Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Jose de Oliveira Duch.pdf: 832037 bytes, checksum: 6a73461cb63df41cf7dc11b7d900fb12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-26 / The presidential electoral system of the United States allows the election of a candidate without conquering the majority of the popular votes. The minority s victory is a consequence of the distortion between the preference of the citizens expressed through the popular vote and the official result decided in the Electoral College. This phenomenon occurred in five occasions, most recent in 2000, however in others twenty four elections only 1% of the popular votes in one or some states could provide the victory of the minority. This research retrocedes in the politician-electoral history, until the promulgation of the Constitution of 1787, to identify the chronic problems of the electoral system that oppose its legitimacy - obviously the equality politics absence between the voters of different states. We reconstructed the causes that had taken the authors, in the Constitutional Convention, to prioritize the federalism in the construction of an institutional engineering to hindered the tyranny of the majority, but, also created a presidential electoral system with characteristics that constrained the democracy, particularly the equality politics and the popular participation. We perceive, however, a democratic evolution during its history and research what it caused this process, to verify the possibilities of the reinforcement of a more democratic electoral process. The reasons contemporaries of the politics-electoral stability, however, seem to less inhabit in the original ideation of the Convention, and more in the existence of strong consensus in the elites politics-economic regarding the preservation of the status quo in the order politics of this country. The methodology involves a historical retrospect in such a way, what it estimates documentary and a bibliographical research, how much an analytical reflection informed by the theory politics, especially in the fields of the democratic theories and the equality politics / O sistema eleitoral presidencial dos Estados Unidos permite que um candidato seja eleito sem conquistar a maioria dos votos populares. A possível vitória da minoria é conseqüência da distorção entre a preferência dos cidadãos expressada através do voto popular e o resultado oficial decidido no colégio eleitoral. Esse fenômeno ocorreu em cinco ocasiões, o mais recente em 2000, porém em outras vinte e quatro eleições apenas 1% dos votos populares em um ou alguns estados poderiam provocar a vitória do candidato menos votado. Retrocedemos na história político-eleitoral, até a promulgação da Constituição de 1787, para identificar os problemas crônicos do sistema eleitoral que precarizam sua legitimidade notadamente a ausência de igualdade política entre os eleitores de diferentes estados. Reconstruímos as causas que levaram os autores, na Convenção Constitucional, a priorizar o federalismo na construção de uma engenharia institucional que impedisse a tirania da maioria, que, por sua vez, criou um sistema eleitoral presidencial com características contra-democráticas, principalmente no que tange a questão da igualdade política e a participação popular. Percebemos, entretanto, uma evolução democrática durante sua história e pesquisamos como e o que ocasionou esse processo, para verificar as possibilidades do fortalecimento de um processo eleitoral mais democrático. Os motivos contemporanêos da estabilidade política-eleitoral, todavia, parecem residir menos no ideário político original da Convenção, e mais na existência de forte consenso nas elites políticas e econômicas a respeito da preservação do status quo na ordem política desse país. A metodologia adotada envolve tanto uma retrospectiva histórica, o que pressupõe uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, quanto uma reflexão analítica informada pela teoria política, especialmente nos campos das teorias democráticas e da igualdade política

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:58:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Jose de Oliveira Duch.pdf: 832037 bytes, checksum: 6a73461cb63df41cf7dc11b7d900fb12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-26 / The presidential electoral system of the United States allows the election of a candidate without conquering the majority of the popular votes. The minority s victory is a consequence of the distortion between the preference of the citizens expressed through the popular vote and the official result decided in the Electoral College. This phenomenon occurred in five occasions, most recent in 2000, however in others twenty four elections only 1% of the popular votes in one or some states could provide the victory of the minority. This research retrocedes in the politician-electoral history, until the promulgation of the Constitution of 1787, to identify the chronic problems of the electoral system that oppose its legitimacy - obviously the equality politics absence between the voters of different states. We reconstructed the causes that had taken the authors, in the Constitutional Convention, to prioritize the federalism in the construction of an institutional engineering to hindered the tyranny of the majority, but, also created a presidential electoral system with characteristics that constrained the democracy, particularly the equality politics and the popular participation. We perceive, however, a democratic evolution during its history and research what it caused this process, to verify the possibilities of the reinforcement of a more democratic electoral process. The reasons contemporaries of the politics-electoral stability, however, seem to less inhabit in the original ideation of the Convention, and more in the existence of strong consensus in the elites politics-economic regarding the preservation of the status quo in the order politics of this country. The methodology involves a historical retrospect in such a way, what it estimates documentary and a bibliographical research, how much an analytical reflection informed by the theory politics, especially in the fields of the democratic theories and the equality politics / O sistema eleitoral presidencial dos Estados Unidos permite que um candidato seja eleito sem conquistar a maioria dos votos populares. A possível vitória da minoria é conseqüência da distorção entre a preferência dos cidadãos expressada através do voto popular e o resultado oficial decidido no colégio eleitoral. Esse fenômeno ocorreu em cinco ocasiões, o mais recente em 2000, porém em outras vinte e quatro eleições apenas 1% dos votos populares em um ou alguns estados poderiam provocar a vitória do candidato menos votado. Retrocedemos na história político-eleitoral, até a promulgação da Constituição de 1787, para identificar os problemas crônicos do sistema eleitoral que precarizam sua legitimidade notadamente a ausência de igualdade política entre os eleitores de diferentes estados. Reconstruímos as causas que levaram os autores, na Convenção Constitucional, a priorizar o federalismo na construção de uma engenharia institucional que impedisse a tirania da maioria, que, por sua vez, criou um sistema eleitoral presidencial com características contra-democráticas, principalmente no que tange a questão da igualdade política e a participação popular. Percebemos, entretanto, uma evolução democrática durante sua história e pesquisamos como e o que ocasionou esse processo, para verificar as possibilidades do fortalecimento de um processo eleitoral mais democrático. Os motivos contemporanêos da estabilidade política-eleitoral, todavia, parecem residir menos no ideário político original da Convenção, e mais na existência de forte consenso nas elites políticas e econômicas a respeito da preservação do status quo na ordem política desse país. A metodologia adotada envolve tanto uma retrospectiva histórica, o que pressupõe uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, quanto uma reflexão analítica informada pela teoria política, especialmente nos campos das teorias democráticas e da igualdade política

Equality between the sexes has been discussed in Sweden for more than 50 years. In the 60´s and during the 70´s the discourse that dominated the debate was based on the assumption that both men and women needed to liberate themselves from their traditional gender roles. In this approach information and education was perceived as the key to equality. During the 80´s however, power and subordination became the main focal point of concern within this debate, and focus upon changing the patriarchal power structures dominating society were perceived as the principal key for establishing equality between the sexes. Today, the latter discourse still dominates both the scientific and the political perspective upon equality. By examining the debate on equality from two different fields of occupation this paper tries to analyse the fact that the Swedish equality discourse looks very different on male - versus female domination. Although the proportion of male teachers in Swedish preschools is about 3 % and the amount of women serving as public company directors is about 20 %, the current discourse views male dominance within the business sector as problematic, whilst, the dominance of women in the preschool childcare sector as less problematic. In respect of the theory supported by Bourdieu (1999), Hirdman (1990 & 2003) and Foucault (1998 & 2002) this paper advocates that the discourse is biased and simplified and that a perspective that only focuses on areas of male domination sets the wrong priorities. With regards to equality ideals prevalent throughout Norway this paper concludes that the Swedish equality discourse needs a broader and more open approach to assure that Swedish institutions promote equality between men and women in the best possible way.

The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze why or why not Swedish municipalities implement the gender equality policy – ”right to work fulltime”. In order to understand this institutional change, the analysis is based on a theoretical framework consisting of two fields: political representation and feminist institutionalism. The study is divided into two empirical inquiries. The first part is based on a quantitative survey that describes the casual relationship between two independent variables; women´s political representation and party ideology, and the dependent variable; political decision about “right to work fulltime”. The findings are that women´s representation does not explain the existence of political decision. Rather, political ideology has a higher explanatory factor. The second inquiry is divided into two single-case studies; Nynäshamn, a municipality that has implemented the policy, and Eskilstuna, that failed the implementation process. Four theoretical concepts are developed and one analytical model is used to understand institutional change in these cases. The study concludes that in order to understand the implementation process in these municipalities, local and contextual institutions must be emphasized; both formal and informal institutions need to be in favor for the agents promoting change. However, to fully understand these processes, focus should be directed towards the ways in which gendered power relations shape the construction of new institutions.

Der Gender-Pay-Gap ist eine statistische Kennzahl zur Messung der Ungleichheit zwischen Männern* und Frauen* beim Verdienst. Es gibt zwei Versionen: einen 'unbereinigten' und einen 'bereinigten'. Der 'unbereinigte' Gender-Pay-Gap berechnet den geschlechtsspezifischen Verdienstunterschied auf Basis der Bruttostundenlöhne aller Männer* und Frauen* der Grundgesamtheit. Beim 'bereinigten' Wert hingegen werden je nach Studie verschiedene Faktoren wie Branche, Position und Berufserfahrung herausgerechnet. Neben dem Gender-Pay-Gap gibt es noch weitere Kennzahlen von Einkommensdiskriminierung wie dem Gender-Pension- oder auch dem Racial-Pay-Gap.

The starting point of this thesis is that gender equality should be studied as an empirical field. After the Swedish general election in 2014 the newly formed government proclaimed itself to be the world’s first feminist government. This study aims to examine how gender equality is made and filled with meaning by this feminist government since 2014 and to analyse the results by making use of postcolonial feminist theory and relevant research. Carol Bacchis analytical strategy, “What´s the problem represented to be?” is used as the study’s methodological framework. This approach to critical policy analysis focuses on how governing takes place through problematizations within policy. The results of the study show that gender equality is made by problematizing a lack of regulation, a lack of knowledge, a lack of collaboration, wrongful designation, a lack of attention for certain groups as well as a lack of Swedish strategy. One of the most significant results drawn from the analyses confirms previous research findings that neoliberalism as well as ethnocentric discourses dominate this field of policy. This leads to the conclusions that Swedish Gender Equality Politics, through to its fragmentation is emptied of a specific content and direction as well as that Swedishness and Norms of Honor are created in an asymmetric-diametrically relationship.