A phantom is haunting the EU enlargement process. Some fear that the Balassa-Samuelson (B-S) effect might be a major obstacle for the Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) to become members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). A review of the relevant literature reveals that most estimations of the B-S effect in the EU acceding countries are flawed by one kind or the other. Either they do not estimate correctly the B-S propositions, or if they measure it they use a variety of measures for the variables needed. Additionally, the B-S effect is only a special case of a broader approach towards equilibrium real exchange rates. Lastly the B-S effect is studied in a CGE multi-country world in order to detect possible spillover effects. After describing the "official" road map towards the EMU, it is concluded that the uncertainties in measuring the B-S are much too high in order to see in it (alone) a major hindrance for the CEEC to become early members of the EMU. Moreover, real exchange rate appreciations that reflect productivity gains in the tradable sector are an equilibrium phenomenon and do not require a policy response. They are a natural phenomena in catching-up countries like the CEEC. Furthermore, the official doctrine for entering the EMU by the EU/ECB only interdicts depreciations but not appreciations for potential EMU members. (author's abstract) / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

Parmi les normes qui alimentent le droit du travail, la convention collective revêt une nature particulière. Norme privée, elle emporte à l’égard des salariés, les effets d’un règlement. Au-delà, l’intervention d’une autorité publique peut provoquer sa métamorphose. L’extension et l’élargissement conduisent déjà à une métamorphose : un arrêté ministériel déploie les effets de la convention évinçant définitivement son effet relatif. Mais celle-ci ne devient pas pour autant une norme réglementaire. Le glissement de la norme privée vers la norme publique n’est pas complet. Une situation hybride est créée. Mais qu’en est-il alors de l’équilibre entre la liberté des partenaires sociaux et le pouvoir du ministre du Travail ? Quels liens entretiennent le régime de la convention et celui de l’arrêté, le juge judiciaire et le juge administratif ? De la norme privée à la norme publique, la métamorphose est complète lorsque la substance d’un accord collectif est reprise dans le texte d’une loi ou d’un règlement. Les partenaires sociaux sont par là-même associés à la confection de la norme publique. Née d’une pratique, cette participation a reçu consécration législative avant son éventuelle constitutionnalisation. Au-delà du constat de l’interdépendance des partenaires sociaux et du législateur et de la mesure de ses avantages et ses inconvénients, la conception de l’intérêt général, la place du Parlement et le rôle du Conseil constitutionnel sont au coeur de l’étude. / Among all the standards that shape French Labor Law, the Collective Agreement is of a special nature. As a private standard, it has the same effects, towards the employees, as a regulation. Besides, the intervention of a public authority may cause its transformation. Its extension and its enlargement have already lead to a transformation: a ministerial order has widened the effects of the Agreement, thus suppressing definitively its privity. Yet the Collective Agreement has not become a regulatory standard. The mutation of the private standard to a public standard is not yet complete. A hybrid situation has emerged. But what about the liberty of the Social Partners and the powers of the French Minister of Labor? How to articulate the legal effects of the Collective Agreement and the legal effects of the ministerial ordinance? How to articulate the relationships between the ordinary courts and the administrative courts? From a private standard to a public standard, the transformation is complete when the content of a Collective agreement is adopted in a statute or a regulation, thus associating the Social Partners to the creation of a public standard. While their participation has received legislative backing, it might even be constitutionalized. Beyond the observation of the interdependence between the Social Partners and the legislative power, and beyond the assessment of the pros and cons of this interdependence, the conception of the general interest, the place of the Parliament and the role of the Conseil constitutionnel are at the heart of the present study.

There is an urbanization trend in the world. Sweden is no exception. Today, approximately 85 percent of Sweden's population live in urban areas, which means that urbanization has grown considerably since the beginning of the 19th century when 90 percent of Sweden's population lived in rural areas. At the same time as urbanization has grown stronger, employment commuting, both within and across municipal boundaries, has increased. Improved infrastructure in the form of better road networks, faster and denser public transport and an increased number of passenger cars are all contributing factors to this. As an effect of the increased commuting, local labour markets have been expanded in many places and so-called regional enlargement has been created.   The aim of this study is to map and analyse the development pattern, with the focus on the population, in the Umeå region during the period 2000 to 2015. The purpose is also to discuss the development in the region and it’s connection to theories and the general development.   The study is a descriptive quantitative study based on municipal statistics from SCB. The study describes population development in different demographic dimensions for all municipalities in the Umeå region.   The study's results indicate that the Umeå region has had a positive development between 2000 and 2015, but the differences within the region are high. Umeå municipality is the municipality that had the strongest growth, while the surrounding municipalities had a weak, and in some cases also a negative development. You can see clear traces of urbanization in the region, not only Umeå municipality has had a positive development, but primarily Umeå city.     Keywords: population development, urbanization, local labor markets, regional enlargement, growth poles

This thesis concentrates on the new member states of the European Union and their convergent processes. It is particularly focused on five Central European countries -- the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, which became the members of the European Union on 1st May 2004. The first chapter deals with the countries during their preparation process for the membership in the EU, the meeting the Copenhagen Criteria and their economic development. The second chapter is focused on the development of Central European countries in the EU. There is featured the development in the first years of their membership and during the economic crisis and the recovery. The third chapter concentrates on the processes of the real and nominal convergence in the Central Europe. Besides monitoring various stages of convergence over time there is documented the course of the convergence by the calculation of beta convergence in the European Union. At the end of the thesis there is outlined the relationship between the degree of nominal and real convergence in the concerned countries.

The volume deals with the analysis of the relationship of the two dominant theoretical approaches of European integration - supranational and intergovernmental - towards the EU enlargement policy on the example of the accession process of Montenegro. The research goes into depth by analysing not the complex accession process as such, but the relations and attention of various European institutions and the EU member states to the particular and deliberately selected negotiation chapters of the Acquis Communautaire. The main aim of the thesis is to find out to what extent and whether at all does the behaviour of the EU institutions and its member states by the accession process correspond with the internal structure of the EU policies and competences stipulated in the EU treaties. The thesis succeeded to show that there is no reason to believe that the activities of the supranational institutions of the EU - the Commission and the Parliament - are dominant by chapter which is closely connected to the exclusive competence of the EU or that they would pay any special attention to this chapter. Similarly, there is no explicit proof that the activities of the incumbent EU member states are dominant by chapter which is closely connected to the shared competence of the EU or that they would pay any...

Die stochastische Analysis gibt Methoden zur Erfassung und Beschreibung von zufälligen numerischen Prozessen an die Hand. Die Beschreibungen hängen dabei sehr stark von der Informationsstruktur ab, die den Prozessen in Gestalt von Filtrationen zugrunde gelegt wird. Der 1. Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt davon, wie sich ein Wechsel der Informationsstruktur auf das Erscheinungsbild eines stochastischen Prozesses auswirkt. Konkret geht es darum, wie sich eine Filtrationsvergrößerung auf die Semimartingalzerlegung eines Prozesses auswirkt. In dem 2. und 3. Teil der Arbeit wird die Rolle von Information im finanzmathematischen Nutzenkalkül untersucht. Im 2. Teil werden unter der Annahme, dass der maximale erwartete Nutzen eines Händlers beschränkt ist, qualitative Erkenntnisse über den Preisprozess hergeleitet. Es wird gezeigt, dass endlicher Nutzen einige strukturelle Implikationen für die intrinsische Sichtweise hat. Im 3. Teil wird quantitativ untersucht, wie sich Information auf den Nutzen auswirkt. Aus extrinsischer Sicht werden Händler mit unterschiedlichem Wissen verglichen. Falls die Präferenzen durch die logarithmische Nutzenfunktion beschrieben werden, stimmt der Nutzenzuwachs mit der gemeinsamen Information zwischen dem zusätzlichen Wissen und dem ursprünglichen Wissen überein, wobei `gemeinsame Information' im Sinne der Informationstheorie verstanden wird. / Stochastic Analysis provides methods to describe random numerical processes. The descriptions depend strongly on the underlying information structure, which is represented in terms of filtrations. The first part of this thesis deals with impacts of changes in the information structure on the appearance of a stochastic process. More precisely, it analyses the consequences of a filtration enlargement on the semimartingale decomposition of the process. The second and third part discuss the role of information in financial utility calculus. The second part is of a qualitative nature: It deals with implications of the assumption that the maximal expected utility of an investor is bounded. It is shown that finite utility implies some structure properties of the price process viewed from the intrinsic perspective. The third part is of a quantitative nature: It analyzes the impact of information on utility. From an extrinsic point of view traders with different knowledge are compared. If the preferences of the investor are described by the logarithmic utility function, then the utility increment coincides with the mutual information between the additional knowledge and the original knowledge.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Delvana Lucia de Oliveira.pdf: 620763 bytes, checksum: 804c95dc2cedf5a93f6c824a01b7b9e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21 / The aim of the research was to analyze the process of implementation of the Fundamental Teaching of Nine Years in Paraná State. The methodological procedure of data collection of the empirical material and the research analysis is according to the qualitative approach. The analysis was based upon two axis: a) the legal documents of the enlargement process of the Fundamental Teaching of Nine Years, such as the Federal Constitution of 1988, the National Education Plan, law nr. 10.172/01, The Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional, law nr. 9.394/96, Opinion Reports and the Resolution of the National Council of Education, law nr.11.114/05 and the law nr. 11.274/06 of the National Congress , Opinion reports and Deliberations of the National Council of Education; b) the content of the interviews with the politic and administrative subjects who directly participate in the legal decisions of the implementation of the Fundamental Teaching of Nine Years in Paraná State. The theoretical referential was based on critical authors who study the concepts of State and civil society such as: Bobbio (1982, 2004) and Nogueira (2005); the implementation of public politics was concentrated on the studies of Azevedo (2001), Fávero (2001) and Saviani (1997, 1999, 2002, 2007), as well as on those who work with the obligatory education, such as: Carvalho (2004), Cury (2002, 2005), Sacristan (2001), among others. The research obtained such results: a) The Opinion reports own their legality because the obligatory in our teaching system is based on the emission of the documents by the councils followed by the civil society; b) about the administrative aspect we have to consider, from the interviewers reports, that the infrastructure issues were understood as barriers for the Fundamental Teaching of Nine Years implementation. Thus, we emphasize that such context is connected to a lack of consideration of what was settled in the previous documents before this implementation, the National Education Plan, that since 2001 establishes the enlargement of the Fundamental Teaching from eight to nine years; c) although the Federal Constitution of 1988 reassures the Fundamental Teaching as a subjective public right, that requires from the Public Power favorable conditions so that the right can be accomplished. The debate about such issue did not show some concerning with this legal instrument which demands more commitment from the administrators’ actions for the educational area; d) the presence of a conception of education, which is attached with the maturity issue, when some defended the introduction of the six-year-old child in the first year, because they believe in such age she/he would be more prepared to be enrolled into the Fundamental Teaching level of education. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o processo de implantação do Ensino Fundamental de Nove Anos no Estado do Paraná. O procedimento metodológico de coleta de dados do material empírico e da análise desta pesquisa está em consonância com a abordagem qualitativa. A análise se ancorou em dois eixos: a) os documentos legais que tratam da ampliação do Ensino Fundamental de Nove Anos, tais como: a Constituição Federal de 1988,o Plano Nacional de Educação, sob lei nº 10.172/01, a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional nº 9.394/96, Pareceres e Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Educação, Lei nº 11.114/05 e Lei nº 11.274/06 sancionadas pelo Congresso Nacional, Pareceres e Deliberações do Conselho Estadual de Educação; b) o conteúdo das entrevistas realizadas com os agentes políticos e administrativos que participaram de modo direto nas decisões legais que orientaram o processo de implantação do Ensino Fundamental de Nove Anos no Estado do Paraná. O referencial teórico constitui-se de autores críticos que estudam os conceitos de Estado e sociedade civil, como: Bobbio (1982, 2004) e Nogueira (2005); a implantação de políticas públicas centrou-se nos estudos de Azevedo (2001), Fávero (2001) e Saviani (1997, 1999, 2002, 2007) bem como naqueles que versam sobre a educação obrigatória, tais como: Carvalho (2004), Cury (2002, 2005), Sacristan (2001), dentre outros. A pesquisa chegou aos seguintes resultados: a) os Pareceres possuíam sua legitimidade, dado que a garantia do acesso à escolaridade obrigatória, no nosso sistema de ensino, se faz através da emissão de documentos pelos conselhos acompanhados pela sociedade civil; b) em relação ao aspecto administrativo temos a considerar, a partir dos depoimentos dos entrevistados, que as questões de infraestrutura foram vistas como impedimento ao processo de implantação do Ensino Fundamental de Nove Anos. Assim, evidenciamos que tal situação atrelava-se a uma desconsideração do que estava posto nos documentos que antecedem a essa ampliação, no caso, o Plano Nacional de Educação que desde 2001 estabelece em sua meta 2, a ampliação do Ensino Fundamental para nove anos; c) a Constituição Federal de 1988 assegura o Ensino Fundamental como direito público subjetivo, o que se exige do Poder Público condições favoráveis para que esse direito seja atendido. O debate sobre a referida questão não evidenciou a preocupação com esse dispositivo legal que exige mais responsabilidade dos gestores nas ações direcionadas à área educacional; d) a presença de uma concepção de educação, que se prende à questão da maturidade, em que uns defendiam o ingresso da criança no 1º ano, aos 6 (seis) anos completos, porque acreditavam que nessa idade ela estaria mais preparada para ser matriculada no Ensino Fundamental.

This thesis is principal focused on the question of the future existence and sustainability of the European integration project and its monetary element -- euro-area related to the competitiveness due to consequences of the global financial crisis, present situation and debt difficulties affecting states of Southern Europe, business and financially connected with other European countries. In my considerations and conclusions I also deal with prospective estate in case of various changes of the integration including disintegration, end of the single currency, as well as the factors, that might cause these changes and inflict serious consequences. It is necessary to reveal if the formed situation is acceptable for the member states. The aim of the thesis is to characterize and provide a piece of information about existing progress of the European integration in relation to treaties including competitiveness rating, outline serious issues especially endangering the euro-area and future stability of the whole European Union and analyze its impact, propose solutions and possible scenarios, eventually assess development perspectives and sustainability of the European Union as a complex.

This thesis explores how and why the United States (U.S.) support for Turkey&rsquo / s participation in the European Union(EU) shifted from being an asset to a liability for Turkey between the years of l995 and 2005. There have been some earlier studies that analyzed the impact of U.S. support for Turkey&rsquo / s inclusion in the EU on EU-Turkey relations. The purpose of this study is to contribute further to that literature with a plausible explanation for the shifting influence of the United States on EUTurkey relations, utilizing the multi-dimensional approach of neoclassical realism. This thesis focuses on the changing EU-U.S. relations in the altered international climate after the end of the Cold War / the attempts and strategy of the U.S. in supporting Turkish membership in the EU / and why the reactions of EU leaders and politicians to U.S. interventions turned in a much more negative direction during the early 2000s. By applying neoclassical realism and its flexible methodology, this thesis is highly sensitive to the multi-levels of influence behind given policy outcomes by balancing the role of external structural factors with domestic contexts and constraints. This analysis demonstrates that besides the international climate, a range of EU level and domestic factors operated together in influencing the EU decisions about Turkey and reactions to US interventions during the early 2000s. In turn, this analysis supplies evidence that, consistent with the perspective of neoclassical realism, external influences as well as a range of domestic influences should all be taken into consideration for a complete understanding of international policy outcomes and postures.

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