Письма писателя являются важнейшим материалом для изучения его биографии и творчества, раскрывают культурно-исторический контекст создания произведений, могут играть ключевую роль в определении авторской интенции, концепции и стратегии. В работе предложена классификация и общая характеристика эпистолярного наследия Мамина-Сибиряка. Отмечен круг эпистолярного общения писателя и его основные группы, включающие членов семьи, друзей, редакторов литературных журналов и т.д. Рассмотрены практики публикации писем Мамина-Сибиряка, намечен примерный объем ранее не публиковавшихся писем. / The writer's letters are important material for studying his biography and his works; they unveil the cultural-historical context of the literary works creation and can be essential to define the author's intention, conception and strategy. The following work offers classification and general characteristic of the Mamin-Sibiryak's epistolary heritage. We registered the writer's epistolary circle and its main groups that include members of the family, friends, literature magazines' editors etc. We also identified the publishing background of Mamin-Sibiryak's letters and outlined the amount of letters that have not been published before.

在德希達的《明信片：從蘇格拉底到佛洛伊徳之外》(1987)一書中，〈郵寄〉這個文本由許多交換傳遞的明信片所組成。這些收錄於同一文本中的明信片令我們聯想到書信小說中編纂成冊的信件。許多十七、十八世紀的英國與法國書信經典名著構成了書信文類的主要架構，如吉樂哈格的《葡萄牙修女的情書》(1669)、理查生的《潘蜜拉》(1740)與《克萊麗莎》(1747-1748)、葛芬妮的《祕魯公主的情書》(1747)、盧梭的《茱莉，或新伊珞絲》(1761)以及德拉克勞斯的《危險關係》(1782)。面對這些書信文類的前導者，且處於二十世紀傳統書信寫作式微的時代中，是什麼因素促使德希達創作〈郵寄〉這部書信文本呢？〈郵寄〉的書信文本又與傳統書信小說有何不同呢？ 關於這個議題，我所提出的論點是，德希達的〈郵寄〉企圖解構書信文類。〈郵寄〉一方面強化了書信文類特有的書信特質，另一方面又以明信片的郵件傳遞效果取代替換傳統書信小說的書信文類特質。明信片的郵件傳遞效果主要呈現出「傳送終點」與「預期的收信者」這兩種特定規範的不可能性。明信片總是暗示信件傳送過程中「被攔截」與「多元收信者」的可能性。這樣的特質使明信片得以打破囿於最初起點與最後終點做為邊界的直線軌道。如此的突破有助於德希達解構西方知識體系的架構。明信片的郵件傳遞效果動搖了源自蘇格拉底的知識遺產直線傳承，顯示出知識遺產是經由多元讀者所傳遞的，且容許眾多不同的詮釋方法參與其中。多樣性的想法損毀了「原作與衍生」，「在場與缺席」以及「公開與隱私」之間的二元對立邏輯。明信片「半私密，半公開」(《明信片》62)的形式在多樣化所隱含的不確定性之間來回擺盪，游移不定。這種不確定性正是德希達藉由〈郵寄〉這個文本所要強調的。因此，即使身處電信通訊網絡遍佈的時代，德希達依然期望引發「不受拘束的明信片化帝國」(《明信片》104)的可能性。明信片化的意義並非加速書信寫作的「衰微」(《明信片》104)，而是希望能夠不斷地散佈差異產生的可能性。 在本論文中，我從迂迴、延宕與延異這三項特性來闡述明信片的書信特質。這三項特性同時交織於我對〈郵寄〉這個書信文本的討論中。在第一章〈書信文類：強化與替代〉裡，我提出了〈郵寄〉所呈現的似非而是的矛盾，既強化又替代書信文類的特質。書信文類因此被置於差異的迂迴內，而延遲了其文類身份認同的最後裁定。在第二章〈書信他/她者：欲望投射〉裡，我援引拉岡「小寫他/她者」的概念來闡釋書信寫作行為中的自我建構過程。由於寄信者需要缺席收信者的存在以召喚差異的產生，因此寄信者的自我認同總是不斷地在迂迴的信件傳遞空間中被延宕。第三章〈書信寫作：添補的矛盾〉裡，我將德希達對「添補」的概念與書信寫作中添加與替代的效果作了連結。書信寫作彌補了距離造成的溝通差距，同時也以距離替代了最後與缺席收信者真實相遇的那一刻。第四章〈書信交換：Fort Da消失與返轉的遊戲〉中，我比較了佛洛伊德、拉岡與德希達對於fort da遊戲不同的觀察角度。在書信交換的過程裡，當多元讀者的可能性被納入考量時，書信的傳送與接收便會持續地滯留迂迴於讀者的多元閱讀與詮釋，而延遲了到達預定目的地的時間。在第五章〈書信傳承：知識遺產的明信片〉裡，我探討了德希達對於〈郵寄〉中明信片上蘇格拉底與柏拉圖位置返轉圖所做的種種推敲。這些推測暗示了脫離知識體系直線傳承，迂迴而行的可能性。為了再現知識的意涵而創造出的多元詮釋角度會不斷地延宕知識傳承的最終意義。 / In Jacques Derrida’s The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond (1987), the part of “Envois” is composed of many exchanged post cards. This collection of post cards reminds us of the letters compiled in epistolary novels. There is a lot of prestige attached to many seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English and French epistolary novels, such as Gabriel de Guilleragues’ The Portuguese Letters (1669), Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740) and Clarissa (1747-1748), Françoise de Graffigny’s Letters from a Peruvian Woman (1747), Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse (1761), and Choderlos de Laclos’ Les Liaisons dangereuses (1782). These epistolary novels constitute the main frame of the epistolary genre. Then, confronted with the epistolary predecessors, what prompts Derrida to write the epistolary text of “Envois” in the twentieth century, in which the telecommunications networks appear to overpower the importance of writing letters or post cards? What is the difference between “Envois” and the previous epistolary novels? On this issue, I want to argue in my thesis that Derrida’s “Envois” is intended to deconstruct the epistolary genre by paradoxically valorizing and substituting the postal effects of the post card for the generic identities of epistolary novels. The postal effects of the post card primarily invoke the impossibility of the predestined destination and intended receiver. The post card always implies the possibilities of interception and multiple receivers in the process of transmission. In this way, the post card disrupts the linear path confined in the hierarchical opposites between the original departure point and the final destination. This disruption facilitates Derrida’s attempt to deconstruct the construction of knowledge in the Western intellectual genealogy. The postal effects are applied to destabilize the linear succession of intellectual inheritance originated since Socrates. The inheritance is transmitted by multiple readers and hence susceptible to a myriad of interpretations. The binary logic between the original and the derivative, the present and the absent, and the public and the private is undermined in the multiplicity. The form of the post card, which is “half-private half public” (Post Card 62), oscillates in the indeterminacy of multiplicity. The postal effects of indeterminacy aroused in the post card are what Derrida emphasizes in “Envois.” As a result, even in the age replete with the telecommunications networks, Derrida still proposes the possibility of “the unlimited empire of a postcardization” (104). The postcardization does not mean to precipitate the “decadence” (104) of epistolary writing, but it aims to disseminate and recurrently stimulate the possibility of difference. In my thesis, I propose three perspectives to illuminate the epistolarity of the post card: detour, deferral, and différance. They are interwoven in my discussion of Derrida’s “Envois.” In chapter one “Epistolary Genre: Valorization and Substitution,” I propound a paradox that “Envois” simultaneously valorizes and substitutes for the epistolary genre. “Envois” therefore puts the epistolary genre in a detour of difference and defers its determination of identity. In chapter two “Epistolary Otherness: The Object of Desire,” I apply Jacques Lacan’s concept of the object of desire to elucidate the self-construction in the act of writing post cards. The sender’s self-identity is continually deferred in a detour, because s/he requires the absent receiver to evoke his/her difference. In chapter three “Epistolary Writing: Paradox of the Supplement,” I relate Derrida’s concept of the supplement to the paradoxical effects of addition and substitution in epistolary writing. Writing post cards adds to a compensation of the distance, but it also simultaneously substitutes the distance for the final encounter with the absent receiver. In chapter four “Epistolary Exchange: Play of the Fort Da,” I compare Sigmund Freud’s, Lacan’s, and Derrida’s different observations on the fort da game. The fort da movements of epistolary exchanges are interminably deferred in a detour, when multiple readers in the process of transmission are taken into consideration. The multiple readers replenish possibilities of differences with a variety of interpretations. In chapter five “Epistolary Inheritance: Post Card of Intellectual Legacy,” I explore Derrida’s speculations on the scene of reversal copied on the post cards collected in “Envois.” The scene of reversal between Socrates and Plato is speculated to imply possible detours away from the linear succession of genealogy. Different representations of knowledge persistently defer the final determinate meaning of the intellectual inheritance.

This dissertation comprises two parts: Part I, which discusses use of second person pronoun in contemporary American poetry; and Part II, The Museum of Coming Apart, which is a collection of poems. As confessional verse became a dominant mode in American poetry in the late 1950s and early 60s, so too did the use of the first-person pronoun. Due in part to the excesses of later confessionalism, however, many contemporary poets hesitate to use first person for fear that their work might be read as autobiography. The poetry of the 1990s and early 2000s has thus been characterized by distance, dissociation, and fracture as poets attempt to remove themselves from the overtly emotional and intimate style of the confessionals. However, other contemporary poets have sought to straddle the line between the earnestness and linearity of confessionalism and the intellectually playful yet emotionally detached poetry of the moment. One method for striking this balance is to employ the second person pronoun. Because "you" in English is ambiguous, it allows the poet to toy with the level of distance in a poem and create evolving relationships between the speaker and reader. Through the analysis of poems by C. Dale Young, Paul Guest, Richard Hugo, Nick Flynn, Carrie St. George Comer, and Moira Egan, this essay examines five common ways second person is employed in contemporary American poetry-the use of "you" in reference to a specific individual, the epistolary form, the direct address to the reader, the imperative voice, and the use of "you" as a substitute for "I"-and the ways that the second-person pronoun allows these poems to take the best of both the confessional and dissociative modes.

Dans la première décennie du XXIe siècle, à l’ère des nouvelles technologies de communication électroniques, le courriel est devenu le moyen par excellence pour envoyer et recevoir du contenu privé, remplaçant dès lors l’envoi de lettres papier. Dans ce contexte, pour quelles raisons un individu souhaiterait-il partager ce contenu privé en le publiant ouvertement, publiquement, de plus, dans un format papier, le rendant désormais disponible à l’ensemble des lecteurs désirant en consulter le contenu? Pourtant, telle est la genèse du recueil Lettres à l’Indigène de Joël Des Rosiers dans lequel l’auteur fait don de lettres d’amour qui « deviennent alors des objets communs que partagent la destinataire et l’homme qui lui écrit, le livre et le lecteur » (LALI, p. 7). Ainsi, c’est par la réappropriation d’une pratique épistolaire ancienne que cet ouvrage rend compte d’une écriture intimiste dans laquelle lettres intimes et lettres ouvertes se côtoient. Les lettres intimes comportent plusieurs ressemblances avec les lettres conventionnelles, mais s’en distinguent sur certains points. Les lettres ouvertes, quant à elles, s’apparentent davantage aux publications libres que l’on retrouve dans les divers périodiques papier ou Web, ainsi que dans les divers blogues. Dans les deux types de lettres, nous voyons quelle est la place du destinateur et celle de l’Autre, nous présentons les différentes constructions de l’espace liées à chacune des formes de lettre et nous dévoilons les diverses stratégies formelles qui laissent voir un jeu entre les sphères publique et privée. Nous démontrons ainsi de quelles manières ce recueil questionne l’intimisme du XXIe siècle, ainsi que la pratique d’une écriture intimiste dans le cadre actuel. / In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the era of new technologies and electronic communication, email has become the preferred way to send and receive private messages, replacing therefore paper letters. Knowing this, why would an individual want to share his private content by publishing it openly, publicly, furthermore in a paper format, making it available to all readers wishing to view the content? Nevertheless, such is the genesis of the collection of letters, Lettres à l’Indigène of Joël Des Rosiers in which the author donated love letters that became " common objects that share the recipient and the man who wrote, the book and the readers "(LALI, p. 7). Thus, it is through the recovery of an old epistolary practice that this book reflects an intimate writing in which private letters and open letters meet. The intimate letters contain several resemblances with the conventional letters, but distinguish themselves from it on certain points. Open letters, as for them, are more similar to the free publications which we find in the diverse paper or Web periodicals, as well as in the various blogs. In both type of letters, we are able to see the place of the addresser and that of the Other, we present the various constructions of the space related with each of the forms of letter and we reveal the diverse formal strategies which allow to see a play between public and private spheres. Thus, we demonstrate different ways in which this book questions the intimacy of the 21st century, as well as the practice of intimate writing in the current era.

Uma das mais influentes figuras da literatura irlandesa, o escritor W. B. Yeats conta com uma vasta obra em diversos gêneros (poesia, prosa ficcional, ensaios, teatro, autobiografias) e que se estende por uma longa carreira, do final dos anos 1880 até sua morte, em 1939. Durante todos esses anos de intensa atividade, Yeats acumulou uma profícua correspondência, da qual quase oito mil cartas sobrevivem. Parte de um esforço de décadas, vêm sendo publicados volumes das Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats, um projeto de edição crítica completa da correspondência ativa do autor sob edição-geral de John Kelly para a Oxford University Press. Partindo de uma análise do histórico de publicação das cartas do escritor até o presente momento da edição de John Kelly, esta tese contextualiza as diferentes formas como o rico material das cartas foi utilizado pela crítica do autor e propõe uma exploração das epístolas que Yeats envia a periódicos de língua inglesa para publicação nas seções de Cartas ao Editor, ao final do século XIX. O recorte proposto e a abordagem adotada baseiam-se em um entendimento da correspondência de escritores como um campo de estudo distinto, regido por preocupações que remetem a características específicas do gênero carta. Ancorando-se em diversos outros estudos sobre a escrita epistolar, sejam eles de cunho mais teórico (como DIAZ, 2002), sejam aplicados a escritores específicos (como STANLEY, 2011), a presente pesquisa explora a correspondência aberta do jovem Yeats para ressaltar os usos políticos que ele faz desse tipo de texto. Considerando-se diferentes temas e controvérsias nas quais ele se envolve, partese de uma contextualização do conteúdo referencial das cartas para uma análise das formas como o escritor busca engajar-se com o leitor com o intuito de convencêlo. O estudo revelou que o período escolhido é rico em material sobre a relação entre a literatura e a construção da identidade seja a identidade pessoal e artística do próprio poeta, que busca definir-se em relação à tradição, seja a identidade de toda uma literatura nacional. Para o poeta, definir o cânone nacional irlandês era uma condição essencial para a independência política, uma antiga reinvidicação de parcelas do povo irlandês e que volta a ter grande relevância com os movimentos nacionalistas dos séculos XIX e XX. A análise das estratégias utilizadas por Yeats nas cartas abertas revela uma crescente sofisticação de técnicas e no uso das potencialidades dialógicas e performativas da escrita epistolar e demonstra, concomitantemente, seu amadurecimento como escritor. / One of the most influential figures in Irish literature, the writer W. B. Yeats has produced a vast oeuvre spanning many genres (poetry, prose fiction, essays, theater, autobiographies) and extending over a long career, from the late 1880s until his death in 1939. During all these years of intense activity, Yeats accumulated a fruitful correspondence, of which nearly eight thousand letters survive. Part of an effort of decades that have been published as The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats, an ongoing critical edition of the authors correspondence under the general editorship of John Kelly for the Oxford University Press. From an analysis of the history of publication of the writers correspondence until John Kellys edition, this thesis contextualizes the different ways in which this rich material has been used by Yeats criticism and proposes an exploration of the letters Yeats sends to periodicals for publication in the Letters to the Editor section during the end of the nineteenth century. The proposed focus and approach are based on an understanding of the writers correspondence as a distinct field of study, governed by concerns that refer back to the specific characteristics of the letter genre. Anchored by several other studies on epistolary writing, both from a more theoretical nature (as DIAZ, 2002) or applied to specific writers (as STANLEY, 2011), this research explores the open correspondence of the young Yeats to highlight the political uses of this kind of text. Considering different issues and controversies in which he engages, the study includes a contextualization of the content of the letters and an analysis of the ways in which the writer seeks to engage with readers in order to convince them. The research found that the chosen period is rich in material dealing with the relationship between literature and the construction of identity be it the personal and artistic identity of the poet, who tries to define himself in relation to tradition, or the identity of a national literature. For the poet, defining Irish national canon was an essential condition for political independence a centuries-long aspiration of the Irish people that once again achieves great relevance among the nationalist movements in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The analysis of the strategies used by Yeats in open letters reveals a growing sophistication in terms of the techniques and his use of the dialogical and performative potentials of the epistolary writing, concomitantly revealing how he matures as a writer.

Esta tese versa sobre a prática de escrita de cartas na época moderna, sobretudo no século XVIII, incluindo-se a carta como objeto de estudo, ao se considerar seu sentido, produção, marca de sociabilidade, aspecto materiais, espaço de trocas de sensibilidades e dispositivo da prática de governar. Para isso, analisamos alguns manuais modernos de escrita de carta e de secretário, especialmente, o de Francisco José Freire, O secretario portuguez (1745). Ao se estudar a prática epistolar, criou-se o conceito de sensação de fala e sensação de escuta, para pensar a carta enquanto portadora da voz do remetente, despertando no destinatário a audição, ativada pela conexão entre os sentidos questão que também considerou a circularidade da carta entre os espaços de sociabilidade e manifestação do sensível. Assim, depois de pensar a carta em categorias teóricas, estudamos a correspondência de D. Luís de Almeida, o 2º marquês do Lavradio. Cartas produzidas por este português no período no qual deixou Lisboa para servir ao rei como governador da Bahia e depois como vice-rei do Brasil, permanecendo na América de 1768 a 1779. As instituições que abrigam a correspondência que formou o principal corpus da tese são: em Portugal, Biblioteca Nacional, Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino e Academia de Ciência de Lisboa; no Brasil, Arquivo Nacional e Biblioteca Nacional. O corpus foi estudado pormenorizadamente reunindo informações quantitativas e qualitativas, considerando a materialidade da carta e sua trajetória de composição e preservação. Por fim, o terceiro momento do estudo analisou o conteúdo das cartas, para pensar o governo colonial regido através delas, refletindo sobre os diferentes papéis sociais ocupados por D. Luís de Almeida, a atuação do vice-rei e suas problemáticas de governo; e as estratégias utilizadas para impedir a má reputação social diante da perda do território. Contudo, esta tese une sentir, escrever e governar, para pensar a prática epistolar e as cartas de D. Luís de Almeida / This thesis studies the practice of writing letters in modern times, mainly in the 18th century, including letters as object of study, considering its sense, production, mark of sociability, material aspects, space of sensibility trades and practice of governments device. Thereunto, we analyze some modern manuals of letters and secretary writing, specially Francisco José Freires, O secretario portuguez (1745). When studying the epistolary practice, the concept of the sensation of speech and the sensation of listening was created, to think letters as voice carrier of the sender, awaking in the addressee the audition, activated by the connection between the senses issue that also considered the circulation of letter between the spaces of sociability and manifestation of the sensible. So, after thinking letter in theoretical categories, we studied D. Luís de Almeidas correspondence, the 2nd marquis of Lavradio. Letters produced by this portuguese in the period in which he left Lisboa to serve the king as governor of Bahia and later as viceroy of Brazil, staying in America from 1768 until 1779. The institutions that house the correspondence that formed the main corpus of this thesis are: in Portugal, Biblioteca Nacional (National Library), Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (Overseas Historical Archive) and Academia de Ciência de Lisboa (Science Academy of Lisbon); in Brazil, Arquivo Nacional (National Archive) and Biblioteca Nacional (National Library). The corpus was studied particularly gathering quantitative and qualitative information, considering the materiality of letter and its trajectory of composition and preservation. Finally, the third moment of the study examined the letters content, to think the colonial government ruled through them, reflecting about the different social roles occupied by D. Luís de Almeida, the performance of the viceroy and its governments problematics; and the strategies used to prevent the bad social reputation facing the loss of the territory. However, this thesis unites feeling, writing and government, to think the epistolary practice and the D. Luís de Almeidas letters.

D’Ausone à Ennode de Pavie, de nombreux hommes de lettres de l’Antiquité tardive ont conjugué une production épistolaire abondante avec la rédaction d’épigrammes.. Ennode de Pavie a d’ailleurs organisé le recueil complet de ses œuvres autour d’une alternance entre épigrammes et lettres, mettant ainsi en relief la relation étroite, véritable dialogue générique, qui se noue entre l’épigramme et la lettre. Cependant, malgré ces nombreux points communs, les travaux critiques ont dans l’ensemble négligé d’en conduire l’étude de façon parallèle. C’est à ce projet original que nous entendons consacrer notre thèse. Tout d’abord, nous nous penchons sur l’aspect stylistique de cette contiguïté générique, à travers les critères communs de breuitas et d’humilitas, ainsi que sur la prédominance d’une certaine forme de maniérisme. Nous penchant ensuite sur l’aspect social et communicationnel des deux genres, nous les rapprochons en tant que media adoptant un système communicationnel commun et des lieux de créations sociaux identiques. Enfin, comme terme de notre logique comparative, nous incluons la contiguïté entre lettre et épigramme dans une réflexion plus large sur le phénomène général d’hybridation qui sous-tend cette époque. Ce dernier mouvement consiste dans l’étude de formes hybrides, mêlant lettre et épigramme, dans une perspective à la fois stylistique, littéraire et ecdotique, mais également dans l’étude d’une autre forme d’hybridation littéraire présente dans les deux genres : le bilinguisme où grec et latin se mêlent et se réinventent dans une époque de transition culturelle. / From Ausonius to Ennodius of Pavia, including Paulinus of Nola, Symmachus and Sidonius Apollinaris, many men of letters, in late Antiquity, wrote both letters and epigrams. Besides, Ennodius himself has organized his complete work alternating epigrams and letters, and highliting the close connection between those two genres. However, despite theirs numerous common features, the critics did not bother to draw a parrallel between them. Thus, we want to devote ourselves to this original point of view. First of all, we study the stylistic aspect of this generic connection, through two main common criteria. One the one hand, the breuitas and the humilitas, and in the other hand, the predominance of a certain form of mannerism. Then, considering the social and communicational aspects of those genres, we bring them together as medias adopting a common communicationnal system, and using the same places of creation. Finally, we include our reflexion in a broader one, about the phenomenon of genre-switching in Late Antiquity. This final movement consists in a studic of hybrid forms, in an ecdotic, stylistic point of view, but also in the study of latin-grec bilingualism.

Cette thèse analyse 1 Co comme une œuvre de la littérature grecque du 1er siècle. L’hypothèse heuristique est la suivante : il y a un style épistoral mis en œuvre par Paul pour porter au mieux son message. Destinée à être lue, l’épître est aussi discours, et la lettre joue avec les modalités de l’écrit et de l’oral, ce qui lui confère un style original. Cette recherche se focalise donc sur l’elocutio, élément qui définit en rhétorique le style, et regroupe tous les procédés, qu’ils soient lexicaux, syntaxiques ou poétiques, propres à caractériser le mode d’expression. Notre étude propose une lecture minutieuse, in extenso, de 1 Co, en laissant le texte révéler sa dimension sonore. La méthodologie comprend une phase de repérage des procédés les plus fréquents qui soutiennent l’oralité de l’écriture de Paul. À partir de cet inventaire, les grands traits stylistiques sont identifiés. Le processus poétique éclaire le développement thématique de la missive, riche d’une dynamique propre au dialogue et d’une cartographie sonore destinée à la mise en voix de la lettre. La conclusion à laquelle aboutit une telle lecture est que l’oralité constitue une composante essentielle de la stratégie de Paul en 1 Co. Il y a un lien entre le style déployé par l’auteur et les enjeux de la lettre. On peut dès lors parler d’une herméneutique de l’oralité. À partir des critères du style oral proposés par Walter Ong, cette thèse propose pour finir une définition de l’elocutio de 1 Co qui montre à quel point Paul met en œuvre une poétique au service de sa politique. Celle-ci est double : rectifier et édifier. Entre un style combattif et un style réconciliant, la lettre déploie un discours tout orienté vers la figure du Christ ressuscité. L’inouï du kérygme paulinien donne lieu à une créativitéstylistique qui convertit la rhétorique, au sens large du terme, en une rhétorique de la conversion. / This dissertation analyzes 1Co as a work of Greek literature from the 1stcentury. The heuristic hypothesis is as follows: there is an epistoral style which Paul used to convey his message the best he could. As the letter was meant to be read, and is also a discourse, it played with the modalities of both writing style and orature, which is what makes its style distinctive. This research focuses on elocutio, an element that defines style in rhetorics, and which covers all processes, whether lexical, syntactic or poetic, that characterize the mode of expression. Our study proposes a thorough, in-depth reading of 1Co, allowing the text to reveal its aural dimension. The methodology includes a phase of identification of the most frequent processes that support the orality of Paul's writing. With this inventory, the main stylistic traits are identified. The poetic process illuminates the thematic development of the missive, whose dynamics is proper to dialogue and whose sound cartography suggests that the letter has to be voiced aloud. The conclusion reached by such a reading is that orality is an essential component of Paul's strategy in 1Co. There is a link between the style used by the author and the purpose of the letter. We can then speak of a hermeneutics of orality. Based on the criteria which Walter Ong suggested to distinguish orature, this thesis proposes a definition of the elocutio of 1Co, which shows to what extent Paul’s poetics was meant to serve his policy. This one is twofold: to rectify and to edify. Between a fighting style and a style of reconciliation, the letter deploys a discourse fully oriented towards the figure of the resurrected Christ. What had been so far unheard of in Paul’s kerygma gives rise to a stylistic creativity which subverts rhetorics in the broader sense of the term to change it into a rhetorics of conversion.

Cette thèse étudie la production de l’auteure irlandaise Anna Jameson relative au voyage qu’elle entreprit au Canada de décembre 1836 à décembre 1837, à savoir : le récit de son périple, Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada (1838), l’album d’illustrations réalisées tout au long de celui-ci, et la correspondance rédigée pendant cette période. L’analyse conjointe de ces trois média met au jour la portée politique de l’élaboration de l’identité de l’écrivaine voyageuse. En effet, les manipulations génériques, qui livrent un récit au croisement du journal, de la lettre, et du récit de voyage, l’écriture ethnographique de l’Indien, ou encore l’appréhension du paysage canadien, servent toutes un propos proto-féministe qui défend avant tout l’éducation des femmes. De l’Europe au Canada, dans une tension perpétuelle entre identité individuelle et collective, le voyage permet ainsi de faire retour : la représentation du Canada est révision de la Grande-Bretagne, l’écriture de l’Autre est reconstruction de soi, et vice versa. Ainsi, le récit de voyage se fait le lieu de la refiguration de l’identité de celle qui, au contact d’Autres, colons ou Indiens, tantôt sur un mode de différenciation, tantôt sur un mode d’identification, s’écrit en femme libre. Cette liberté, que permet l’écriture, se manifeste dans le jeu des identités, dans le vagabondage doublé de divagations, au travers duquel Anna Jameson reconfigure la définition de la femme au XIXe siècle. / This dissertation focuses on Irish authoress Anna Jameson’s artistic and personal production during her travel to Canada from December 1836 to December 1837, namely: her travel narrative, Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada (1838), the album of sketches she drew while there, and the letters she wrote during the period. A joint analysis of these three media reveals the political scope of the traveller-writer’s elaborating of her identity. Her generic negotiations — delivering a narrative at the crossroads between diary, letter and travel writing —, her ethnographic writing of the Indian, as well as her perception of the Canadian landscape, all serve a proto-feminist agenda, arguing first and foremost for the education of women. From Europe to Canada, in a perpetual shift between collective and individual identity, travelling enables re-envisioning: the representation of Canada becomes a revision of Great Britain, the writing of the Other turns into a reconstruction of the Self, and conversely. The travel narrative becomes the locus of the refiguration of Jameson’s identity, as her contact with Others — settlers or Indians —, at times through differentiation, at times through identification, enables her to rewrite herself as a free woman. The freedom which writing allows for is manifest in the play of identities, in the rambling through which Anna Jameson reconfigures the definition of woman in the 19th century.

Esta tese versa sobre a prática de escrita de cartas na época moderna, sobretudo no século XVIII, incluindo-se a carta como objeto de estudo, ao se considerar seu sentido, produção, marca de sociabilidade, aspecto materiais, espaço de trocas de sensibilidades e dispositivo da prática de governar. Para isso, analisamos alguns manuais modernos de escrita de carta e de secretário, especialmente, o de Francisco José Freire, O secretario portuguez (1745). Ao se estudar a prática epistolar, criou-se o conceito de sensação de fala e sensação de escuta, para pensar a carta enquanto portadora da voz do remetente, despertando no destinatário a audição, ativada pela conexão entre os sentidos questão que também considerou a circularidade da carta entre os espaços de sociabilidade e manifestação do sensível. Assim, depois de pensar a carta em categorias teóricas, estudamos a correspondência de D. Luís de Almeida, o 2º marquês do Lavradio. Cartas produzidas por este português no período no qual deixou Lisboa para servir ao rei como governador da Bahia e depois como vice-rei do Brasil, permanecendo na América de 1768 a 1779. As instituições que abrigam a correspondência que formou o principal corpus da tese são: em Portugal, Biblioteca Nacional, Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino e Academia de Ciência de Lisboa; no Brasil, Arquivo Nacional e Biblioteca Nacional. O corpus foi estudado pormenorizadamente reunindo informações quantitativas e qualitativas, considerando a materialidade da carta e sua trajetória de composição e preservação. Por fim, o terceiro momento do estudo analisou o conteúdo das cartas, para pensar o governo colonial regido através delas, refletindo sobre os diferentes papéis sociais ocupados por D. Luís de Almeida, a atuação do vice-rei e suas problemáticas de governo; e as estratégias utilizadas para impedir a má reputação social diante da perda do território. Contudo, esta tese une sentir, escrever e governar, para pensar a prática epistolar e as cartas de D. Luís de Almeida / This thesis studies the practice of writing letters in modern times, mainly in the 18th century, including letters as object of study, considering its sense, production, mark of sociability, material aspects, space of sensibility trades and practice of governments device. Thereunto, we analyze some modern manuals of letters and secretary writing, specially Francisco José Freires, O secretario portuguez (1745). When studying the epistolary practice, the concept of the sensation of speech and the sensation of listening was created, to think letters as voice carrier of the sender, awaking in the addressee the audition, activated by the connection between the senses issue that also considered the circulation of letter between the spaces of sociability and manifestation of the sensible. So, after thinking letter in theoretical categories, we studied D. Luís de Almeidas correspondence, the 2nd marquis of Lavradio. Letters produced by this portuguese in the period in which he left Lisboa to serve the king as governor of Bahia and later as viceroy of Brazil, staying in America from 1768 until 1779. The institutions that house the correspondence that formed the main corpus of this thesis are: in Portugal, Biblioteca Nacional (National Library), Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (Overseas Historical Archive) and Academia de Ciência de Lisboa (Science Academy of Lisbon); in Brazil, Arquivo Nacional (National Archive) and Biblioteca Nacional (National Library). The corpus was studied particularly gathering quantitative and qualitative information, considering the materiality of letter and its trajectory of composition and preservation. Finally, the third moment of the study examined the letters content, to think the colonial government ruled through them, reflecting about the different social roles occupied by D. Luís de Almeida, the performance of the viceroy and its governments problematics; and the strategies used to prevent the bad social reputation facing the loss of the territory. However, this thesis unites feeling, writing and government, to think the epistolary practice and the D. Luís de Almeidas letters.