La thèse cherche à comprendre les significations socio-spatiales des dynamiques conflictuelles relatives à l'environnement en territoire lagunaire pour apprécier ses effets en termes de gouvernance environnementale. L'analyse porte sur les raisons et la genèse des oppositions d'acteurs à l'œuvre autour de la lagune de Bizerte (Tunisie) et de l’étang de Berre (Marseille). Mettre l’accent sur les conflits représente un enjeu pour la mise en place d’une gestion intégrée des zones humides. Ce sujet a été travaillé par d’autres chercheurs, cependant, il reste d’un intérêt majeur, d’une part, parce qu’il renforce la connaissance en la matière, et d’autre part, parce que le territoire étudié est original. La recherche pose plus particulièrement la question des éventuelles incidences que les conflits peuvent avoir sur les organisations et les institutions en place. L’action publique est-elle renouvelée suite à l’émergence ou à la régulation des conflits ? Ces questionnements se réfèrent à des enjeux de sociétés, actuels et majeurs, sur un territoire en mutation extrêmement rapide : la lagune de Bizerte, sur la rive Sud de la Méditerranée, dans un pays où le régime est en pleine transition. Cette recherche ouvre des perspectives dans l'étude du potentiel d'émergence de la démarche participative et de l'intégration sociale de la question environnementale sur des territoires littoraux, urbains ou ruraux. / The dissertation seeks to recognize the socio-spatial meanings of dynamic conflicts related to the environment in the lagoon and to assess its effects in terms of environmental governance as well. The analysis concentrates on the reasons and the genesis of the actors’ oppositions at work around the lagoon of Bizerte (Tunisia) and the pond of Berre (Marseille). Putting the light on these conflicts represents an issue for the integrated wetland management. This topic has been tackled on by other researchers. However, it remains a major interest due to the knowledge and the originality of the territory. Particularly, the thesis raises the question of the potential impacts that conflicts can have on organizations and institutions in place. In fact, is it possible that public action will be renewed to follow the emergence or conflicts regulation? This question is tied to the challenges of the current and major companies and to an extreme rapidity of territory changing: Bizerte’s lagoon is situated on the southern shore of the Mediterranean and in a country where the regime is in continuous transition. This research covers the ground to study the potential emergence of the participative approach and the social integration of environmental issues in coastal, urban and rural territory.

本文旨在探討灌溉水資源系統中的「水圳」，在歷史的發展脈絡下如何成為農村不可或缺的依賴性治理制度。而都市化與工業發展興起後，水圳面臨了設施改造與治理困境，其制度本身所產生之變革以及新興治理機制對原有組織之影響。 本文透過美濃獅子頭水圳為個案研究，運用伊利諾‧歐斯壯(E.Ostrom)之「共用資源永續發展治理八大原則」為水圳資源有效治理之理論背景，檢視早期美濃獅子頭水圳的集體行動組織（地方水利會-農民），如何成功地在自主治理的機制中運作，並探討在現代化發展過程中宏觀的外在結構環境，包含農業轉型、停徵會費、派系競爭、水患問題等變化，對既有的共用資源制度產生的衝擊與弱化。以及民主化後由愛鄉協進會透過反水庫社會運動帶動社區總體營造對於水圳治理的創新模式。本文認為早期獅子頭水圳在資源邊界、集體選擇、對組織權最低限度認可與多中心治理等面向建立起維持永續發展之基礎。制度本身雖遭受外在環境變遷而呈現鬆散，但由於觀光休閒農業的推廣，吸引農村漂鳥回流，對灌溉水資源的參與治理渴望達到穩定的力量。並且，透過給予掌水工與水利小組的正式與非正式制度性誘因，可以有效調節灌溉用水並做為提供移轉調撥其他產業用水的基礎。最後，在地方性非營利組織「愛鄉協進會」進入水圳系統的治理後，挑戰由半官僚水利會所掌控的政治經濟功能掛帥水圳系統，更融入生態、文化、公民參與等不同的元素形成一共同治理新模式，除了延續後農業時代水圳的灌溉功能之外，也強化其制度韌性。藉由這些發現，本文進而提出實務與理論的研究建議，以做為後農業時代水資源灌溉系統的永續發展之借鏡。 / The subject of this essay is to explore the reason why an irrigation canal, in the process of historical development, became an indispensable governance institution in the villages. Also, in the advent of urbanization and industrialization, the irrigation canal faces a situation of the renovation of facility as well as the predicament of governance, in which the institution itself changes and newly governance system influences the original organizations. This study takes Shihtou Irrigation Canal in Meinung as the object. Using Elino Ostrom’s eight design principles of stable local common pool resource (CPR) management to review the successful self-governance mechanisms in operation performed by the early local collective action organization (mainly made by Taiwan Joint Irrigation Association and farmers). Also the paper explains the impacts of macro-environment, including the agricultural transformation, stop collecting fees, factional competition and flooding, on the existing system of CPR. And an innovational governance participated by a Meinung People's Association, a grass-roots organization from anti-reservoir activities to comprehensive community development in the era of post-democratization. Results of this study showed as follows: Firstly, early Shihtou irrigation canal maintain the basis for establishing sustainable development as result of clearly defined boundaries, collective-choice arrangement, minimal recognition of rights to organize, and nested enterprises. Besides, although it was weaken by the later change of external structure, the development of leisure agriculture attracted recurrent youth for agriculture, who was desired for reviving the power of appropriation in canal self-governance. Meanwhile, the institutional design of water-inspectors and water conservancy group arranged through formal and informal incentives can effectively regulate the right of water for irrigation and serve as providing the basis for the allocation of water for other industries. Finally, a local non-profit organization Meinung People's Association challenges the governance system originally controlled by a half-bureaucratic management of local Farm Irrigation Association. Compared with the mainly political and economic functions of water governance by the latter, the former emphasize the different elements of ecological, cultural, and civic participation. This formation of New model of shared governance in canal not only continue its irrigational function in post-agriculture, but also strengthen its institutional tenacity..With these findings, the paper puts forward practical and theoretical study suggests in order to learn as a sustainable development of water resources in the era of post-agricultural irrigation systems.

Claims related to the environment increasingly permeate the domain of human and fundamental rights. It is widely accepted that a direct functional relationship exists between the pursuit of environmental aims generally, and the protection of environmental rights. By and large, this relation compelled 'the environment' to have become a prominent contemporary focus point in legal thought, discourse and adjudication. Since local government operates closer to citizens than any other level of government, it is obvious that it may be expected of it to also play an important role in the management and regulation of matters that affect the environment. In the main, this study questions the extent to which the South African legal framework facilitates local government progress in the decentralised fulfilment of the section 24 environmental right in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Firstly, this thesis provides a theoretical literature review of a number of approaches to, categories of and different perspectives on environmental rights in general. As part of this review a number of generic elements is identified for the fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions, generally. The literature review attends also to the notions of local environmental governance and 'local politics of pollution', amongst other concepts related to local government. Secondly, this thesis (by employing the comparative research method and by using the generic elements for fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions as benchmarks) critically considers the Constitution or Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949 (Grundgesety and relevant developments in Germany with reference to the European context and a local government case study on the municipality of Heidelberg. It considers also the Constitution of Namibia of 1990 and relevant developments in Namibia with reference to the African and Southern African contexts and a case study on the Walvis Bay municipality. The South African position is subsequently analysed, first with a focus on section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, environmental law and related developments, then shifting the focus to the constitutional provisions on local government, local government law, related developments and the case of the Drakenstein Local Municipality. Thirdly, based on the lessons learned from and lacunae identified in all three of the countries considered, this study concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context. / Thesis (LL.D.) -- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Claims related to the environment increasingly permeate the domain of human and fundamental rights. It is widely accepted that a direct functional relationship exists between the pursuit of environmental aims generally, and the protection of environmental rights. By and large, this relation compelled 'the environment' to have become a prominent contemporary focus point in legal thought, discourse and adjudication. Since local government operates closer to citizens than any other level of government, it is obvious that it may be expected of it to also play an important role in the management and regulation of matters that affect the environment. In the main, this study questions the extent to which the South African legal framework facilitates local government progress in the decentralised fulfilment of the section 24 environmental right in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Firstly, this thesis provides a theoretical literature review of a number of approaches to, categories of and different perspectives on environmental rights in general. As part of this review a number of generic elements is identified for the fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions, generally. The literature review attends also to the notions of local environmental governance and 'local politics of pollution', amongst other concepts related to local government. Secondly, this thesis (by employing the comparative research method and by using the generic elements for fulfilment of constitutional environmental provisions as benchmarks) critically considers the Constitution or Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949 (Grundgesety and relevant developments in Germany with reference to the European context and a local government case study on the municipality of Heidelberg. It considers also the Constitution of Namibia of 1990 and relevant developments in Namibia with reference to the African and Southern African contexts and a case study on the Walvis Bay municipality. The South African position is subsequently analysed, first with a focus on section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, environmental law and related developments, then shifting the focus to the constitutional provisions on local government, local government law, related developments and the case of the Drakenstein Local Municipality. Thirdly, based on the lessons learned from and lacunae identified in all three of the countries considered, this study concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context. / Thesis (LL.D.) -- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The right to public information is a constitutional right that has support in many international instruments and legal systems. In that sense, the Right to Environmental Public Informationis presented in our system as a mechanism of control and supervision of many stakeholders,so it is highly important to know both rights and obligations. / El derecho a la Información Pública es un derecho constitucional que tiene respaldo a nivel internacional en distintos instrumentos y ordenamientos jurídicos. En ese sentido, el Derecho a la Información Pública Ambiental se presenta dentro de nuestro ordenamiento como una herramienta de control y fiscalización de los distintos actores interesados, por locual resulta altamente importante conocer tanto los derechos como las obligaciones.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:57:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 2005FernandoBonfim14012008.pdf.jpg: 18020 bytes, checksum: 37541779954b54ecdbc43c149b5712a9 (MD5) 2005FernandoBonfim14012008.pdf.txt: 424188 bytes, checksum: 087a0fede5b26584f608165b02f1a842 (MD5) 2005FernandoBonfim14012008.pdf: 1742730 bytes, checksum: 014efab63a496c914db13078454862dd (MD5) 1_166942.pdf: 1691412 bytes, checksum: d39025e3b06052ed37b872f990aba72b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-14T00:00:00Z / The conservation efforts have been facing several challenges, among which the arduousness to implement protected areas. Evidence suggests that the legal establishment of a protected area is not a sufficient condition to its implementation. The present work adopts an institutionalist approach to comprehend the conditions that could take these areas to success or failure. The theoretical framework is composed of papers from Environmental Law, Biology Conservation and, mostly, New Institutional Economics. Firstly, these distinct research fields are assembled under one body of knowledge, Environmental Governance. After it, comes the development of an institutional complementarity hypothesis, i.e., the possibility of synergy in the interaction between certain institutions. This discussion is used to analyze the Brazilian environmental legislation regarding Conservation Units. At last, the theoretical hypotheses are examined in a case study on the Atlantic Forest of the Ribeira Valley, São Paulo. / Os esforços de conservação ambiental têm enfrentado muitos desafios, dentre os quais a dificuldade para implementar áreas protegidas. As evidências sugerem que a criação legal de uma área protegida não é condição suficiente para sua efetiva implementação. O presente trabalho adota uma abordagem institucionalista para entender as condições que poderiam levar ao sucesso ou ao fracasso de tais áreas. O arcabouço teórico é composto por trabalhos de Direito Ambiental, Biologia da Conservação e, principalmente, da Nova Economia Institucional. Inicialmente, busca-se reunir estes diversos campos do conhecimento sob um mesmo corpo de conhecimento, a Governança ambiental. Em seguida, formula-se uma hipótese de complementaridade institucional, i.e., a possibilidade de que exista sinergia na interação entre determinadas instituições. Esta discussão é utilizada para analisar a legislação brasileira referente às Unidades de Conservação. E, por fim, as hipóteses teóricas são examinadas em um estudo de caso da região de Mata Atlântica no Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo.

South Africa is recognised as one of the megadiverse nations of the world. In recent years, the South African Government has prioritised human needs, without adequately safeguarding the country’s natural resources. Biodiversity is the living fabric of our planet, responsible for human health, well-being and ultimately, the preservation of the environment. It is the Government’s responsibility to ensure that processes and policy frameworks recognise the significance of biodiversity and its role in ensuring a sustainable future for the country while at the same time ensuring essential services delivery to its people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of environmental governance on biodiversity management at the local government level in South Africa. The study was conducted in three Metropolitan Municipalities in South Africa. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire from officials of these municipalities. Variables that were assessed include capacity assessment, intergovernmental relations, budget and biodiversity management. Interviews were conducted with the Heads of the environmental departments of the municipalities. A review of the defining national and international environmental law was conducted to evaluate the transformation, challenges and successes of biodiversity mangement at the local government level in South Africa. The results of this study highlight the challenges faced by local governments in implementing biodiversity management such as capacity constraints, lack of resources and the absence of a biodiversity mandate at the local government sphere. Integrating biodiversity management at the local level will only be possible through more robust policy development, stronger cooperation and communication among the different levels of government, as well as enhanced capacity (skills) and resource provision in the municipalities. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

This paper analyses the construction of environmental governance in Peru. Framed in a systems approach and focused on water and conflicts associated to the expansion of extractive industries in the Andes, the paper suggests that this process is being defined by confrontation between the discourses (Peru, a minning country and the neoextractivism) on the relationships between society, economy and nature and the power relationships that underlies the social construction of environmental institutions. / Este artículo presenta un análisis del proceso de construcción del sistema de gobernanza ambiental en el Perú. Usando un marco conceptual sistémico y centrado en el tema del agua y de los conflictos en torno al acceso y control de recursos hídricos asociados a la expansión de industrias extractivas en los Andes, el artículo sugiere que dicho proceso está siendo definido por la confrontación de los discursos ‘Perú país minero’ y ‘el neoextractivismo’ en torno a la relación entre sociedad, economía y naturaleza; y, por las relaciones de poder que se encuentran inmersas en la definición de instituciones ambientales.

Les territoires amérindiens couvrent de vastes étendues de forêts tropicales et possèdent une forte valeur sociale et environnementale, soumis à des contraintes et opportunités variées, ils sont de nos jours le siège de nombreuses transformations territoriales. Ces transformations sont complexes et multiformes. Elles impliquent l’adoption de nouveaux modes de productions et de consommation, le réajustement des formes d’organisation sociale et des dynamiques de réaffirmation identitaireet territoriale. Or les liens entre tous ces processus sont encore mal compris et rendent délicate le compréhension des dynamiques d’adaptation des systèmes amérindiens de gestion des ressources communes.Cette thèse s’intéresse particulièrement aux dynamiques territoriales des amérindiens wayapi et teko de la commune de Camopi en Guyane française. Elle intègre des données sur l’occupation de sol obtenues par télédétection, des données socio-économiques et productives à l’échelle des ménages et des données qualitatives sur les processus identitaires, les réseaux de parente, les politiques de conservation et la gouvernance du territoire. Elle montre que malgré la sédentarisation de l’habitat autour des bourgs locaux, la croissance des revenus monétaires issus des emplois salariés et des aides sociales, combinées avec le maintien des réseaux de parente et d’entraide, permet une redynamisation des systèmes de mobilité et une diversification des territoires amérindiens. De plus, les politiques environnementales mises en place sur le territoire impliquent des processus de territorialisation et de revendication identitaires et motivent la construction collective d’un projet de développement local endogène. Une approche comparative avec la situation des amérindiens wayapi vivant au Brésil et évoluant dans un contexte socio-économique, institutionnel et environnemental bien différent montre des dynamiques similaires. Les amérindiens de ces deux pays adoptent des systèmes d’exploitation du territoire multi-locaux, leur permettant d’étendre leur occupation du territoire et s’inscrivant dans une dynamique de réaffirmation identitaire et territoriale. Ils articulent ainsi les espaces de la forêt et des bourgs. Cette forme d’exploitation multi-locale du territoire peut être interprétée comme une nouvelle forme de gouvernance environnementale, qui leur permet de contourner les difficultés et d’affirmer leur souveraineté sur le territoire. / Indigenous territories comprise extensive areas of tropical forest and hold significant social and conservation value. Today, they are subject to various constraints and opportunities and face many territorial transformations. These transformations are complex and multifaceted. They involve the adoption of new production and consumption modes, the medications of forms of social organization and identity and territorial claims. However, the links between these on-going processes are still poorly understood, and make difficult to appreciate the adaptation dynamics of indigenous common natural resources management. This thesis is particularly concerned with the territorial dynamics of the wayapi and teko indigenous people of the municipality of Camopi in French Guyana. It integrates methods that include land use analysis using remotely sensed data, socio-economic and agricultural systems analysis at the household scale, and empirical analysis on the influence of identity claims, kinship networks, and conservation policies. It shows that despite the residential settlement around local towns, the growth of cash income from wage labour and welfare, associated with strong kinship networks, allows the revival of mobility and the diversification of indigenous territorialities. Environment policies implemented on the territory involve processes of identity and territorial claims and motivate the construction of a collective project of endogenous local development. A comparative approach with the situation of the Wayapi people living in Brazil, and evolving in a completely different institutional, socio-economic and environmental context shows similar dynamics. Indigenous people of these two sites adopt “multi-local” land use systems, allowing them to extend their territory occupation and taking part of a broader dynamic of territorial and identity affirmation. They articulate forest and local town environments. This multi-local land use sytem can be interpreted as a new form of environmental governance, which overcomes the difficulties access to natural resources around local towns and ensure their sovereignty over the territory.

This thesis explores the avenues for the ecosystem approach to management in the Baltic Sea Region. This region is one of the most contaminated water bodies in the world, although the first Regional Seas Convention was created here and theregion has a long history of cooperation and environmental protection. The current environmental governance arrangements are examined with specific focuson governance structures, cross-sectoral integration and ecological boundaries.The ecosystem approach to management as both a tool and vision of holistic management of natural resources is traced through the evolution of environmental governance, as well as its manifestation in contemporary environmental policies in the region. It is found that the major EU directives, as well as HELCOM polices, promote the ecosystem approach and that its presence has increased inrecent years; it is now the major guiding principle in European marine governance. However, the governance structures impede implementation indifferent ways. The environmental problem areas in the region all require different governance arrangements, thus obstructing a holistic approach. The environmental problems per se also affect each other, necessitating far-reaching sectoral integration and cross-border cooperation, which at present is the major obstacle regarding implementation. The contemporary trends combining solid regionalisation through HELCOM with increased Europeanisation and macro regionalisation by different EU initiatives offer some promise, but the cross sectoral impediments must be resolved if the ecosystem approach is to become apractical approach and not just a policy principle.