circular) argument. Second, Mayan (Article 4) and Western (Article 5) children are shown to follow the testimony of a dominant over that of a subordinate while Japanese participants favor the testimony of the subordinate (Article 8). ...

Актуальность темы исследования. Разные культурные традиции сказываются на рабочем процессе, общении между людьми, криминогенной обстановке и единстве общества. С 2010 года по 2018 наблюдается рост численности въезжающих Вьетнамских граждан более чем в полтора раза, часть из которых прибыли с целями трудоустройства (кроме трудовых мигрантов, есть школьники, студенты и аспиранты). Известно, что именно детский возраст – это тот период, когда возможно эффективно скорректировать, сформировать важные области детского развития, что будет влиять на их адаптацию в обществе в дальнейшем. Следовательно, исследования кросс-культурных различий развития человека, в частности младенца, являются актуальными в наше время. Объектом исследования является психо-социальное развитие младенцев. Предметом исследования является кросс-культурные различия в психо-социальном развитии младенцев Росии и Вьетнама. Цель и задачи исследования: выявить различия в психо-социальном развитии младенцев России и Вьетнама. Научно-информационная база исследования: Культурноисторическая теория Выготского, концепция онтогенетического развития психики в общении М.И. Лисиной, общепсихологическая теория деятельности А.Н. Леонтьева. Научная новизна исследования заключается в следующем: Данное исследование – это одна из первых попыток найти различия между Россией и Вьетнамом. Научно-практическая значимость исследования. В первую очередь, результаты данного исследования дают возможность родителю более экологично для ребенка взаимодействовать с ним. Помимо этого, результаты данного исследования позволят психологам, работающим с младенцами типично и атипично развивающимися, повысить качество работы с семьями, имеющими таких детей и разработать подходящие сопровождающие и коррекционные методики, основанные на кросс-культурных особенностях. Данное исследование является частью лонгитюдного исследовательского проекта при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда РФФИ.№ 19-513-92001 \ 19. Содержание диссертации. Диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, выводов, заключения, списка литературы в количестве 77 источников, 3 приложения. Объём работы — 68 страницы печатного текста, который содержит 1 таблицу. В рамках исследования имеется публикация: «Различие маркеров детско-родительского взаимодействия у детей с типичным и атипичным развитием» (2019). / Relevance of the research topic. Different cultural traditions affect the work process, communication between people, the criminal environment and the unity of society. From 2010 to 2018, there has been an increase in the number of incoming Vietnamese citizens by more than one and a half times, some of whom arrived for employment purposes (in addition to labor migrants, there are schoolchildren, students and postgraduates). It is known that children's age is the period when it is possible to effectively correct and form important areas of children's development, which will affect their adaptation in society in the future. Therefore, research on cross-cultural differences in human development, in particular in infants, is relevant in our time. The object of research is the psycho-social development of infants. The subject of the study is cross-cultural differences in the psycho-social development of infants in Russia and Vietnam. The purpose and objectives of the study: to identify differences in the psycho-social development of infants in Russia and Vietnam. Scientific and information base of the research: Vygotsky's cultural and Historical theory, the concept of ontogenetic development of the psyche in communication M. I. Lisina, the General psychological theory of activity A. N. Leontiev. The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: This study is one of the first attempts to find differences between Russia and Vietnam. Scientific and practical significance of the research. First of all, the results of this study allow the parent to interact with the child in a more environmentally friendly way. In addition, the results of this study will allow psychologists working with typically and atypically developing infants to improve the quality of work with families with such children and develop appropriate accompanying and corrective methods based on cross-cultural characteristics. This research is part of a longitudinal research project supported by a grant from the Russian science Foundation (RFBR) no. 19-513-92001 \ 19. Content of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions, conclusion, list of references in the number of 77 sources, 3 appendices. The volume of work is 68 pages of printed text, which contains 1 table. Within the framework of the study, there is a publication: "Differences in markers of child-parent interaction in children with typical and atypical development" (2019).

Grünland mit hoher Produktivität und Futterqualität bildet die Grundlage der Wiederkäuerernährung. In Grünlandbeständen mit ausbleibender oder geringer Stickstoffdüngung sind Leguminosen unerlässlich für Produktivität und Futterqualität, was auf die Fähigkeit von Leguminosen Luftstickstoff zu binden zurückzuführen ist. Gegenwärtig ist Trifolium repens L. eine der wichtigsten Futterleguminosen im Grünland der gemäßigten Zonen Europas. Es ist allerdings bekannt, dass T. repens eine gute Wasserversorgung benötigt, um einen hohen Ertrag zu erzielen. Verringerte Niederschlagsmengen in der Vegetationsperiode, die unter Klimawandelbedingungen vorausgesagt werden, könnten somit die Ertragsleistung von T. repens verringern. In Zukunft steigt dadurch möglicherweise auch die Bedeutung anderer Futterleguminosen, die besser an trockenere Bedingungen angepasst sind und somit als Alternative für T. repens dienen könnten. Da die Kenntnisse über das agronomische Potenzial solcher möglichen alternativen Leguminosen begrenzt sind, haben wir in dieser Studie fünf vielversprechende und wahrscheinlich besser an Trockenheit angepasste Leguminosen untersucht. Für unsere Versuche haben wir Lotus corniculatus L., L. uliginosus Schkuhr, Medicago lupulina L., M. falcate L. und Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. ausgewählt. In einem ersten Schritt wurde das agronomische Potenzial der Leguminosen im Hinblick auf Etablierung und frühe Ertragsentwicklung mit nicht limitierter Wasserversorgung getestet. Weiterhin wurden der Ertrag und die Ertragsstabilität sowie die Wassernutzung der alternativen Leguminosen bei temporärer Trockenheit untersucht und mit der von T. repens verglichen. Der Einfluss von Trockenstress auf wichtige Futterwert bestimmende Inhaltsstoffe der Leguminosen (Rohprotein, neutrale Detergenzienfasern, saure Detergenzienfasen und wasserlösliche Kohlenhydrate) war überdies Gegenstand der Betrachtungen. Um die oben genannten Parameter zu untersuchen, wurde von 2009 (Einsaatjahr) bis 2011 ein Experiment in Großgefäßen in einer Vegetationshalle durchgeführt. In diesem Versuch wurden alle Leguminosen sowohl in Monokultur als auch in einer praxisüblichen Mischung mit Lolium perenne L. angesät. Im Versuchszeitraum folgten die klimatischen Bedingungen in der Vegetationshalle einem normalen jahreszeitlichen Verlauf, der Frost im Winter und höhere Temperaturen im Sommer umfasste. Der für den Versuch notwendige Trockenstress wurde in drei Aufwüchsen innerhalb von zwei Jahren durch temporären Bewässerungsstopp erzeugt. Dabei wurde im Frühjahr 2010 (April/Mai) ein moderater und im Sommer 2010 (Juli/August) sowie im Frühjahr 2011 (April/Mai) je ein starker Trockenstress induziert. Mit Ausnahme von M. falcata, welches eine verzögerte Anfangsentwicklung zeigte, waren die Keimung und die Etablierung von allen alternativen Leguminosen vergleichbar mit der von T. repens. Die Ertragsleistung von M. lupulina und L. corniculatus in Monokultur war ähnlich hoch wie die von T. repens. In Mischung zeigten beide alternativen Leguminosen zwar Potenzial, aber die Ertragsleistungen waren dennoch geringer als die der T. repens/L. perenne Mischung. In unserem Versuch führte Trockenstress zu verringertem Ertrag und er beeinflusste auch die agronomische Wassernutzungseffizienz (Verhältnis von Ertrag zu Wasserverbrauch). Ausschlaggebend waren dabei die Stärke und die Dauer des Trockenstresses. Besonders starker, aber auch bereits moderater Trockenstress führten bei T. repens zu erheblichen Ertragsverlusten von bis zu 56%. Demgegenüber zeigten vor allem M. lupulina, aber auch L. corniculatus und M. falcata lediglich marginale Ertragsverluste bei moderatem Trockenstress und meist geringere Ertragsverluste als T. repens bei starkem Stress. Die agronomische Wassernutzungseffizienz war bei moderatem Stress verhältnismäßig stabil, wohingegen starker Stress im Vergleich zur Kontrolle meist zu einer geringeren agronomischen Wassernutzungseffizienz führte. Sowohl unter Kontroll- als auch unter Stressbedingungen zeigte speziell M. lupulina in Monokultur eine ähnliche oder sogar eine höhere agronomische Wassernutzugseffizienz als T. repens. Zudem war die agronomische Wassernutzungseffizienz der Mischungen mit M. lupulina, L. corniculatus und M. falcata weniger negativ von starkem Trockenstress betroffen als die Mischung mit T. repens. Dies bestätigte zum einen die Trockenheitsempfindlichkeit von T. repens und zum anderen die bessere Anpassung der alternativen Leguminosen an trockenere Bedingungen. Wir beobachteten, dass eine Änderung in der Stickstofffixierungsleistung der Leguminosen eine gute Erklärungsgröße für Änderungen des Ertrags und der agronomischen Wassernutzungseffizienz darstellt. Hohe Stickstofffixierungsleistung geht dabei meist mit höherem Ertrag und höherer agronomischer Wassernutzungseffizienz einher. Die intrinsische Wassernutzungseffizienz (Verhältnis von assimiliertem CO2 und stomatärer Leitfähigkeit), gemessen als 13C, war ein schlechterer Indikator für die agronomische Wassernutzungseffizienz: Obwohl die intrinsische Wassernutzungseffizienz unter starkem Trockenstress zunahm, sank die agronomische Wassernutzungseffizienz meist ab. Dennoch besitzt die Erhöhung der intrinsischen Wassernutzungseffizienz ein gewisses Potenzial als Anpassung an trockenere Bedingungen Der Trockenstresseffekt auf die Futterqualität war in unserer Studie generell deutlich geringer als der Effekt auf den Ertrag. Besonders moderater Stress hatte wenig Einfluss auf die Futterqualität, während sich die Effekte bei starkem Stress verstärkten. Starker Trockenstress führte meist zu einer Verringerung des Rohprotein- und Fasergehalts (neutrale und saure Detergenzienfasern), wohingegen sich der Gehalt an wasserlöslichen Kohlenhydraten erhöhte. Dies könnte ein Hinweis darauf sein, dass sich die Futterqualität bei Trockenstress sogar verbessert. Nichtsdestotrotz hatten in unserem Versuch die Leguminosenart und die Einsaat als Monokultur oder Mischung einen größeren Einfluss auf die Futterqualität als der Trockenstress. Der Einfluss von Trockenstress auf die Futterqualität ist deshalb bei der Wahl einer geeigneten Futterleguminose weniger von Bedeutung als andere agronomische Eigenschaften. Zusammenfassend ist zu sagen, dass besonders M. lupulina und in geringerem Maße auch L. corniculatus und M. falcata Potenzial als Alternative für T. repens bei Trockenstress zeigen. Nach ausreichender Etablierungszeit entwickeln sich besonders M. lupulina aber auch L. corniculatus und M. falcata stabiler und können sogar höhere Erträge als T. repens bei Trockenstress produzieren. Bezüglich der Futterqualität sind oben genannte alternative Leguminosen ebenfalls vergleichbar mit T. repens.