The objectives of this research firstly is to assess and establish the guidelines in respect of the medium of instruction as a determinant of the forms of the educational system in South Africa. Subsequently, the researcher wishes to establish the precise policy in respect of the instructional medium in South Africa. Thirdly, the researcher wishes to establish which languages are preferred as instructional media by South African learners, and why. Finally, the researchers wishes to establish the learners' approach and attitude in respect of a particular instructional medium. The research method followed, focuses in the first place on an extensive literature study to primarily establish the guidelines in respect of the instructional medium as a determinant of the educational system, as well as to acquire information in respect of the instructional medium in South Africa. In addition, empirical research was done to determine which languages are preferred in practice by learners as media of instruction, and why attempts at assessing attitudes in respect of a specific instructional media were also made. By using a questionnaire as measuring instrument, quantitative research was done in respect of 28 % of the grade eleven learners in Vanderbijlpark. Qualitative research was also done by way of personal interviews using a structured questionnaire with the aid of teachers. The findings briefly indicate that the Afrikaans -speaking learners in South Africa realize the value of mother tongue instruction, consequently also then preferring it as the instructional medium. Both English -speaking and African language users in South Africa prefer English as a medium of instruction as they believe their entrance into the job market will then be assured. Only a small percentage of users of African languages prefer their mother tongue as instructional language. The literature study revealed that mother tongue instruction is indispensable in respect of academic performance. Learners perform better academically should they for a period receive instruction in their mother tongue, even should it be up to the fourth grade when basic skills such as reading, writing and arithmetic are acquired. It was finally established, that South African legislation indeed provides for mother tongue instruction for all, but that the policy is not applied in practice. It is the considered opinion of the researcher that mother tongue instruction in South Africa is a treasure to be cherished and preserved by both Afrikaans and English speaking learners, also that it should be extended to users of African languages, as only mother tongue instruction for all in South Africa would indeed mean real equal educational opportunities. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

The objectives of this research firstly is to assess and establish the guidelines in respect of the medium of instruction as a determinant of the forms of the educational system in South Africa. Subsequently, the researcher wishes to establish the precise policy in respect of the instructional medium in South Africa. Thirdly, the researcher wishes to establish which languages are preferred as instructional media by South African learners, and why. Finally, the researchers wishes to establish the learners' approach and attitude in respect of a particular instructional medium. The research method followed, focuses in the first place on an extensive literature study to primarily establish the guidelines in respect of the instructional medium as a determinant of the educational system, as well as to acquire information in respect of the instructional medium in South Africa. In addition, empirical research was done to determine which languages are preferred in practice by learners as media of instruction, and why attempts at assessing attitudes in respect of a specific instructional media were also made. By using a questionnaire as measuring instrument, quantitative research was done in respect of 28 % of the grade eleven learners in Vanderbijlpark. Qualitative research was also done by way of personal interviews using a structured questionnaire with the aid of teachers. The findings briefly indicate that the Afrikaans -speaking learners in South Africa realize the value of mother tongue instruction, consequently also then preferring it as the instructional medium. Both English -speaking and African language users in South Africa prefer English as a medium of instruction as they believe their entrance into the job market will then be assured. Only a small percentage of users of African languages prefer their mother tongue as instructional language. The literature study revealed that mother tongue instruction is indispensable in respect of academic performance. Learners perform better academically should they for a period receive instruction in their mother tongue, even should it be up to the fourth grade when basic skills such as reading, writing and arithmetic are acquired. It was finally established, that South African legislation indeed provides for mother tongue instruction for all, but that the policy is not applied in practice. It is the considered opinion of the researcher that mother tongue instruction in South Africa is a treasure to be cherished and preserved by both Afrikaans and English speaking learners, also that it should be extended to users of African languages, as only mother tongue instruction for all in South Africa would indeed mean real equal educational opportunities. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore conditions under which the human spirit flowers in modern organisations. The topic of the thesis was sparked by prolonged study at the Master’s level of the writings of Robert K. Greenleaf, modern servant leadership theorist. Greenleaf was concerned with the ways and the conditions in which the human spirit flowers. He wrote a number of essays on the topic (Greenleaf, 1996b). He often questioned what organisations as they currently stood were doing to help people grow as whole people. As workers spend increasing amounts of time in the workplace, organisations continue to seek ways in which to increase employee satisfaction and decrease the compartmentalising of human experience. The geographical context of study is that of Aotearoa/New Zealand with participants selected from the Church Educational System of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Tāmaki-makau-rau/Auckland region. The Church Educational System, or CES, is a worldwide religious education provider headquartered in the Western United States. The context for study was chosen based on my perceived personal growth as a student for nine years in the CES programmes and my desire to understand how the programme was administered in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The project employs a qualitative methodology using as primary data gathering methods in-depth interviews with three CES directors, three focus groups made up of sixteen volunteer teachers, classroom observations, and document analysis. Using Greenleaf’s descriptions of the servant leader as a central focus, I attempt through this qualitative study to address the central research question: How does the Church Educational System (CES) nurture servant leaders? The central metaphor of the garden was used in processing and analysing data. The garden metaphor was intended to assist in the conceptualisation of relationships of service as they are at work in the lives of participants. Identified relationships of service from the findings were between participants co-workers (plants), love (life-force), Jesus Christ (sun), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (plot), purpose (strength), Aotearoa/New Zealand (soil), exemplars (canopy), experience (seasons), Church Educational System (gardener), positions, training, programmes (gardener tools), growth (colour/aroma/fruit), knowledge (water), and organisational care (pruning/transplanting). Findings indicated that nurturing in the Church Educational System is influenced by the ability of the organisation to bring people together in meaningful ways. Findings also show that understanding relationships of service that make up whole people may be an important step for organisations in the nurturing of servant leaders. Nurturing in the CES appears to be taking place in three primary areas: balancing, renewal, and regeneration. The findings of this study have significance for those inside and outside of the CES. A chapter is dedicated to exploring possible application of findings in variant organisational contexts. Providing consistent formal and informal opportunities for sharing in spirit and intellect at the organisational level appears to be a key in the nurturing of servant leaders in organisations.

In this article, readers are going to see how foreigners’ children have been treated in the Japanese educational system. Until now, Japan does not have a specific principle idea in their policies; therefore, those are not stable and concrete. In order to investigate how national policies and its doctrine are important in the educational system, this article has examined Australia as a nation introducing the principles of multiculturalism and France as a nation introducing the republicanism in their integrated politics by doing a literature research. The literature that was used in this paper include the policies and critical papers written by experts that has allow us to analyze the pros and cons of their policies. As a result, the Japanese government is urged to create a concrete policy that would support foreign students to better adapt to the society and become a productive human resource to improve the country’s wellbeing. / Este artículo examinó la situación actual y pasada de los hijos de extranjeros insertos en el sistema educativo japonés. Hasta ahora, Japón no tiene una idea concreta en sus políticas y es por eso que se puede afirmar que este sistema presenta algunas deficiencias/problemas que pueden ser mejorados. Con el objetivo de ver cómo los principios de las políticas nacionales afectan a la educación, en este artículo se han presentado los ejemplos de Australia, como una nación llevando los principios del multiculturalismo y a Francia, como ejemplo de una nación llevando los principios del republicanismo y sus políticas para la integración de sus ciudadanos. La literatura utilizada en este trabajo incluye las políticas y documentos críticos escritos por expertos, los cuales fueron de gran ayuda para poder analizar los pros y contras de las políticas de los distintos países estudiados.Como resultado, el gobierno japonés va a necesitar una política concreta para apoyar a los estudiantes extranjeros a adaptarse a la sociedad y convertirse en un recurso humano productivo para mejorar el país. / Neste artigo, pode-se verificar como os filhos de estrangeiros têm sido tratados dentro do sistema educacional japonês. Até o momento, o Japão não tem uma política de inclusão bem definida e, consequentemente, seu sistema não está bem estabelecido. Como medida para avaliar a influência dos princípios das políticas nacionais na educação, neste trabalho, foram apresentados exemplos de outros países. Através de uma investigação da literatura, foram estudados os seguintes países, a Austrália, uma nação que cultiva os princípios do multiculturalismo, e a França, levando os princípios do republicanismo e suas políticas de integração dos cidadãos. Esta revisão foi baseada nos princípios e nos respectivos documentos analíticos escritos por especialistas com o objetivo de avaliar as vantagens e desvantagens da política de integração desenvolvida nos países anteriormente mencionados. Em vista disso, sugere-se ao governo japonês a adoção de uma política concreta de apoio aos estudantes estrangeiros a fim de facilitar sua adaptação a sociedade, resultando na formação de recurso humano qualificado e produtivo, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento do país.

O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a eficiência técnica dos sistemas municipais de educação no Estado de São Paulo, especificamente no nível de ensino fundamental. Para calcular a eficiência técnica na provisão de serviços educacionais, vamos empregar o método não-paramétrico denominado Análise Envoltória de Dados Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) em dois estágios. O primeiro estágio consiste em calcular os índices de eficiência pelo modelo DEA e, o segundo em estimar, por meio de uma regressão censurada Tobit, os parâmetros das variáveis que podem influenciar nos índices obtidos no primeiro estágio. Os resultados identificaram, sob a hipótese de retornos variáveis à escala, 93 municípios eficientes tecnicamente e, que os municípios operam em média com 14% de ineficiência de escala. Foi possível, ainda, constatar o grau de influência das variáveis socioeconômicas sobre a eficiência técnica e, identificar os fatores que afetam positivamente a eficiência técnica dos sistemas municipais de educação, como a escolaridade das mães, não reprovar de ano, entre outros. / The objective of this study is to evaluate the technical efficiency of the municipal system of education in the state of São Paulo, specifically in the level of fundamental school. To calculate the technical efficiency in the provision of educational services we will adopt the non parametric method denominated Data envelopment analysis (DEA) in two stages. The first stage consists in calculate the efficiency indexes with the DEA model and the second consists in estimate through a censored regression Tobit, the parameters of the variables that can influence the indexes obtained in the first stage. The results identified, under the hypothesis of variables returns to scale, 93 municipals technically efficient and that the municipals operate with 14% of inefficiency of scale. It was possible yet to identify the degree of influence of the socioeconomic variables over the technical efficiency and the factors that affect positively the technical efficiency of the municipal systems of education as the mothers educational level, non repetition, amongst others.

O estudo apresenta uma análise dos principais determinantes da eficiência técnica das escolas do ensino básico brasileiras. Por se tratar de uma amostra de escolas do Saeb (Sistema de Avaliação do Ensino Brasileiro) para os anos de 1999, 2001 e 2003, optou-se por utilizar um método conhecido como fronteira estocástica. Todos os exercícios foram realizados com as instituições da quarta e oitava séries do ensino fundamental e terceira série do ensino médio, dando ênfase para a quarta série do ensino fundamental em duas disciplinas, Matemática e Português. Dois modelos foram aplicados, sendo que um deles inclui variáveis ambientais como regressores da fronteira estocástica (Modelo A), enquanto o outro especifica a ineficiência técnica como dependente dessas variáveis ambientais (Modelo B). Ambos os modelos mostraram que a eficiência técnica depende positivamente da escolaridade da mãe e do fato do aluno ser branco e negativamente com a proporção de alunos reprovados. Contudo, os dois modelos produziram estimativas de ineficiência técnica distintas, diferenciando-se em termos de média e de densidade. De forma geral, foi possível identificar ineficiência técnica média menor do que 5%. Ademais, foi possível verificar uma correlação positiva entre desempenho escolar e ineficiência técnica das escolas brasileiras. Dada a disponibilidade de um painel de escolas para os anos de análise, num segundo momento, foram realizados alguns exercícios comparativos com os resultados gerados pela amostra total do SAEB e com os resultados do painel de escolas. Um deles, se fez com a estimação da fronteira de produção propriamente dita, comparando-se os coeficientes e a significância das variáveis. O outro levou em conta o ranking de ineficiência gerado pela regressão. Os resultados comparativos sugerem que o painel de escolas não é por si só suficiente para explicar toda amostra de escolas pesquisadas pelo Saeb, mesmo que apresentem similaridades. / This study presents an analysis of the main determinants of technical efficiency of primary and secondary schools in Brazil. Since we used a sample of schools from the database Saeb (Assessment System for Brazilian Education) for the years 1999, 2001 and 2003, we chose to use a method known as stochastic frontier. All exercises were performed in the institutions of the fourth and eighth grades of elementary school and third grade of secondary education, with emphasis on the fourth grade of primary education in two disciplines, Mathematics and Portuguese. Two models were applied, one of which includes environmental variables as regressors of the stochastic frontier (Model A), while the other specifies the technical inefficiency as dependent on these environmental variables (Model B). Both models showed that the technical efficiency positively depends on the mothers education and the fact that the student is white and depends negatively of the proportion of students who failed. However, both models produced distinct estimates of technical inefficiency, differing in terms of average and density. In general it was possible to identify technical inneficiency average less than 5%. Furthermore, it was also observed a positive correlation between schools performance and technical inefficiency of the Brazilian schools. Given the availability of a panel of schools for the years of analysis, in a second moment, we performed some comparative exercises with the results generated by the total sample of SAEB and the panel results of schools. One of them, was done with the estimation of the production frontier itself, comparing the coefficients and significance of the variables. The other took into account the ranking of inefficiency generated sufficient by the regression. The comparative results suggest that the panel of schools is not by itself sufficient to explain the entire sample of schools surveyed by Saeb although they present similarities.

A partir da articulação entre dois campos de conhecimento distintos, a Antropologia e a Educação, esse trabalho teve como objetivo problematizar as construções de categorias e significados relativos à temática da diversidade em discursos e práticas educacionais. Buscou-se, também, compreender de que maneira essas categorias são mobilizadas em diferentes instâncias: nos discursos institucionais e acadêmicos e naqueles produzidos no cotidiano escolar. Muito se produz nas ciências sociais a respeito dessas questões, embora seja mais ou menos recente a tentativa de articular diversas categorias (raça, gênero, classe, sexualidade, idade etc.) com vistas a compreender como a diversidade é construída e manipulada em toda sua complexidade. A presente pesquisa pretendeu contribuir para essa reflexão. / Starting from the articulation between two distinct fields of knowledge, Anthropology and Education, this dissertation had as its main objective to problematize the way categories and meanings towards the theme diversity are constructed in educational discourses and practices. Another objective was to understand the way those categories are used in different fields, such as institutional and academic discourses, as well as discourses produced in the school everyday life. Quite a lot has been produced about this subject, although the attempt to articulate different categories (race, gender, class, sexuality, age etc.) in order to understand the complex construction of diversity may be recent. This dissertation intended to contribute to this reflection.

Os ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem estão cada vez mais populares e estão recebendo cada vez mais atenção das pesquisas acadêmicas devido ao avanço tecnológico na última década e na modernização das escolas e ambientes de ensino. Diversos estudos apontam que alunos que utilizam sistemas educacionais melhoram o seu desempenho e aprendem mais. Entretanto, problemas importantes que dificultam sua utilização ainda precisam ser investigados. Dentre eles, um dos principais problemas encontrados é o uso inadequado destes sistemas por parte dos alunos. O tédio, desinteresse, monotonia, a falta de motivação, entre outros fatores, acabam por fazer com que o aluno se comporte inadequadamente ao interagir com o sistema. O comportamento inadequado mais conhecido é trapacear o sistema (do Inglês \"gaming the system\"). Ao externalizar este comportamento, o aluno tenta identificar formas de resolver os exercícios mecanicamente, sem levar em consideração o que precisa ser aprendido. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho tem por objetivo estudar e definir uma alternativa para diminuir o comportamento indesejável nos sistemas por meio do uso de técnicas de Gamificação. Essas técnicas permitem \"persuadir\" o aluno a interagir de forma correta com o sistema. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema educacional gamificado (E-Game) a fim de comprovar se os elementos de jogos auxiliam na diminuição de comportamentos como gaming the system nos alunos, aumentando a motivação deles durante a atividade. O sistema educacional foi submetido a experimentos empíricos em ambientes reais de aprendizagem para que fosse possível obter diferentes tipos de dados para análise. Dessa forma, um outro sistema educacional foi desenvolvido, sem técnicas de gamificação, a fim de obter dados comparativos. Um experimento foi realizado numa escola estadual de São Carlos com o total de 60 alunos. Observou-se, a partir do experimento, que há uma diferença estatisticamente significativa quando se usa os sistemas gamificado e não gamificado. Empiricamente, os resultados comprovam que há uma diminuição do comportamento externalizado gaming the system com o uso de sistemas educacionais gamificados. Além disso, foi observada uma diferença nos resultados relacionada aos gênero dos alunos, até então desconhecida pela literatura. Foi detectado que o gênero masculino externalizou menos trapaças durante o uso do sistema educacional gamificado, em relação ao gênero feminino. Por outro lado, o gênero feminino externalizou menos trapaças no ambiente não gamificado, em comparação ao ambiente gamificado. / Researches in Virtual Learning Environments are getting increasing attention from the research community due to the technological advances of the last decade, the modernization of schools and teaching environments. Several studies indicate that students who use virtual learning environments improve their performance and learn more. However, there are important problems that hinder their use and need to be further investigated. Among them, one of the main problems is the inappropriate use of these systems by students. The boredom, lack of interest, monotony, lack of motivation, among other factors, ultimately causes the student to behave inappropriately when interacting with these systems. The best known improper behavior is Gaming the System, which makes the student to ignore the content to be learned and find ways to perform mechanically the activities proposed by the system. In this content, this project aims to study and define an alternative to reduce the appearance of this undesirable behaviors through the use of gamification techniques, where it can persuade the student to interact with the system in a proper way. This work presents the development of a gamified educational system (E-Game) in order to prove if the game elements can reduce the behavior such as Gaming the System, increasing the motivation in the students during the activity. The educational system was submitted to empirical experiments in real virtual learning environments, in order to get real data to analyze. Also, another educational system was developed, without the game elements, in order to get comparative data. One of the experiments was executed in a school in São Carlos city, with 60 students in the sixth grade. The results of the experiment showed that statistically there is a significative difference during the use of gamified and non-gamified educational systems. Empirically, the results proved that the externalization of undesirable behaviors decreased during the use of gamified educational systems. Furthermore, it was observed a difference in the results related to the students gender, so far not noticed in the literature. It was detected that the male gender externalized less undesirable behaviors in the gamified systems, than the female gender. On the other hand, the female gender practiced less gaming the system in the non-gamified environment, compared to the gamified environment.

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This independent paper compares the Swedish and the Japanese national syllabi for English. Making use of White’s (1988) Type A and Type B syllabus distinction, a number of dimensions are put forward to permit a comparison between the syllabus documents for the two countries. The methods used are hermeneutics and word counting. By counting content signal word frequencies and observing the context in which the words were found, the relative linguistic and pedagogical focuses of the two syllabi are illuminated. The results of the word counting procedures indicate that both countries are somewhat similar when the results were combined from all the Type A dimensions. When observing the word counting for the Type B on the other hand, Sweden has more than 70 % of a word frequency, while Japan has a bit below 30 %. One consequence of this could be the proficiency in the English language that each country has, and the attitude towards learning the language. The results put forward, suggest the basis for an automatized quantitative comparison between the national syllabi which could be implemented in the form of a computer application.