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Biosolids have been used as soil conditioners and fertilizers in agriculture and mine land reclamation, but application of Exceptional Quality (EQ) biosolids to rehabilitate anthropogenic soils for urban agriculture is recent and requires greater study to ensure their appropriate use. The objectives were: 1) to quantify plant available nitrogen (PAN) of new EQ biosolids in a greenhouse bioassay; 2) to quantify PAN of EQ biosolids applied to an urban degraded subsoil via tall fescue N fertilizer equivalency, and compare field results to laboratory tests; 3) to investigate EQ biosolids and inorganic fertilizer effects on urban soil properties, vegetable yields, and potential N and phosphorus (P) loss. Biosolids evaluated were products of thermal hydrolysis plus anaerobic digestion (BLOOM), blending with woody mulch (BM) and sand/sawdust (BSS), composting (LBC), and heat-drying (OCB). Organic N mineralization of new blended biosolids products ranged between 20-25% in the greenhouse bioassay. Products BLOOM, BM, and OCB had the highest organic N mineralization as estimated by the 7-day anaerobic incubation, and this test and soil nitrate-N had the highest correlations with tall fescue N uptake (r=0.49 and r=0.505, respectively). We conducted a two-year field study with four growing seasons (fall 2016-2017 and summer 2017-2018) in an urban disturbed subsoil where EQ biosolids were applied seasonally at agronomic N rates, and yearly at reclamation rates (5x agronomic N). Cabbage yields were greater with reclamation rates (~3.0 kg m-2) and bell pepper yields were greater with BLOOM reclamation rate (~1.0 kg m-2) than with the inorganic fertilizer (1.0 kg m-2 and 0.2 kg m-2, respectively) during second year growing seasons. Soil carbon (C) accumulation (%C remaining in the soil) two years after biosolids additions ranged between 37 to 84%. Soil N availability and mineralization were limited most likely due to lack of residual soil C and N, and high clay content. Nitrogen leaching losses from reclamation rates were not greater than agronomic N rates. Leachate P was below detection during most of the experiment. Despite limiting soil conditions, biosolids amendment at reclamation rates showed greatest potential to increase vegetable yield and improve soil properties after two years of application, while not impairing water quality. / Doctor of Philosophy / Exceptional Quality (EQ) biosolids are by-products of wastewater treatment plants that have been processed to destroy pathogens, reduce attraction by disease-spreading organisms (e.g. flies, mosquitoes, rodents, etc.), and limit heavy metal concentrations. These characteristics make EQ biosolids safe for use by home gardeners for growing food crops. There is limited information on optimal recommended rates at which these products should be applied to urban gardens. The purpose of our research was to determine optimum application rates of EQ biosolids to urban gardens based on their essential plant nutrient (esp., nitrogen and phosphorus) availability. We learned that the EQ biosolids we studied are less concentrated in plant available nitrogen and phosphorus than biosolids applied to conventional agricultural fields. This is because we diluted our biosolids with sawdust, sand, and woody mulch to facilitate their storage, handling, and ease of application. We learned that high EQ biosolids application rates reduce soil compaction and increase essential plant nutrient availability and crop yields for agriculture practiced in urban soils. The high application rates of EQ biosolids accomplished such soil-improving and yield-increasing benefits without impairing local water quality.

We first introduce the octonions as an eight dimensional vector space over a field of characteristic zero with a multiplication defined using a table. We also show that the multiplication rules for octonions can be derived from a special graph with seven vertices call the Fano Plane. Next we explain the Cayley-Dickson construction, which exhibits the octonions as the set of ordered pairs of quaternions. This approach parallels the realization of the complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers. The rest of the thesis is devoted to following a paper by N. Jacobson written in 1939 entitled "Cayley Numbers and Normal Simple Lie Algebras of Type G". We prove that the algebra of derivations on the octonions is a Lie algebra of type G_2. The proof proceeds by showing the set of derivations on the octonions is a Lie algebra, has dimension fourteen, and is semisimple. Next, we complexify the algebra of derivations on the octonions and show the complexification is simple. This suffices to show the complexification of the algebra of derivations is isomorphic to g_2 since g_2 is the only semisimple complex Lie algebra of dimension fourteen. Finally, we conclude the algebra of derivations on the octonions is a simple Lie algebra of type G_2. / Master of Science

The purpose of the study is to acquire knowledge and understanding of successful school development, with a focus on students' cognitive abilities. The survey focuses on the implementation of development work and its effects on the organization and students' development. The theoretical framework is based on special educational perspectives, salutogenic perspective and organizational theory. Two contiguous preschool class‑third grade schools are included in the study and primary data consists of interview responses from school staff. The study also includes questionnaire responses from guardians of children in third grade. However, the response rate from the guardians is insufficient for conclusions. The results show that school development changed the view of students' differences and needs. Furthermore, the schools have shifted their focus to group and organizational level, as well as to more promotional and preventive work. Fewer students are included in the student health team and the number of action plans has decreased. The development of the schools is characterized by a shift towards a more critical perspective and has been conducted through strengthened meaningfulness in the form of defined values, consensus in purpose and vision and collegial cooperation. The conditions that enable successful school development are characterized by a strong sense of coherence, in both leadership and conditions. Increased focus on the environment, as well as enhancement of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness, are also factors that have benefited students' development. Factors that hinder school development can be traced to a compensatory and dilemma perspective, as well as to a lack of sense of coherence. Above all concerning attitudes among school staff and external demands placed on the school activities. Our conclusion is that both school development and students' cognitive abilities can be promoted through the application of a salutogenic perspective.

Cremmer und Julia haben 1978 die Existenz von verborgenen En(n)-exzeptionellen Symmetrien in den maximalen Supergravitationstheorien (SUGRA), die aus der Kompaktifizierung der elfdimensionalen SUGRA auf einem n-Torus folgen, entdeckt. Die Existenz dieser En(n)-Symmetrien in den maximalen SUGRA ist eine ihrer bemerkenswertesten Eigenschaften, aber die Bedeutung dieser Symmetrien in der Quantentheorie ist noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Zudem ist erst seit 2013 bekannt, wie eine manifest En(n)-kovariante exzeptionelle Feldtheorie (ExFT), die auf einer exzeptionellen Geometrie basiert und insbesondere die elfdimensionale SUGRA beinhaltet, konstruiert werden kann (Hohm & Samtleben, 2013). In dieser Dissertation konstruieren wir die kanonische Formulierung der E6(6)-ExFT, was als Ausgangspunkt der kanonischen Quantisierung angesehen werden kann. Wir ermitteln die nicht-integrale Form des topologischen Terms der E6(6)-ExFT und untersuchen eine topologische Modelltheorie, die auf dem kinetischen Term der zwei-Form basiert. Um die Konstruktion einer verallgemeinerten Geometrie zu illustrieren konstruieren wir explizit den Y-Tensor für die Gruppe Sp(2n). Außerdem beschreiben wir eine vereinfachte kanonische Behandlung der Zwangsbedingungen des skalaren symmetrischen Raumes, welche wir für SL(n)/SO(n) erläutern. Zur Vorbereitung der kanonischen Analyse der ExFT untersuchen wir die kanonische Formulierung der manifest E6(6)-invarianten ungeeichten maximalen fünfdimensionalen SUGRA und führen eine umfassende kanonische Analyse, inklusive aller Eichtransformationen und der vollständigen Poisson-Algebra der Zwangsbedingungen, durch. Wir errechnen die Hamilton-Funktion der ExFT, sowie den Großteil der kanonischen (Eich-)Transformationen und Teile der Poisson-Algebra der Zwangsbedingungen. Zudem untersuchen wir, wie die kanonische Formulierung durch das verallgemeinerte Vielbein ausgedrückt werden kann und erörtern die mögliche Existenz von verallgemeinerten Ashtekar-Variablen. / In 1978 Cremmer and Julia discovered the existence of hidden non-compact global En(n) exceptional symmetries in the maximal supergravity (SUGRA) theories that follow from the compactification of eleven-dimensional SUGRA on an n-torus. The existence of these hidden exceptional symmetries in maximal SUGRA theories is one of their most notable features, but the role of these symmetries is not yet fully understood at the quantum level. Moreover it has only been known since 2013 how a manifestly En(n) covariant exceptional field theory (ExFT) can be constructed, which is based on an exceptional geometry and in particular contains the eleven-dimensional SUGRA (see Hohm & Samtleben, 2013). In this thesis we construct and investigate the canonical formulation of the (bosonic) E6(6) ExFT, which can be seen as the starting point of the canonical quantisation procedure. We calculate the explicit non-integral form of the topological term of the E6(6) ExFT and explore a topological model theory based on the two-form kinetic term. To illustrate the construction of a generalised geometry we explicitly construct the Y-tensor for the group Sp(2n). Furthermore we establish a simplified canonical treatment of the scalar coset constraints, which we illustrate for SL(n)/SO(n). As a preparation to the canonical analysis of the ExFT we calculate the canonical formulation of the manifestly E6(6) invariant ungauged maximal five-dimensional SUGRA theory and carry out a comprehensive canonical analysis including all gauge transformations and the full constraint algebra. We then proceed to work out the canonical formulation of the E6(6) ExFT. We calculate the full ExFT Hamiltonian, most of the canonical (gauge) transformations and parts of the constraint algebra. Moreover we examine how the canonical formulation can be expressed in the generalised vielbein form and we discuss the possible existence of generalised Ashtekar variables.

<p>Within the framework of Jackendoff’s conceptual semantics, this study investigates the semantic properties that govern the distribution of object control (such as <i>John persuaded Mary to help Sally</i>) and exceptional case marking (such as <i>John wanted Mary to help Sally</i>) in English. In contrast to Jackendoff’s approach to control, one central idea here is that the<i> to-</i>infinitive complements under discussion should receive a uniform semantic analysis, and thus that control behaviour cannot be explained in terms of semantic argument type of the complement clause. In order to arrive at such an analysis of these<i> to-</i>infinitival complements, they are taken to constitute Situations in conceptual structure, and clauses (TPs) in syntax.</p><p>It is argued here that it is indeed possible to establish the character of the semantic properties that govern the two constructions OC and ECM. Not only does the semantic type of the governing predicate play a role—attitude predicates, as opposed to force dynamic predicates, are exclusively coded as ECM in syntax—but also the realisation of the semantic argument position that corresponds to the Patient/Beneficiary role in conceptual structure. With force dynamic predicates, OC will arise when this argument position is filled with an explicit argument. When it is empty, or left implicit, however, the result will be ECM in syntactic structure.</p>

Esta dissertação analisa a técnica de julgamento de recursos repetitivos pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) e Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) técnica de julgamento por amostragem , instituída no direito brasileiro pelas Leis federais ns. 11.418/2006 e 11.672/2008, que respectivamente incluíram no Código de Processo Civil os artigos 543-B e 543-C. Na primeira parte do trabalho, são abordados temas correlatos, relativos à tendência de valorização da jurisprudência no direito brasileiro, bem como às funções, importância e admissibilidade dos recursos extraordinários e especiais. Na segunda parte, são analisadas as justificativas de criação da técnica, relacionadas ao equacionamento do problema do excesso de recursos repetitivos no STF e no STJ. Além disso, são traçados os aspectos gerais do instituto, analisando-se a sua inspiração em procedimentos de julgamento por amostragem do direito estrangeiro, a sua caracterização como técnica de ampliação da eficácia persuasiva dos precedentes do STF e do STJ e suas diferenças e semelhanças com a repercussão geral. São também enfrentadas as questões relativas à constitucionalidade do julgamento por amostragem, apresentando-se um olhar crítico sobre a jurisprudência do STF e do STJ, que vêm interpretando suas regras de forma excessivamente restritiva ao direito das partes. A terceira e última parte é dedicada ao exame do funcionamento da técnica de julgamento de recursos repetitivos, enfrentando-se as diversas questões relativas às várias fases de seu procedimento, tais como os requisitos para instauração, competência, sobrestamento de recursos repetitivos, participação de terceiros e efeitos do julgamento. São também analisados os resultados práticos, principalmente à luz das estatísticas do STF e STJ, após a sua positivação, bem como as modificações previstas na versão atual do projeto de novo CPC. Trata-se de um legítimo e eficiente instrumento de potencialização dos precedentes do STF e do STJ que, sem prejuízo de necessários aperfeiçoamentos, bem como da sua adequada interpretação e aplicação à luz dos princípios constitucionais, mostra-se teoricamente adequado para conciliar a atual realidade dos problemas gerados pelos recursos repetitivos com a verdadeira função dos recursos excepcionais, de proteção e unificação do direito federal constitucional e infraconstitucional. / This Masters Dissertation analyzes the technical of judgment of recursos repetitivos [repetitive appeals, as a free translation] by Superior Court of Justice (STJ) and Federal Supreme Court (STF) technical of julgamento por amostragem [judgment by sampling, as a free translation] established in Brazilian legal system by the Brazilian Federal Laws Ns. 11.418/2006 and 11.672/2008, which respectively included in the Code of Civil Procedure the Articles 543-B and 543-C. In the first part of this work, correlated themes are addressed, related to the trend of appreciation of the jurisprudence in Brazilian law, as well as the functions, importance and acceptability of extraordinary and special appeals. In the second part, this work analyzes the reasons for the creation of the technique related to solution of the problem of excessive repetitive appeals on Federal Supreme Court (STF) and Superior Court of Justice (STJ). Furthermore, the general aspects on this matter are plotted by the analyze of its inspiration in trial procedures by sampling of foreign law, its characterization as a technique of enlargement of the persuasive effectiveness of precedents of Supreme Court (STF) and of Superior Court of Justice (STJ) and its differences and similarities with the repercussão geral [general impact, as a free translation]. This work also challenges the questions related to the constitutionality of the judgment by sampling presenting a critical vision at the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court (STF) and of Superior Court of Justice (STJ) that have been interpreting the rules of the judgment by sampling excessively restrictive to the right of the parties. The third and last part of this work deals with the examination of the operation of the technique of repetitive appeals trial, facing up of several questions relating to the various stages of its procedure, such as conditions of filing, jurisdiction, halting of repetitive appeals, third parties participation and effects of the judgment. This work also analyzes the practical results, particularly in light of the statistics of Supreme Court (STF) and of Superior Court of Justice (STJ), after the legalization of the repetitive appeals as well as the changes planned in the current draft version of the new CPC. It is a legitimate and efficient instrument of potentiation of the precedents of the STF and STJ, which, notwithstanding necessary improvements, as well as their adequate interpretation and application in the light of the constitutional principles proves to be adequate to conciliate the current reality of the problems caused by repetitive appeals with the true function of the of exceptional appeals, to protect and to unify the constitutional and infra-constitutional federal law.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-11T12:09:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Anna Paola de Souza Bonagura.pdf: 1057889 bytes, checksum: a2f0cc12dfd8e8afa1a21e4e00ebaf9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T12:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anna Paola de Souza Bonagura.pdf: 1057889 bytes, checksum: a2f0cc12dfd8e8afa1a21e4e00ebaf9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-12 / This work aims to study the function of the Superior Court of Justice and Supreme Federal Court and there way of ruling both special and extraordinary appeal to cause the reasoning uniformity of the law. Review of the origins of such Courts. Evolving of legislation regarding such Courts, appeals and correspondent jurisprudence. Focus on STJ and STF regarding the admissibility of such appeals. Considering of relevance reasoning procedure and current “repercussão geral” system. Based on such this work aims to analyze how such Court are developing the so called “jurisprudência defensiva” as filter. In such scenario this work address the innovation promoted by new civil procedural code that discourage the so called “jurisprudência defensive”. It is necessary that the Courts reinforce its own role of creating and interpreting law, achieving decisions consistency, stability, predictability and legal certainty / O presente trabalho destina-se a estudar a função do STJ e STF no âmbito dos recursos especial e extraordinário, especialmente no que se refere à uniformização da interpretação do direito objetivo. Revisitaremos as origens destas cortes e a evolução da legislação e da jurisprudência relacionadas ao tema. Daremos destaque às Súmulas do STJ e do STJ que tratam da admissibilidade destes recursos, na técnica da arguição de relevância e à atual sistemática da repercussão geral. Analisaremos a tendência destes tribunais de desenvolverem a chamada jurisprudência defensiva e as inovações trazidas pelo NCPC no que tange ao desestímulo à utilização deste filtro. Concluiremos pela necessidade de fortalecimento dos precedentes criados por estas Cortes

The study reported here originated in my therapeutic work with children at risk and my search for a therapeutic approach which would help them develop the inner strength to cope with their difficulties. The concept of ‘meaning in life' as a source of strength has been extensively and richly studied among older age groups, both with respect to the different personal meanings which everyone finds in their life and with respect to the effect on one's life of possessing a sense of 'meaning in life', but it has been neglected almost entirely among children. As a result, the aim of this research was to further knowledge about the concept of 'meaning in life' for children. Due to the paucity of research with children regarding this issue, it was needed to first establish that meaning in life was at all a relevant and researchable concept for children. Consequently, the primary research questions were as follows: Does the concept of ‘meaning in life' have relevance for children? Relatedly, what are the (dis)connections between children's understandings of their own lives, and what matters to them, and, the adult concept of ‘meaning in life? To examine these over-arching questions, the following four sub-questions were devised: - What do children think are the most important and meaningful things in their lives? - What do children think is the best way to live life? - What nature of goals and purpose do children have for their lives and do they believe that they have character traits and strengths which would help them to fulfil their goals/purpose? - How do children's individuality and the differences between them show themselves in their perspectives on meaning in life? To what extent is gender associated with variations in response? The research adopted a Constructivist-Phenomenological approach, with the aim of getting as close as possible to the children's own perceptions and experience of their world. Thirty eight-year-old children in their third year at two primary schools in different neighbourhoods of the same central Israeli city were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. This data collection approach was complemented by two creative elements: a short semi-humorous story told at the start to set the tone of the interview, and a picture drawn at the end of the interview by the children to illustrate what was important in their life. Some interviews were carried out individually and some as a group. The data analysis method chosen was Smith's (1996) and Smith and Osborn's (2008) Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This thesis makes two original contributions to knowledge. The first is the discovery that meaning in life is as pertinent a concept among children as it is among adults. Children may not understand the concept of 'meaning in life' in as full a way as an adult might, but they do have clear and well-shaped opinions about the most important things in their lives (e.g. family and friends) and how they should best live (e.g. by helping others and living in peace). They have goals and plans for the future (e.g. Ambitions to become a pilot or teacher) and they believe that they have traits and strengths that will help them in reaching their goals (e.g. that being wise, kind or curious will help them in life). The second important contribution is methodological: the research technics developed in this study (the semi-structured interview enriched by story-telling and picture-drawing) has provided what appears to be a reliable way of generating valid responses from the participants. It could be used by researchers in the future to further understanding about how children perceive the notion of meaning in life.

Studiens syfte är att belysa och diskutera hur undervisande lärare och föräldrar till särbegåvade elever med eller utan diagnos upplever samarbetet mellan skolan och hemmet. För att ta reda på hur det förhåller sig används en kvalitativ intervjumetod, tre föräldrar till särbegåvade elever med eller utan diagnos och tre lärare intervjuades. Det teoretiska perspektiv som studien utgår ifrån är Eriksons (2004) fyra typologier som beskriver samverkan mellan hem och skola, samt Hargreaves (2001) socialkulturella distanser för att analysera samverkan på personnivå. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultatet av studien att samverkan mellan hem och skola inte är helt problemfritt då eleven är särbegåvad med eller utan diagnos. Samtliga Hargreaves distanser finns representerade och det är både föräldrar såväl som lärare som dessa uppmärksammades hos. Alla principer utom brukarprincipen gick att koppla till respondenterna. De faktorer som studien visar är gynnsamma för samverkan är kunskap från skolans sida angående NPF och särbegåvning samt enskilda personers engagemang för eleven. Faktorer som kan ses som mindre gynnsamma för samverkan är brist på tid och pengar i skolan. / The aim of the study is to highlight and discuss how teachers and parents of gifted students, with or without diagnosis, experience the cooperation between the school and the home of the students. To perform the study a qualitative interview method was used. Three parents and three teachers to gifted students with our without a diagnosis were interviewed. The theoretical perspective from which the study is based is Erikson's (2004) four typologies that describe the collaboration between home and school and Hargreaves (2001) social-cultural distances to analyze collaboration at a person level. In conclusion, the result of the study shows that the interaction between home and school is not completely without problems when the student is gifted with or without diagnosis. All Hargreave's distances are represented and it is for both parents and teachers that these were noticed. All principles except the user principle could be linked to the respondents. The factors that the study shows are favorable for collaboration between teachers and parents is knowledge from the school's side regarding NPD, and specificity, as well as individual's commitment for the student. Factors that can be seen as less favorable for collaboration are lack of time and money in school.