Este trabalho tem por propósito central investigar as razões da instabilidade ministerial no Segundo Reinado (1840-1889), bem como o papel desempenhado, na produção desse fenômeno, pelas relações entre o governo e a Câmara dos Deputados. A partir do exame de todos os episódios de substituição de gabinetes no período histórico mencionado, elabora-se uma classificação das razões de retirada dos ministérios, com foco na eventual atuação política da Coroa e da Câmara dos Deputados nesses eventos. Ao contrário do que supõe a literatura convencional, que salienta o papel autônomo da Coroa na substituição dos governos, o trabalho constata que conflitos, efetivos ou potenciais, entre gabinetes e o Poder Legislativo, em especial a Câmara, foram os principais fatores associados à rotatividade governamental no Segundo Reinado. Explora-se, a partir daí, a hipótese de que a introdução de regras eleitorais distritalizadas, no sistema político da época, a partir da década de 1850, em substituição ao regime prévio de listas, ao alterar os incentivos a que estavam submetidos os principais agentes políticos imperiais, desempenhou um papel central na geração daqueles conflitos, concorrendo, assim, para explicar o fenômeno da instabilidade governamental inicialmente referido. / The main purpose of this work is to investigate the reasons of the ministerial instability in the Second Empire (1840-1889) as well as the role played in the production of this phenomenon by the relations between the Government and the House of Representatives. From the studies of all episodes of cabinet replacements during the historical period mentioned, a classification of the reasons that motivated its withdrawals were elaborated, focusing on the eventual political action of the Crown and the House of Representatives in these events. To the contrary of what is believed by conventional literature, which highlights the independent role of the Crown in the substitution of the governments, this text notices that real or potential conflicts between the cabinets and the Legislative Power, in special the House, were the main factors associated with government turnover during the Second Empire. It explores, from there, the hypothesis that the introduction of district electoral rules in the political system of that time, starting from the 1850s, in substitution of the former regime of slates (chapas), changing the incentives which the main imperial political agents were submitted, played a leading role in those conflicts, contributing thus to explain the instability mentioned before.

presente pesquisa objetiva analisar as motivações estratégicas inerentes às denúncias de compra de votos na dinâmica eleitoral brasileira, a partir da análise das denúncias apresentadas à Justiça Eleitoral nas eleições municipais de 2012 em São Paulo. Para tanto, a dissertação se divide em quatro partes, a saber: (1) discussão sobre o contexto histórico da criação da Lei Contra a corrupção eleitoral (Lei nº 9.840/1999); (2) breve revisão bibliográfica do conceito de compra de votos e análise da literatura sobre o tema no Brasil; (3) análise das características das denúncias de compra de votos apresentadas à Justiça Eleitoral nas eleições municipais paulistas de 2012, com ênfase na caracterização dos atores candidatos e partidos, da prática tipo de benesses oferecidas, outros crimes eleitorais praticados e dos resultados dos processos judiciais; (4) análise das motivações estratégicas inerentes às denúncias de compra de votos, a partir da análise de dados de competição eleitoral local e características socioeconômicas dos municípios. Pretende-se demonstrar na presente pesquisa que a incidência de denúncias de compra de votos na realidade política brasileira está vinculada fortemente à dinâmica da competição eleitoral local, e não necessariamente na real incidência da prática ilícita, se configurando, portanto, como uma ferramenta na disputa eleitoral. / This research aims to analyze the strategic motivations for vote-buying allegations in the Brazilian electoral competition, based on the analysis of denunciations made to the Electoral Court in the 2012 municipal elections of São Paulo, Brazil. Therefore, the dissertation is divided into four parts, namely: (1) discussion of the historical context of the creation of the law \"Against electoral corruption\" (Law nº 9.840/1999); (2) literature review of the concept of vote-buying and analysis of the literature on the subject in Brazil; (3) analysis of the characteristics of vote-buying complaints to the Electoral Court in the São Paulo municipal elections of 2012, with emphasis on characterization of the actors - candidates and parties, practice - kind of handouts offered, other electoral crimes - and results of court proceedings; (4) analysis of the strategic motivations for vote-buying allegations, from the data of local electoral competition and socioeconomic characteristics of the municipalities. The intent is to demonstrate that the incidence of vote-buying allegations in the Brazilian political reality is strongly linked to the dynamics of the local electoral competition, configured so as a tool in the electoral running, and not necessarily linked with the real occurrence of the illicit practice.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo estudar alguns aspectos das eleições ocorridas, na província de São Paulo, após a promulgação das instruções eleitorais de 1842 e da lei de 19 de agosto de 1846. O principal ponto abordado é a atuação dos presidentes de província em tais eleições, uma vez que, consoante boa parte da historiografia, a essas autoridades se deveria o êxito alcançado pelo governo nos pleitos fenômeno que, por sua vez, corroboraria a ideia de falseamento do regime representativo no Império. Os regulamentos de 1842 e 1846 diferem quanto à forma e ao conteúdo em que foram concebidos. Os efeitos práticos dessas alterações normativas foram, amiúde, desconsiderados pelos historiadores, haja vista que os ministérios não deixariam de vencer os pleitos; e os presidentes de província, independentemente de tais reformas, tinham poderes suficientes para fazer eleições favoráveis ao gabinete no poder destacando-se o poder de barganha ofertado pela lei de 3 de dezembro de 1841, com suas nomeações para diversos cargos do aparelho judiciário nas províncias. Este trabalho procura mostrar que, a despeito da vitória final do governo, as mudanças das leis não foram inócuas, dado que a prática eleitoral foi de fato transformada, na província de São Paulo, por aqueles regulamentos; cumprindo observar que, nessa transposição das leis à prática, papel de relevo tiveram os ministérios e os presidentes provinciais, aos quais competia solucionar dúvidas das autoridades locais sobre questões que aparecessem por ocasião dos pleitos. Desvela-se, desse modo, um cenário eleitoral mais complexo, no qual as leis não eram letras mortas e os presidentes não faziam eleições calcando aos pés a legislação em vigor. Por fim, analisa-se o significado da vitória do governo nessas duas eleições que tiveram lugar em São Paulo, na década de 1840. Tem-se em mente que, ao contrário de simples imposição dos candidatos ministeriais, esse triunfo foi a consagração dos candidatos escolhidos pelos partidos provinciais que estivessem em consonância, em determinado momento, com o partido político dominante no centro do Império. / This research aims to study some aspects of the elections that took place, in province of São Paulo, after promulgation of the electoral instructions of 1842 and the law of August 19, 1846. The main point analyzed is the performance of the provincial presidents in these elections, considering that, according to much of the historiography, these authorities were primarily responsible for the success achieved by government in elections - a phenomenon that, in turn, would corroborate the idea of a distortion of the representative system in Empire. The regulations of 1842 and 1846 differ in the form and content in which they were designed. Historians often disregarded the practical effects of these normative changes, because ministries would not fail to win elections. Moreover, provincial presidents, regardless of such reforms, had sufficient powers to hold elections favorable to the ruling cabinet - among other things, the bargaining power offered by the law of December 3, 1841, with their nominations for several positions in the provinces. This work tries to show that, in spite of the final victory of the government, the changes of the laws were not innocuous, since the electoral practice was in fact transformed, in São Paulo, by those regulations. Observing that, in this transposition of laws to practice, the ministries and provincial presidents played a prominent role, solving doubts of the local authorities on questions that arose at the time of the elections. In this way, a more complex electoral scenario is unveiled, in which the laws were not mere \"dead letters\". Finally, we analyze the meaning of the victory of the government in these two elections that took place in São Paulo in the 1840s. We have in mind that, contrary to the mere imposition of ministerial candidates, this triumph was the consecration of the candidates chosen by the provincial parties that were in line, at a given moment, with the dominant political party in the center of the Empire.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-16T17:49:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alessandrasoaresmunizgomes.pdf: 2502292 bytes, checksum: 91e6ceb8456fb40c9a518e280c88d812 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T16:18:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alessandrasoaresmunizgomes.pdf: 2502292 bytes, checksum: 91e6ceb8456fb40c9a518e280c88d812 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T16:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alessandrasoaresmunizgomes.pdf: 2502292 bytes, checksum: 91e6ceb8456fb40c9a518e280c88d812 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / A presente pesquisa procurou estudar, através de revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas com profissionais de comunicação e deputadas federais, de que forma as mulheres inseridas nos espaços da política partidária e eleitoral negociam com a representação feita delas nos meios de comunicação, ao reconhecerem os mesmos como importantes definidores de identidades. Levando em consideração a relevância crescente dos meios de comunicação para a visibilidade de candidatas e candidatos, a sub-representação da mulher na mídia e os estereótipos veiculados, foi possível observar que o conceito de “crise de identidade” parece não se aplicar a essa relação. / The present research has studied, through literature review, and interviews with media professionals, and congresswomen, how do the women inserted inside the political party and electoral policy, negotiate with their representation in the mass media, when they acknowledge them as important identities definition. Considering the increasing relevance of the media that gives candidates more visibility, the woman sub representation in the media and the sterotypes transmitted, it was possible to observe that the concept of "identity crisis" seems is not to apply to this relation.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / El esquema de trabajo contempla cinco capítulos de desarrollo de la materia para finalizar con la exposición de las conclusiones. El primer capítulo explica la relevancia de la protección del derecho de acceso, expone una crítica a la técnica legislativa del doble articulado utilizada en esta normativa, y en general contextualiza el marco regulatorio expuesto por dicha ley. El segundo, tercer y cuarto capítulo, tratan cada uno en forma separada el Régimen Especial de Transparencia que rige al Ministerio Público, al Tribunal Constitucional y al Tribunal Calificador de Elecciones, respectivamente. Cada uno de estos capítulos incluye la exposición del marco normativo de transparencia aplicable, un análisis de transparencia activa, un análisis de transparencia pasiva, y una descripción y crítica de las respectivas acciones legales. Finalmente, el capítulo quinto de esta tesis tiene como objetivo dar cuenta de los estándares de transparencia exigidos por el derecho internacional y la experiencia comparada. En resumen, en atención a la importancia del derecho fundamental de acceso a la información pública y a la obligación impuesta por la Constitución a todos los órganos del Estado de respetar y garantizar este derecho, esta memoria tiene como propósito realizar un análisis completo de estos regímenes especiales de transparencia, con la finalidad de examinarlos y verificar si su regulación especial encuentra una legítima justificación y si contribuye o no a dar un real cumplimiento y protección del derecho de acceso a la información, en conformidad a lo dispuesto por nuestra Carta Fundamental y los estándares de transparencia del derecho internacional

This thesis examines why party systems of some developing countries become deeper and more quickly stabilised than others. Drawing on the scholarship of party system institutionalisation in third wave democracies, the thesis argues that the field can be strengthened by looking to three factors that the current literature has taken for granted: the role of cleavages, the function of personalistic politics, and the requirement of legitimacy to assess party systems. This thesis addresses these issues and in so doing provides a novel view of how, when and why party systems in newer democracies from Latin America, Europe and Asia consolidate over time. The research considers three case studies from three regions of the world, following the most similar approach method of comparison. One country per world region has been chosen for study in detail: Chile (Latin America), Estonia (Central and Eastern Europe) and South Korea (East and Southeast Asia). They all have party systems which have become more stable over time, but they exhibit different trajectories and speeds of consolidation. The thesis uses a variety of methods. In order to infer the causes of different processes of institutionalisation from party systems’ own participants, more than 120 elite interviews were conducted in the three countries over 13 months. To evaluate the overall legitimacy of the stabilisation process, this works presents the results of almost 500 face-to-face interviews with randomly selected individuals from the population. Quantitative analyses based on secondary public opinion surveys are used to test implications and observations, and offer potential generalisations. The findings suggests: 1) Where the ideological cleavage (left-right) is a strong determinant of party support the party system is more stable, and the stronger the ideological cleavage becomes over time, the more consolidated the party system is. Here, an ideological trauma can be at the core of the limitations of the left-right scope development. 2) Party systems with personalistic leaders can consolidate, contrary to the received wisdom, if charismatic figures build their parties around programmatic lines. And 3) legitimacy should not be regarded as a dimension for the Theory of Party System Institutionalisation, because it does not contribute in any way, positive or negative, to the stability of party systems. The thesis concludes that theories of party system institutionalisation should be reconsidered with respect to cleavages, personalism and legitimacy. In so doing, the growing literature on party system institutionalisation can benefit from a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities of party systems in new democracies from different regions of the world.

In this research, I analyze the effects of candidate nomination rules and campaign financing rules on elite recruitment into the national legislatures of Germany and the United States. This dissertation is both theory-driven and constitutes exploratory research, too. While the effects of electoral rules are frequently studied in political science, the emphasis is thereby on electoral rules that are set post-election. My focus, in contrast, is on electoral rules that have an effect prior to the election. Furthermore, my dissertation is comparative by design. The research question is twofold. Do electoral rules have an effect on elite recruitment, and does it matter? To answer these question, I create a large-N original data set, in which I code the behavior and recruitment paths and patterns of members of the American House of Representatives and the German Bundestag. Furthermore, I include interviews with members of the said two national legislatures. Both the statistical analyses and the interviews provide affirmative evidence for my working hypothesis that differences in electoral rules lead to a different type of elite recruitment. To that end, I use the active-politician concept, through which I dichotomously distinguish the economic behavior of politicians. Thanks to the exploratory nature of my research, I also discover the phenomenon of differential valence of local and state political office for entrance into national office in comparative perspective. By statistically identifying this hitherto unknown paradox, as well as evidencing the effects of electoral rules, I show that besides ideology and culture, institutional rules are key in shaping the ruling elite. The way institutional rules are set up, in particular electoral rules, does not only affect how the electorate will vote and how seats will be distributed, but it will also affect what type of people will end up in elected office.

In the final days leading up to elections, many major newspapers in Canada and around the world depart from the principle of media neutrality and openly support a particular political party. Do these overt attempts at persuasion by trusted institutions actually affect the vote choice of their readership, and are these effects felt evenly across the population? In this thesis, I examine the 2011 and 2015 Canadian federal elections using data from the 2011 Canadian Election Study and the 2015 Making Electoral Democracy Work project. I find voters to be significantly influenced by their newspaper’s endorsement in the 2015 sample, and find that this influence primarily influences those who identify with no party. Although the influence is modest in size, with the geographic concentration of newspaper readership it is potentially large enough to influence outcomes in individual ridings. Combined with my finding that newspaper endorsements are far from evenly distributed across parties, this has troubling implications for Canadian democracy.

Este trabalho aborda a questão regional enquanto uma estratégia dos partidos na arena eleitoral. Ao acrescentar a dimensão partidária aos trabalhos que advogam pela regionalização dos distritos eleitorais de elevada magnitude, o intuito foi mostrar que é do sistema eleitoral, sobretudo da lista aberta, da magnitude e da estrutura da competição que emanam os incentivos à subdistritalização. Como uma perspectiva teórica alternativa à solução distributivista, o argumento é que o sistema eleitoral traz o elemento regional ao plano das decisões partidárias, isto é, a subdistritalização ocorreria em decorrência da ação intencional política que, com isso, garantiria a diminuição ou a ausência da competição intrapartidária no território. O resultado da análise da lista de candidatos brasileira reforça que o meio social e o político respondem aos fatores regionais, que influencia suas atitudes e estratégias. Por meio de uma dinâmica não política, mas geoespacial partidos encontram estratégias para lidar com as restrições institucionais a fim de atingir o sucesso eleitoral. / This thesis considers the regional question as a partisan strategy in the electoral arena. The goal is to show that from the electoral system, especially the open list proportional representation, the magnitude and the structure of the electoral competition, emanates the incentives for subdistricting. Therefore, partisanship is introduced, adding a new dimension to the scholarship that advocates for the regionalization of the high magnitude districts. When arguing that, in fact, parties decisions are influenced by regional elements which were fostered by the electoral system, this study pursues an alternative theoretical perspective to distributivism. Subdistricting is a byproduct of intentional political action, which, in turn, ensures the decrease or absence of intra-party competition over the territory. The findings based on the analysis of the list of candidates presented by parties in Brazil reinforces that the social and political environment responds to regional factors that influence their attitudes and strategies. Through a non-political, but geospatial dynamic, parties can strategically deal with the institutional constraints in order to achieve electoral success.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo preencher algumas lacunas nos estudos sobre a arena eleitoral brasileira. A literatura corrente, ao negligenciar o estudo da organização partidária, acaba por negligenciar questões fundamentais para que se entenda como funciona o processo eleitoral. Neste estudo iremos responder a três questões: Como os partidos brasileiros funcionam? O que explica o número de partidos em nosso sistema partidário? Qual o impacto da organização partidária na decisão de um partido de lançar ou não um candidato em determinada eleição? Pretendemos mostrar que os partidos têm mais vida do que julga grande parte dos estudos sobre nosso sistema político. Essa vida partidária ajuda a entender melhor a coordenação eleitoral que, por sua vez, determina o número de partidos que participam de determinada eleição. / The present research aims to bridge a gap in the studies of the Brazilian electoral arena. The current literature has neglected the study of party organizations and, for that reason, has neglected fundamental questions to understand how the electoral process works. In the present study we will try to answer to three questions: How do Brazilian parties work? What explains the number of parties in our party system? How does party organization impact on the decision of parties to enter or not the electoral contests? We will show that parties have more life than is supposed by much of the studies about our political system. This party life helps us to better understand the electoral coordination, responsible for the actual number of parties in a given election.