Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Classical Languages and Literatures, March 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Notre travail décrit le processus de l’interaction épistolaire au XVIIIe siècle à travers l’étude des trois exemples de dialogues épistolaires, à savoir : Voltaire & Mme du Deffand, Rousseau & Malesherbes et enfin Benjamin Constant &Isabelle de Charrière. Nous comprenons par l’interaction épistolaire, le va-et-vient entre les deux correspondants, leur influence mutuelle, leurs échanges de rôles. La question principale qui se pose ici est la suivante : quel est l’intérêt, pour les deux correspondants, de cet échange épistolaire dans la durée? Dans quel objectif les deux épistoliers s’écrivent-ils l’un à l’autre ? Comment un dialogue épistolaire peut-il modifier l’image de l’autre, la structure et les dispositions morales ? Le XVIIIe siècle a connu en fait un foisonnement épistolaire grâce à l’épanouissement de la pensée philosophique et des Lumières. On avait le goût de l’échange épistolaire qui touche tous les sujets de la vie, surtout entreamis. Ainsi se construisent plusieurs commerces épistolaires, dont certains se développent en réseaux. Pour Voltaire et Madame Du Deffand, leur commerce épistolaire suit un rythme binaire, le plus souvent harmonieux, mais parfois« syncopé », sous la forme d’un dialogue philosophique éblouissant jusqu’à la disparition de Voltaire. Dans ce dialogue,nous découvrons au fil des jours beaucoup d’idées et de thèmes qui nous informent excellemment sur toute une époque.La correspondance de Rousseau et de Malesherbes nous renseigne sur des détails infimes liés aux problèmes de la publication des oeuvres et à la censure, sans oublier le côté personnel de leur amitié, mais elle se fonde plutôt sur une sorte de désir de loyauté et une volonté de clairvoyance dans l’échange des secrets, caractéristiques essentielles desconfessions auxquelles Rousseau nous a habitués. Quant à Benjamin Constant et Isabelle de Charrière, leur dialogue,malgré leur écart d’âge, semble très intéressant dans son contenu. Si Constant se plaît à décrire à Isabelle de Charrière les circonstances de sa vie de façon filiale, un intérêt, une passion soutenue se fait jour dans cette correspondance. / Our work has the aim to describe the process of interaction in the eighteenth century epistolary through the study of three examples of epistolary dialogues, namely: Voltaire ---- Madame du Deffand, Rousseau and Malesherbes ---- finally Benjamin Constant ---- Isabelle de Charrière. We understand the interaction epistolary the back-and-forth between the two parties, their mutual influence, their trade roles. The main question thatarises here is: what is the interest for the two parties, this epistolary exchange in the long term? For what purpose is the two letter writers they write to each other? How epistolary dialogue can it change the image of the other, the structure and the moral?The eighteenth century saw a proliferation epistolary actually thanks to the development of philosophicalthought and the Enlightenment. It tasted like the epistolary exchange that affects all areas of life, especially among friends. So many businesses are built correspondence, some of which develop into networks. For Voltaire and Madame Du Deffand their epistolary follows a binary rhythm, usually smooth, but sometimes"syncopated" as a philosophical dialogue dazzling until the disappearance of Voltaire. In this dialogue, w ediscover the days many ideas and themes that inform us about a time excellently. Correspondence of Rousseau and Malesherbes us about minute details related to the problems of publication and censorshipworks, not to mention the personal side of their friendship, but is rather based on a kind of desire loyalty and commitment vision in the exchange of secrets, essential characteristics denominations which Rousseau has accustomed us. As Benjamin Constant and Isabelle de Charrière, their dialogue, despite the age difference between partners, seems very interesting content. If Constant likes to describe Isabelle de Charrière the circumstances of his life in a subsidiary, an interest, a passion sustained emerges in this correspondence.

Criação de arquivo epistolar do neurofisiologista Miguel Rolando Covian: Um registro histórico-contextual. 2013. Dissertação (Mestrado) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. Eneida Nogueira Damasceno - Departamento de Psicologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo - USP - SP Marina Massimi (orientadora) - Departamento de Psicologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo - USP - SP Miguel Rolando Covian (1913-1992) foi um neurofisiologista argentino, discípulo de Bernardo Houssay, que chegou ao Brasil em 1955 para dirigir o Departamento de Fisiologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. À frente deste Departamento, projetou-o como um dos mais renomados centros de investigação científica da América Latina, elevou-o a um reconhecimento de nível internacional, um centro de excelência em pesquisa no Brasil e no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho é organizar e catalogar a correspondência epistolar e institucional do Professor Doutor Miguel Rolando Covian. Essa correspondência, contendo um total de 1.546 cartas, foi encontrada na sala de Covian depois de sua morte e guardada. A realização desta pesquisa levou-nos à descoberta de um testamento, deixado por Covian revelando sua vontade de que o material pertencesse à Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto após sua morte. Este trabalho consiste em: 1) classificar e organizar por assunto tal correspondência, de modo a assegurar sua conservação e preservação enquanto documentos históricos ainda protegidos pela Legislação Federal, cuja acessibilidade estará a cargo da instituição que a guarda. 2) Evidenciar a variedade de assuntos contidos nestas missivas, concernentes a diversas áreas do conhecimento humano, principalmente as relativas à História das Ciências, com destaque para a História da Psicologia, da Medicina e da Educação. Isso nos leva a contribuir para a pesquisa disponibilizando fontes primárias devidamente classificadas, catalogadas e preservadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, na qual se utilizou o método descritivo, sendo a narrativa o estilo da escrita. A escolha do modo narrativo é justificada pelo fato de permitir uma amplitude de informações que não seria possível em uma descrição pontual. Essa opção nos levou a um cuidado com a fidelidade da narração, de forma que a transposição da linguagem não alterasse significativamente a forma original do diálogo contido nas cartas. No decorrer do trabalho observou-se a necessidade de oferecer uma síntese do contexto histórico do período no qual se deu essa correspondência (1955-1985), para este fim procedeu-se a uma pesquisa com a utilização do método histórico, que resultou em capítulos contendo sínteses contextuais relevantes para o entendimento do conteúdo das missivas, assim como uma breve biografia de Covian e outra de seu mestre Bernardo Houssay, a pessoa com quem ele mais se correspondia. Considerando que a correspondência de Miguel Rolando Covian está sendo entregue higienizada, organizada e catalogada, como base para sua preservação; que a descrição em forma de narrativa dos assuntos contidos sinaliza particularidades de acontecimentos relatados, bem como sentimentos e emoções demonstradas nos textos originais; que as apresentações biográficas e a contextualização apresentam o universo relatado nas correspondências e que este material encontra-se agora passível de ser arquivado, preservado e disponibilizado de acordo com as regras estipuladas pela Legislação vigente e pela instituição que o guarda, concluímos que nossos objetivos foram alcançados. / Miguel Rolando Covian (1913-1992) was an argentine neurophysiologist, disciple of Bernardo Houssay, that came to Brazil in 1955, in order to direct the Department of Physiology of Ribeirão Preto\'s Faculty of Medicine. Ahead of this department, he projected it as one of the most distinguished centers of scientific investigation of Latin America, rising it to a international level of acknowledgment, an excellence research center in Brazil and in the rest of the world. The aim of this work is to organize and catalog Professor Miguel Rolando Covian PhD\'s epistolary and institutional correspondence. These letters, of a total of 1546, were found in Covian\'s office after his death and they were preserved. The attainment of this research led us to the discovery of a testament, let by Covian, revealing his will that the material would belong to Ribeirão Preto\'s Faculty of Medicine after his death. The present work consists in: 1) to classify and to organize by subject such correspondence, to assure its conservation and preservation as historical documents yet protected by the Federal Law, reiterating its accessibility to the post of the custody institution. 2)To point out the variety of subjects in this letters, concerning to many areas of human knowledge, specially relating to the History of Sciences, emphasizing the History of Psychology, Medicine and Educational School. That led us to contribute to researches making primary sources available, properly classified, cataloged and preserved. This is a documental research, in which we used the descriptive method, being the narrative the style of writing. The choice of narrative mode is justified by the fact that it allows an amplitude of information that wouldn\'t be possible with a punctual description. This option led us to handle carefully and be faithful to the narratives, in a way that the transposition of the language wouldn\'t alter significantly the original shape of the dialogs in the letters. In the progress of the work, we observed the need to offer a synthesis of the historical context in which the correspondence took place (1955-1985). For such an aim, we proceeded with the utilization of the historical method, which resulted in chapters containing contextual synthesis relevant to the understanding of the matter of those letters, as well as a brief biography of Covian\'s and another of his master Bernardo Houssay, the person with which he mostly wrote to. Considering that Miguel Covian\'s correspondence is being hygienized, organized and cataloged, for its preservation; the description in the shape of narrative of the subjects in the letters signalizes particularities of stated happenings, as well as feelings and emotions demonstrated in the original texts; the biographical presentations and contextualization presents the universe stated in the letters and that this material is now proper to be filed, preserved and available according to the rules prescribed by the present Legislation and by the institution that holds this correspondence, we conclude that our goals were reached.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o léxico empregado em cartas familiares, escritas em língua italiana, por falantes italianos provenientes da região Lombardia e por seus descendentes nascidos no Brasil e residentes em São Paulo, sob duas perspectivas diferentes. Na primeira, elencaremos quais eram os assuntos mais recorrentes nas cartas, analisaremos as escolhas lexicais e verificaremos a função destas no contexto em que foram empregadas. Pretendemos, portanto, entender quais são os relatos, as histórias, as informações contidas nesses escritos, bem como o léxico empregado para a composição das cartas. A segunda perspectiva, diz respeito ao contato linguístico que houve entre italiano e português em nível lexical. Nossa proposta será demonstrar, por meio de excertos das cartas, exemplos de léxico que revelam o uso corrente da língua italiana, mesmo em contexto estrangeiro, no qual prevalecia aquele do português. Dessa forma, é nosso propósito tanto identificar e analisar o enriquecimento do leque comunicativo e cultural que esses imigrantes tiveram ao escreverem em italiano, não inibindo, porém, o uso do português (seja de maneira implícita ou explícita); como também entender se houve a formação de uma eventual variedade de italiano no interior dessa pequena comunidade. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the lexicon used in family letters, which were written in Italian by native Italian speakers from Lombardy and by their descendants who were born in Brazil and lived in São Paulo, from two different perspectives. The first one will list the most recurring topics in the letters, the lexical choices will be analyzed and their functions will be verified in the context in which they were used. Therefore, this study intends to understand the accounts, stories, and information contained in the letters, as well as the lexicon used when writing them. The second perspective is about the language contact that occurred between Italian and Portuguese at the lexical level. Excerpts from the letters were used to show examples of the lexicon, which revealed that the Italian language was widely used, regardless of the international context, in which Portuguese predominated. As a result, the study aims to identify and analyze the language and cultural enrichment that such immigrants had by writing in Italian, although it did not prevent them from using Portuguese (either explicitly or implicitly), and also understand if there has been an accidental variety of the Italian language in that small community.

Ce travail constitue une approche pluri- et interdisciplinaire des phénomènes épistolaires dans le cinéma de fiction de 1940 à nos jours. Depuis ses débuts, le cinéma a intégré la lettre et représenté la relation épistolaire. Après l’avènement du parlant, la lettre est véritablement devenue un objet audiovisuel prisé des cinéastes. Ces derniers ont continué de la mettre en scène en inventant, chaque fois, de nouvelles modalités expressives. D’un côté, le cinéma donne à voir et à entendre les caractéristiques de l’épistolaire ; de l’autre, la lettre détermine une certaine esthétique tout en influant sur l’énonciation et le sens du film. En tant que support médiatique, elle génère des processus d’écriture, de lecture et d’acheminement spécifiques. Par ailleurs, elle déploie un réseau d’adresses visibles et audibles qui engage une relation particulière avec le spectateur. Ces différents phénomènes contaminent le film à un niveau symbolique, la matérialité et l’adresse ne se réduisant pas à leur acception première. La lettre engage donc à réfléchir aux enchevêtrements complexes liés à sa représentation, à son énonciation et à sa signification dans le film de fiction. / This work is a pluri- and interdisciplinary approach to epistolary phenomena in movies from 1940 to today. Since its earliest days, cinema has integrated the letter motif and depicted the epistolary process. As talking movies emerged, letters became genuine audiovisual objects cherished by film-makers.They have continued to use this motif by inventing ever new expressive terms. On the one hand, cinema allows us to see and hear the characteristics of epistolarity; on the other hand, the letter motif establishes particular aesthetics while influencing the discourse and meaning of the movie. As a medium, the letter motif generates specific writing, reading and delivering processes. It also develops a network of visible and audible addresses, which fuels a particular relationship with the spectator. These phenomena contaminate the movie on a symbolic level as the materiality and address of the letter stand for more than their primary signification. The letter motif thus leads us to think about complex interconnections involving its representation, discourse and meaning in movies.

Notre étude se centre sur le corpus de l'ensemble des lettres inédites écrites par le poète et artiste péruvien César Moro au poète, éditeur et critique Emilio Adolfo Westphalen entre 1939 et 1955. Elle se propose d'incorporer cette correspondance au reste de l'œuvre de chacun d'eux et de l'étudier comme l'un des genres auxquels ils sont attachés pour exprimer leur propre vision créative et leur vision du monde. Nous analysons les caractéristiques spécifiques du genre épistolaire contenues dans la correspondance de Moro et le sujet épistolaire qui se construit dans ces lettres à Emilio Adolfo Westphalen : un sujet fragmentaire, frontalier, passionnel, hybride et transculturel ainsi que l'importance objective de l'écriture de Moro en français, non seulement dans sa poésie mais aussi dans la majeure partie de ses lettres. Nous examinons alors l'usage que Moro fait du français –comme langue poétique et de communication- et le niveau interlinguistique auquel recourt l'artiste pour s'approprier la modernité surréaliste et la décentrer d'un point de vue latino-américain. La lecture intertextuelle des lettres avec les essais et l'œuvre en prose de Moro et de Westphalen cherche à mettre en avant les hétérogénéités discursives et les diverses modernités qui existent au niveau national et international. Nous posons la nécessité de comprendre la problématique de la création d'un champ littéraire national et de celle de la mondialisation de la littérature en tant que processus caractérisé par l'existence de diverses modernités hybrides, hétérogènes et multiculturelles. / Our study focuses on the corpus gathering all the unpublished letters written by the Peruvian poet and artist César Moro to the poet, publisher and literary critic Emilio Adolfo Westphalen between 1939 and 1955. Our dissertation intends to incorporate this correspondence to the rest of the work of each poet and to study it as one of the genres both of them use to express their own creative vision and their own vision of the word. We wish to analyze the specific characteristics of the epistolary genre contained in Moro's correspondence and the epistolary subject gradually built in these letters addressed to Emilio Adolfo Westphalen –a fragmentary, bordering, passionate, hybrid and transcultural subject- together with the objective importance of Moro's writing in French, not only in his poems but also in most of his letters. We thus examine the use of French language by Moro –both as poetic and communication language- and the interlinguistic level the artist reaches to familiarize with the surrealist modernity and frame it from a Latin-American perspective. The intertextual reading of Moro and Westphalen letters with their essays and works in prose wishes to highlight the discursive heterogeneities and the diverse modernities existing at the national and international levels. We enhance the need to understand the issue of the creation of a national literary field and of the globalization of literature as a process characterized by the existence of several hybrid, heterogeneous and multicultural modernities.

The starting point for this text is an interest in the self narratives addressed to another that take place in psychotherapeutic environments. Reading the book "The Sorrows of Young Werther" by Goethe, it becomes clear that this form of self expression, communicating one s innermost and most obscure feelings, was a feature exploited by the Sturm und Drang movement, and soon afterwards by the German Romantics too. Following this logic, we move to a psychoanalytical and sociological reading of suicide, seeking to better understand the different facets of this act, proposed by Goethe as a solution to passions misunderstood by eighteenth century German bourgeois society. Next, we approach the concept of self presented by Fichte as the basis for investigations into the relations between the self and its other. Here we trace the influence of the other on suicide, on Werther s letters and also in the constitution of the I through the "Mirror stage as a formative function of the self", by Jacques Lacan. From this we use Antonio Candido s studies to problematize Werther, Goethe and his public as characters in a game of mirrors. Werther's letters are an expression of his innermost being, and need confirmation, a response, from the other. This influence of and from the other is present in various contexts. / O presente trabalho parte de um interesse pelas narrativas de si a um outro que se dão no ambiente psicoterapêutico. Ao ler a obra Os Sofrimentos do Jovem Werther de Goethe, percebemos que essa forma de endereçar um discurso sobre si, expressando os sentimentos mais íntimos e obscuros, já era um recurso explorado pelo Sturm und Drang e logo depois pelo movimento romântico alemão. Neste sentido, passamos por uma leitura psicanalítica e sociológica sobre o suicídio, para melhor compreendermos as diferentes faces deste ato, que Goethe propõe como solução para uma paixão incompreendida pela sociedade burguesa alemã do século XVIII. Abordamos, então, o conceito de eu apresentado por Fichte como base das investigações da relação entre o eu e seu outro. Esta pesquisa investiga a influência do outro no suicídio, nas cartas de Werther e também na constituição do sujeito através do Estádio do espelho como formador da função do eu de Jacques Lacan. A partir disso, utilizando estudos de Antonio Candido, problematizamos Werther, Goethe e público como personagens de um jogo de espelhos. As cartas de Werther são uma forma de expressão do íntimo que necessita uma confirmação, um retorno por parte do outro. Essa influência advinda do outro está presente nos mais diversos contextos.

Pendant plus de vingt ans (1543-1565), Jean de Bretagne, duc d’Étampes est à la tête de la Bretagne en tant que gouverneur de la province. Héritier des comtes de Penthièvre, eux mêmes issus des ducs de Bretagne, il devient un fidèle serviteur des Valois à qui il doit tous ses honneurs. Des sources renouvelées, tant épistolaires qu’administratives, permettent de cerner les contours du métier de gouverneur, dans une province en voie d’intégration au royaume de France, entre le règne de François Ier et les premières guerres de Religion. Si le rôle de défense armée en zone frontalière, est central, il est loin d’être le seul. Au quotidien, le gouverneur de Bretagne est impliqué dans des domaines très variés. Surtout, il est facteur d’union entre la province et le souverain-suzerain. Relais mais aussi intercesseur, le gouverneur est assurément un acteur politique de premier ordre dans une province dont il est le premier gentilhomme. Analyser ses réseaux, cerner son influence, mesurer son pouvoir permet de mieux appréhender le rôle d’un type de serviteur du roi souvent mal compris, voire mal jugé, par l’historiographie. / For more than twenty years (1543-1565), Jean de Bretagne, duke of Étampes, governs Brittany as King’s governor and lieutenant. Heir of the Counts of Penthièvre, he became a faithful servant of the Valois to whom he owed each one of his honors. Some renewed sources, both epistolary and administrative, make it possible to seize the profession ofprovincial governor in the process of integration to the kingdom of France, between the reign of Francis I and the first wars of Religion. If the armed defense role of a reputed border province is central, the governor deals with many other problems on a daily basis. Above all else, he is supposed to be the link between the province and the king. Broker but also intercessor, the governor is undoubtedly a preeminent political actor in the province. First gentleman of the province, all his networks, influences and powers must be analyzed as a whole to better understand the daily life of a type of royal servant often misjudged and misunderstood by historiography.

Cette thèse explore l'esthétique des écrits épistolaires de Woolf. Pour cet auteur, les lettres sont un vaste champ d'expérimentation de ses théories originales d'écriture, un espace où elle peut développer sa propre technique narrative et perfectionner son style moderne. Les lettres sont aussi un espace qui lui permet de trouver sa voix et sa position en tant qu'auteur ainsi que son moi. Dans les six volumes de lettres privées de Woolf, nous explorons d'abord la façon dont elles décrivent la vie quotidienne, riche et intense, de l'auteur. A travers des échanges fréquents avec ses destinataires, Woolf redéfinit le genre épistolaire. En dehors de leur fonction informative, les lettres offrent des descriptions artistiques de la vie et des gens qui sont composées d'une manière particulière, souvent irriguées par d'autres arts (peinture, cinéma, musique ou théâtre). Cette forme de représentation transforme le plus privé des genres en un genre public, dialogique et intermédial. L'intimité et le désir de se protéger en même temps que de s'exposer incitent Woolf à développer ce qu'elle nomme un style de « transparence centrale », méthode de représentation ou de suggestion qui lui permet d'exprimer l'émotion et de se représenter. / This dissertation means to explore the aesthetics of Woolf's epistolary writing. For Woolf, letters become a vast field, a free space for experimenting her original theories of writing, developing her unique techniques and perfecting her style of modern writing. They also provide a space for finding her authorial voice, position and self. Delving into the six volumes of Woolf's private letters, we first explore how they depict the author's daily life, its wealth and intensity. Through her exchanges with her numerous addressees, Woolf redefines the epistolary genre: apart from their informative function, letters offer artistic descriptions of life and people, which are composed by Woolf in a specific manner, often fuelled by various other arts—painting, cinema, music, or drama. Such a representation transforms the most private epistolary genre into a public, dialogical and inter-medial genre. Intimacy and self-protectiveness, together with a desire for self-exposure stimulate Woolf to develop a style of “central transparency”—her figurative or suggestive method that enables her to express emotion and represent herself.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma leitura das Cartas persas, de Montesquieu, centrada na análise do chamado romance do serralho, conjunto temático correspondente à intriga do harém abandonado na Pérsia. O estudo busca mostrar em que medida a trama oriental das Cartas persas adquire mais densidade após a primeira publicação da obra, em 1721, enfatizando sua importância para a reflexão de cunho político-filosófica que Montesquieu desenvolve em sua obra. A proposta é demonstrar de que maneira o romance do serralho constitui uma crítica ao despotismo e como ele representa dois regimes de poder distintos que se sobrepuseram a partir do século XVIII. Levando em consideração a complexidade do dispositivo epistolar posto em prática por Montesquieu em suas Cartas persas, propõe-se, ainda, compreender o papel das diferentes personagens que integram o sistema polifônico do harém, com o intuito de depreender o alcance de sua significação para a obra. / The present dissertation intends to provide an analysis of Montesquieus Lettres persanes focused in the so-called romance of seraglio, a set of themes which correspond to the dispute of the abandoned harem in Persia. This study proposes to show how the oriental plot of Lettres persanes attains greater density after the first publication of the oeuvre, in 1721, highlighting its importance to the political-philosophical reflection developed by Montesquieu in his oeuvre. The proposal aims to demonstrate the way the romance of seraglio constitutes a critic to despotism and how it represents two different power regimes which overlapped since the 18th century. Taking into consideration the complexity of the epistolary device concocted by Montesquieu in his Lettres persanes, this study also aims to understand the role of its various characters which integrate the polyphonic system of the harem, with the intention of fathom the reach of its significance to the oeuvre.