Charles University in Prague Faculty of Law Ing. Viera Krajňáková THE ISSUES OF EXCEPTIONAL PUNISHMENT Diploma thesis Abstract The Supervisor of Diploma thesis: doc. JUDr. Jana Tlapák Navrátilová, Ph.D. Department of Criminal Law Date of elaboration of Diploma thesis (closing the manuscript): 6. 9. 2021 THE ISSUES OF EXCEPTIONAL PUNISHMENT ABSTRACT The diploma thesis is focused on the description and evaluation of the basic forms of exceptional punishment, as they are known by the Czech legal system and legal systems of selected European states. The introductory part deals with the meaning and purpose of the institution of punishment as such and the basic streams of thought dealing with the justification of punishment as an intentional harm caused to the offender for the committed crime. The second part of the thesis analyzes the historical development of the types of punishments in relation to the development of its function, from various physical punishments through the death penalty to the modern imprisonment of a limited duration or for life. In the following sections, I tried to describe and evaluate the death penalty itself from the point of view of its conformity with the basic human rights, from the point of view of arguments presented by retentionists and abolitionists, its current use in various...

This thesis deals with the operational planning of production at DT – Výhybkárna a strojírna, a.s., specifically evaluating impacts of the passage of an exceptional order on manufacturing process. Aim is to analyze the current state of process management, to evaluate the impact of additional interventions into the processes and to quantify the costs associated with this intervention in the planned production. All with the minimum cost and maximum efficiency at a given quality. The goal is achieved by simulating of inserting an exceptional order in the enterprise information system.

In South Africa, as in most jurisdictions which profess to be based on an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom, the right against compelled self-incrimination is a guaranteed Constitutional right. This study is prompted by the realization that the right against self-incrimination is being undermined and eroded by an aspect of South Africa’s bail laws. The current study addresses the constitutional validity of section 60(11B)(c) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 in so far as it allows for the admission of incriminating evidence at trial, in contravention of the accused’s right against self-incrimination, which incriminatory evidence was tendered by the applicant during a bail application in circumstances where the applicant was compelled to prove that he would be acquitted at trial where reliance is placed on a weak State’s case in proving exceptional circumstances in compliance with section 60(11)(a) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977. Whilst section 60(11B)(c) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 is undoubtedly aimed at combatting crime, the pre-occupation with crime control measures threatens to undermine individual liberty and poses a threat to our Constitutional project of building a human rights culture. I advance an argument which supports the view that section 60(11B)(c) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 is unconstitutional, in the above context, in that it infringes upon the accused’s right against compelled self-incrimination at trial and does not amount to a justifiable limitation on the rights of an accused in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom. I also advance an alternative legal remedy aimed at fulfilling the initial mischief which Section 60(11B)(c) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 was designed to prevent in order to bring the section in line with the Constitution and a rights-based society. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Procedural Law / LLM / Unrestricted

Die Arbeit untersucht planare optische Mikrokavitäten, welche aus einer beidseitig von Multischichtspiegeln umgebenen Kavitätsschicht bestehen. Im Rahmen einer Transfermatrixbeschreibung für ebene Wellen wird ein genereller Ansatz zur Berechnung von optischen Kavitätsmoden von planaren Mikrokavitäten entwickelt, welche aus optisch beliebig anisotropen Medien bestehen. Die zugrunde liegende Modenbedingung kommt ohne vorherige Einschränkungen bezüglich der betrachteten Lichtpolarisation aus. Basierend auf diesem Ansatz werden numerische Modenberechnungen von Mikrokavitäten mit optisch uniaxialen Kavitätsschichten vorgenommen. Generell sind die Moden in einem solchen System elliptisch polarisiert, und zudem i.A. nicht orthogonal. Ein besonderes Phänomen stellen sogenannte exzeptionelle Punkte dar. Dies sind Richtungen, für welche Energie und Verbreiterung der zwei Kavitätsphotonmoden zugleich entarten. Die Moden werden an solchen Punkten zirkular ko-polarisiert, die Orientierung der linearen Modenpolarisation windet sich im Impulsraum um diese Punkte herum. Die Eigenschaften der anisotropen Mikrokavitäten und exzeptionellen Punkte sind charakteristisch für singuläre, biaxiale Optik. So entsprechen die exzeptionellen Punkte Richtungen sogenannter singulärer optischer Achsen der effektiv biaxialen Strukturen, und können als Entartung nicht-Hermitescher Operatoren beschrieben werden. Die experimentelle Realisierung wird am Beispiel ZnO-basierter Mikrokavitäten gezeigt und bestätigt die theoretischen Vorhersagen im Wesentlichen, wenngleich im Experiment keine komplett zirkular polarisierten Zustände an den Entartungspunkten beobachtet wurden.:0 Introduction 1 Theory I: Linear optics principles 1.1 Maxwell theory 1.1.1 Plane-wave ansatz 1.1.2 Light polarization 1.1.3 Crystal optics 1.1.4 The polariton concept 1.2 Matrix formalisms for planar structures 1.2.1 Transfer-matrix approach 1.2.2 Scattering, Jones and Müller matrices 2 Theory II: Planar optical microcavities 2.1 Fabry-Pérot resonators and photonic modes 2.2 Practical mode computation 2.3 Quasi-particle approach 3 Computation: Exceptional points in anisotropic microcavities 3.1 Numerical methods 3.2 Model and findings for anisotropic, dielectric microcavities 3.3 Classification and discussion 3.3.1 General characteristics of exceptional points in anisotropic microcavities 3.3.2 Polarization vortices and singular optics 3.3.3 Net topology of the system 3.3.4 Effective-medium approaches 3.3.5 Quasi-particle approaches 3.3.6 Other familiar systems and phenomena 3.4 Anisotropic exciton-polaritons 4 Experiment: ZnO-based planar microcavities 4.1 Microcavity samples 4.2 Experimental methods 4.3 Experimental results vs. theoretical computations 4.4 Summary and discussion 5 Conclusion A Appendix A.1 Determining optic axes A.2 Exceptional points A.3 Expressions in Gaußian CGS units A.4 Polarization patterns of isotropic microcavities Bibliography Symbols and Abbreviations Authored and co-authored publications directly related to this thesis Acknowledgments Curriculum Vitae / In this thesis, planar optical cavities are investigated. They consist of a cavity layer which is surrounded by multi-layer mirrors. Using a transfer matrix technique for planar structures, a general mode condition is developed, which allows computation of cavity-photon modes for planar microcavities, which consist of optically arbitrarily anisotropic media. With this approach, no prior restriction of the considered light polarization is required. Based on this formalism, numerical computations of planar microcavities with optically uniaxial cavity layers are performed. Generally, the cavity-photon modes in such systems obtain elliptic polarization. Furthermore, they are in general not orthogonal to each other. A particular phenomenon is the occurrence of so called exceptional points. Here, the two cavity-photon modes degenerate in energy and broadening simultaneously, and the modes become circularly co-polarized. In addition, the exceptional points are vortex centers in momentum space for the orientation of the linear polarization of the modes. With this, anisotropic planar microcavities show typical characteristics of singular as well as biaxial optics. The exceptional points can be regarded as singular optic axes of the effectively biaxial structures. They can be described by the degeneracy of non-Hermitian operators. Experimental implementation is demonstrated by ZnO-based microcavities. In general, experimental findings prove the theoretical predictions, albeit the degree of circular polarization does not approach 100% at the exceptional points.:0 Introduction 1 Theory I: Linear optics principles 1.1 Maxwell theory 1.1.1 Plane-wave ansatz 1.1.2 Light polarization 1.1.3 Crystal optics 1.1.4 The polariton concept 1.2 Matrix formalisms for planar structures 1.2.1 Transfer-matrix approach 1.2.2 Scattering, Jones and Müller matrices 2 Theory II: Planar optical microcavities 2.1 Fabry-Pérot resonators and photonic modes 2.2 Practical mode computation 2.3 Quasi-particle approach 3 Computation: Exceptional points in anisotropic microcavities 3.1 Numerical methods 3.2 Model and findings for anisotropic, dielectric microcavities 3.3 Classification and discussion 3.3.1 General characteristics of exceptional points in anisotropic microcavities 3.3.2 Polarization vortices and singular optics 3.3.3 Net topology of the system 3.3.4 Effective-medium approaches 3.3.5 Quasi-particle approaches 3.3.6 Other familiar systems and phenomena 3.4 Anisotropic exciton-polaritons 4 Experiment: ZnO-based planar microcavities 4.1 Microcavity samples 4.2 Experimental methods 4.3 Experimental results vs. theoretical computations 4.4 Summary and discussion 5 Conclusion A Appendix A.1 Determining optic axes A.2 Exceptional points A.3 Expressions in Gaußian CGS units A.4 Polarization patterns of isotropic microcavities Bibliography Symbols and Abbreviations Authored and co-authored publications directly related to this thesis Acknowledgments Curriculum Vitae

No description available.

Förväntat kunskapsbidragStudien vill belysa de särskilt begåvade eleverna, hur lärare kan möta och upptäcka dem så attde får den kunskapsutveckling de har rätt till. Att särskilt begåvade även kan hainlärningssvårigheter, att begåvningen också kan vara ett hinder i deras inlärning och döljaandra svårigheter p.g.a. deras verbala förmåga. Lyfta fram elevernas uppfattningar om sittskriftspråk och det stöd de får av lärarna.Syfte och frågeställningarSyftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare på två olika skolor i Sverige förhåller sig ocharbetar med särskilt begåvade elever i deras kunskapsutveckling. Detta för att öka kunskapenom hur lärare kan stötta särskilt begåvade elever i undervisningen. Det centrala iundersökningen är att undersöka om lärare använder något speciellt arbetssätt för att utvecklasärskilt begåvade elevers skrivutveckling, samt att undersöka elevernas uppfattning om sittskriftspråk och hur de upplever lärarnas stöd.De preciserade frågeställningarna:- Vilka kunskaper har lärarna för att upptäcka och möta särskilt begåvade elever.- Hur arbetar lärarna med de särskilt begåvade i deras skrivutveckling.- Hur upplever eleverna sitt skriftspråk och det stöd läraren ger.TeoriDe teoretiska perspektiv vilka studien är baserad på är sociokulturellt perspektivet för attspråket anses vara ett redskap för lärande och att människan samspelar med sin omgivning i sinutveckling. Det kognitiva perspektivet är viktigt ur de synvinkeln då de särskilt begåvade oftaär exceptionella i sitt tankesätt. Specialpedagogiskt perspektiv är viktigt för studiens syfte dådet belyser var och hur svårigheter och problem läggs.4MetodStudien är en fallstudie, då är det lämpligt att använda sig av triangulering, för att få kunskapoch djupare förståelse av det undersökta. I studien användes halvstrukturerade intervjuer ochobservationer.ResultatStudien visar att det finns viss kunskap hos lärare för att möta och upptäcka särskilt begåvadeelever, men att kunskapen behöver fördjupas och breddas. Acceleration i form av att hoppa överårskurser användes på båda skolorna. Lärarna i studien använde sig inte av något specielltarbetssätt eller arbetsmetod i undervisningen med de särskilt begåvade elevernasskrivutveckling. Eleverna arbetade med samma uppgifter som erbjöds övriga elever, detta föratt eleverna hade accelererat i form av att de hoppat över årskurser. Eleverna upplevde att dehade svårigheter med sitt skriftspråk, i form av att de hade svårigheter att få ner det i skrift.Eleverna tyckte det var svårt att forma bokstäverna när de skrev för hand, även att stava ordenansåg de var svårt. Svårigheterna avhjälptes inte med hjälp av datorn. Däremot hade de ingasvårigheter att komma på vad de skulle skriva och berätta det verbalt.Specialpedagogiska implikationerStudien visar att särskilt begåvade elever kan vara i behov av särskilt stöd, då deraskunskapsinhämtning kan vara komplicerad. Speciallärare med inriktning språk, läs- ochskrivutveckling kan vara ett stort stöd både för eleven, men även för läraren i sitt arbete med desärskilt begåvade.NyckelordIdentifiera, skriftspråk, speciallärare, särskild begåvning, twice- exceptional, upptäcka.

This thesis explored how students with exceptionalities learned literacy skills in an online learning environment and how the teacher was supported in the online classroom environment through professional development. Analysis of classroom observations and interviews with a teacher resulted in five findings: (1) There was limited professional development for teaching exceptional education students online. (2) Meeting exceptional student educational needs in the online environment was challenging for the teacher. (3) During the teacher's online lessons, there were some elements of literacy present such as comprehension and real-world examples. (4) The teacher missed out on some key components for literacy development with exceptional students in an online learning environment. (5) The exceptional students in the online learning environment did not have access to classroom tools.

No description available.

Models of word pronunciation have tended to emphasize either generalized knowledge in the form of letter-to-sound correspondence rules or item specific knowledge in the form of rote associations. Simple formulations of both types of models have been found to be clearly insufficient to account for the pattern of results obtained with three types of items: regular words, exceptional words and pseudowords. The general findings are: 1-pseudowords take longer for response initiation than words; 2-although slower, pseudowords are pronounced quite easily by most readers; 3-exception words take longer for response initiation than regular words. Even a dual-process formulation, based on item specific knowledge for some type of items and generalized correspondence rules for other items, fails to account for some of the differences in pronunciation latencies which have been observed between regular and exceptional words. Glushko (1979a) has proposed that the regular-exceptional distinction should be replaced by a consistent-inconsistent distinction. The thrust of his argument is based on his finding that regular words like MINT have the same pronunciation latencies as exceptional words like PINT. Hence when one controls for a certain type of similarity between words, there is no difference between regular and exceptional words. However, a difference is found between words whose final three letters share a consistent pronunciation {such as MINK and PINK) and words whose terminal letter groups have more than one pronunciation {such as MINT and PINT). Glushko's model, the activation-synthesis model, is based on the elimination of the regular-exceptional distinction. On the basis of this elimination, it is possible to make a number of extensions to the activation-synthesis model. Empirical verifications of these potential extensions were attempted using manipulations intended to increase or decrease the amount of conflict present when target items were presented for pronunciation. Inconclusive results were obtained from a first manipulation which used a repeated list paradigm. A second manipulation revealed that it was possible to speed up the pronunciation of a pseudoword by priming with regular words but not by priming with exceptional words. However, priming with exceptional words increased the number of exceptional pronunciations which were emitted for the subsequent pseudoword. The pattern of results is consistent with the conclusion that the regular-irregular distinction should be maintained and superimposed on the consistent-inconsistent distinction. The argument is made that the inconsistency effect may be due to the activation of inconsistency detectors by words which contain specially coded letter groups. It is further suggested that the activation of inconsistency detectors would modify the usual response generation or retrieval process. This modified process would allow access to the exceptional information which would be somewhat resistant to the usual generalization phenomena observed in word pronunciation. Suggestions are also made as to the nature of the cues which could activate the inconsistency detectors. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<pre>The degree of freedom brought about by breaking the directional symmetry of space through the use of anisotropic media finds applications in numerous photonic systems. Almost all these systems are based on physical principles that are generalized extensions of their isotropic counterparts, much in the same way an ellipse is related to a circle. However, as we show, there are examples where, in the presence of loss, disorder or even coupling to the measurement apparatus, emerges a completely new behavior which is qualitatively different from the isotropic case. In this work we study these emergent phenomena found in open anisotropic photonic systems.</pre> <pre><br></pre> <pre>We demonstrate that open systems based on biaxial anisotropic medium can support exceptional points which are singularities in the parameter space of the system where the mode frequencies as well as the modes themselves coalesce. We also show that topological insulators, which are novel materials that behave as dielectric in the bulk but metallic in the surface and exhibit bianisotropy through the coupling of their electric and magnetic response, can emit thermal radiation that carries nonzero spin angular momentum. Next, after describing how the strong anisotropy of hyperbolic metamaterial can support electromagnetic fields propagating with high wavenumbers unbounded by the frequency, we show that a super-resolution imaging scheme based on such material is quite robust against substantial loss and disorder. Finally, we consider an example of an incoherent perfect absorber and show that loss and anisotropy in this case can work together to recover the ideal lossless limit for the absorbing performance. In addition to making new conceptual connections between photonics and other branches of science such as condensed matter physics, biotechnology and quantum mechanics, these new emergent phenomena are shown to have thermal, imaging and sensing applications.</pre>