L’évolution d’une économie industrielle vers une économie de la connaissance et du savoir a propulsé la propriété intellectuelle sur le devant de la scène. Désormais les droits intellectuels s’intègrent à tous les domaines de la vie moderne. De ce fait, le besoin de les protéger efficacement par des règles juridiques appropriées et d’inciter en conséquence les créateurs à produire de nouvelles créations est devenu une nécessité de premier ordre. Cependant, la spécificité de la nature de l’œuvre protégée par la propriété intellectuelle exige la prise en considération de multiples intérêts antagonistes. C’est pourquoi le législateur a cherché, au nom de l’intérêt général, à créer un juste équilibre interne entre les principaux intérêts présents au sein du régime de la propriété intellectuelle. Or, l’exercice des prérogatives octroyées par le régime de propriété intellectuelle effectué par le titulaire de droit a généré une importante expansion de ses intérêts au détriment des autres intérêts concurrents – présents dans la matière. Cette situation a provoqué, en conséquence, une rupture de l’équilibre interne de ce système, préétabli en amont par le législateur. Or, l’intérêt général peut jouer un rôle central dans le rétablissement d’un équilibre en la matière. Dans cette perspective, le juge peut, grâce à son pouvoir créateur de règles jurisprudentielles, se servir de l’intérêt général comme d’une ligne directrice servant à rétablir ce juste équilibre dans le système de la propriété intellectuelle. L’intérêt général justifie donc, tout autant que les limites intrinsèques aux droits de la propriété intellectuelle, les limites extrinsèques à ces droits / The evolution of the industrial economy towards the economy of knowledge has propelled intellectual property to the forefront. Intellectual property has become integrated in all the domains of the modern life. As a result, it has become a necessity to protect it effectively through appropriate legal rules that encourage creators to continue to provide new creations. However, the specificity of the nature of the work protected by intellectual property requires the consideration of multiple conflicting interests. As such, the legislator has sought, in the name of the general interest, to create a fair internal balance between the main interests present within the system of intellectual property rights. Nevertheless, the exercise of the prerogatives granted by the intellectual property system, carried out by the owner of intellectual property, has caused an important expansion of the interests of this owner, to the detriment of other concurrent interests. This has consequently caused a break in the internal balance of the system, instigated by the legislator. Nonetheless, the general interest can play a key role in restoring balance through the application of external rules to the intellectual property regime. In this perspective, the judge can, by using his creative power of jurisprudence, use the general interest as a guideline to restore balance in the intellectual property system. The general interest justifies thus, as well as the intrinsic limits to intellectual property rights, the extrinsic limits to these rights

Les architectures parallèles sont désormais présentes dans tous les matériels informatiques, mais les programmeurs ne sont généralement pas formés à leur programmation dans les modèles explicites tels que MPI ou les Pthreads. Il y a un besoin important de modèles plus abstraits tels que les squelettes algorithmiques qui sont une approche structurée. Ceux-ci peuvent être vus comme des fonctions d’ordre supérieur synthétisant le comportement d’algorithmes parallèles récurrents que le développeur peut ensuite combiner pour créer ses programmes. Les développeurs souhaitent obtenir de meilleures performances grâce aux programmes parallèles, mais le temps de développement est également un facteur très important. Les approches par squelettes algorithmiques fournissent des résultats intéressants dans ces deux aspects. La bibliothèque Orléans Skeleton Library ou OSL fournit un ensemble de squelettes algorithmiques de parallélisme de données quasi-synchrones dans le langage C++ et utilise des techniques de programmation avancées pour atteindre une bonne efficacité. Nous avons amélioré OSL afin de lui apporter de meilleures performances et une plus grande expressivité. Nous avons voulu analyser le rapport entre les performances des programmes et l’effort de programmation nécessaire sur OSL et d’autres modèles de programmation parallèle. La comparaison rigoureuse entre des programmes parallèles dans OSL et leurs équivalents de bas niveau montre une bien meilleure productivité pour les modèles de haut niveau qui offrent une grande facilité d’utilisation tout en produisant des performances acceptables. / Parallel architectures have now reached every computing device, but software developers generally lackthe skills to program them through explicit models such as MPI or the Pthreads. There is a need for moreabstract models such as the algorithmic skeletons which are a structured approach. They can be viewed ashigher order functions that represent the behaviour of common parallel algorithms, and those are combinedby the programmer to generate parallel programs. Programmers want to obtain better performances through the usage of parallelism, but the development time implied is also an important factor. Algorithmic skeletons provide interesting results in both those fields. The Orléans Skeleton Library or OSL provides a set of algorithmic skeletons for data parallelism within the bulk synchronous parallel model for the C++ language. It uses advanced metaprogramming techniques to obtain good performances. We improved OSL in order to obtain better performances from its generated programs, and extended its expressivity. We wanted to analyze the ratio between the performance of programs and the development effort needed within OSL and other parallel programming models. The comparison between parallel programs written within OSL and their equivalents in low level parallel models shows a better productivity for high level models : they are easy to use for the programmers while providing decent performances.

This is a report founded on a project by Atlas Copco called NYSTAB.  The application Nystab is a calculation program that can calculate the stability of the rockdrill-rigs made by Atlas Copco. The original version of Nystab is stored in a database from 1997 and the code is made in an old version of Visual Basic. My assignment was to develop the application in to a newer programming environment and make it last better in the upcoming years. The software I decided to use to accomplish this project is C# .NET in Visual Studio and Microsoft Access 2010. All the code is written in C# with some insertions from ADO.NET which helped me to easier connect the code with the database. The coding part was split into two pieces; the first was to develop the application scale done with Windows Forms, the second was to write the code for calculations in the application. This report will cover some methods of how you can connect the database to an application and why Microsoft Access was the best alternative for database in this project. The report also shows the difference between VB and C# to get an overview on why  people today often chose to develop their applications in C#. Exceptions is a big part of the handling of errors or search for errors in the application and the report shows concrete examples on how you use exceptions in different situations and why. / Detta är en rapport grundat på ett projekt för Atlas Copco vid namn NYSTAB. Programmet är ett beräkningsprogram som kan beräkna stabiliteten av Atlas Copcos borr-riggar, det ursprungliga programmet ligger på en databas från 1997 och är kodat i en gammal variant av Visual Basic. Mitt uppdrag var att utveckla programvaran till en nyare miljö med bättre framtidssäkerhet och kompabilitet samt att sätta mig in i Visual Basic miljön för att kunna få fram information om hur dessa stabilitetsberäkningar utförs. Den programvara jag har valt att arbeta i under detta projekt är C# .NET i Visual studio 2010 samt Microsoft Access 2010. All programmering är gjord i C# med inlägg från ADO.NET som hjälpt mig att koppla programmet med databasen. Programmeringen var uppdelad i två delar; dels skulle jag utforma en applikation som jag gjort med hjälp av Windows Forms och dels var det programmeringen av beräkningarna. Rapporten tar upp metoder att koppla databaser mot applikationer och varför Microsoft Access är den bästa databasen till just det här arbetet. Rapporten tar även upp skillnader mellan VB och C# för att få en överblick till varför man idag ofta väljer att programmera i C#. Exceptions är en stor del i felhanteringen eller felsökningsfunktionen i applikationen och rapporten tar upp konkreta exempel på hur man använder sig av exceptions i olika situationer och varför man gör detta.

L’auteur d’une oeuvre de l’esprit au Burkina Faso jouit d’un faisceau de droits reconnus par le droit positif. Ainsi, des droits aussi bien moraux que patrimoniaux lui sont octroyés. Dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de ces droits, un mécanisme est mis en place. Il consiste à la perception et à la répartition des droits de l’auteur sur son oeuvre. Cependant, le poids de la tradition, l’analphabétisme des populations et la méconnaissance de la propriété littéraire et artistique entravent conséquemment le bon déroulement du mécanisme. Ces facteurs socio-culturels concourent à la violation massive des droits d’auteur. En effet, les droits du créateur s’en trouvent fortement affectés tant l’exploitation illégale des oeuvres a atteint des proportions fort inquiétantes. Ainsi, l’auteur est pris en tenaille entre une société réfractaire et une loi obsolète. En effet, la loi n° 032/AN/99 du 22 décembre 1999 portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique au Burkina Faso est, à bien des égards, en déphasage avec l’environnement juridique contemporain. Il convient donc de procéder à une relecture de ce texte pour une protection optimale des droits de l’auteur burkinabé d’une oeuvre de l’esprit. Il convient, également, de mettre l’accent sur la sensibilisation des populations afin de changer la perception erronée de celles-ci de la propriété littéraire et artistique / The author of a work of the spirit in Burkina Faso enjoys a bundle of rights recognized by positive law. Thus, both moral and patrimonial rights are granted. As part of the implementation of these rights, a mechanism is put in place. It consists in the perception and the distribution of the rights of the author on his work. However, the weight of the tradition, the illiteracy of the populations and the ignorance of the literary and artistic property consequently hinder the smooth running of the mechanism.These socio-cultural factors contribute to the massive violation of copyright. Indeed, the rights of the creator are strongly affected as the illegal exploitation of works has reached very disturbing proportions. Thus, the author is caught between a refractory society and an obsolete law.Indeed, Law No. 032 / AN / 99 of 22 December 1999 on the protection of literary and artistic property in Burkina Faso is, in many respects, out of step with the contemporary legal environment. It is therefore appropriate to re-read this text for an optimal protection of the rights of the Burkinabe author of a work of the mind. Emphasis should also be placed on sensitizing the population to change their misperception of literary and artistic property

The aim of this work was to bring the issue of mandatory confidentiality of health workers and the exceptions to this concept in the context of criminal law. In the first part of the thesis is generally defined by the Institute of mandatory confidentiality in health care, sources of legal regulation of this institute and its development in the Czech legal order. The work also deals with medical records and privacy of sensitive data in connection with the obligation of confidentiality of medical professionals. The next section is defined by breaking the confidentiality required the consent of the patient and also cases where the patient's consent to obtain information about his state of health is not required. The work also deals with criminal liability for breach of confidentiality and lists the offenses that can be committed in violation of this obligation. In the conclusion the work presents a brief comparison of the regulation of the Slovak Republic and in the Federal Republic of Germany.

We are in a digital age with Big Data at the heart of our global online environment. Exploiting Big Data by manual means is virtually impossible. We therefore need to rely on innovative methods such as Machine Learning and AI to allow us to fully harness the value of Big Data available in our digital society. One of the key processes allowing us to innovate using new technologies such as Machine Learning and AI is by the use of TDM which is carried out on large volumes of Big Data. Whilst there is no single definition of TDM, it is universally acknowledged that TDM involves the automated analytical processing of raw and unstructured data sets through sophisticated ICT tools in order to obtain valuable insights for society or to enable efficient Machine Learning and AI development. Some of the source text and data on which TDM is performed is likely to be protected by copyright, which creates difficulties regarding the balance between the exclusive rights of copyright holders, and the interests of innovators developing TDM technologies and performing TDM, for both research and commercial purposes, who need as much unfettered access to source material in order to create the most performant AI solutions. As technology has grown so rapidly over the last few decades, the copyright law framework must adapt to avoid becoming redundant. This paper looks at the European approach to copyright law in the era of Big Data, and specifically its approach to TDM exceptions in light of the recent DSM Directive, and whether this approach has been, or is, a furtherance or hindrance to innovation in the EU.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-26T10:02:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Cezar Vernalha Guimarães.pdf: 1343214 bytes, checksum: 6b166669b02d99c7945ee3e55a39626b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T10:02:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Cezar Vernalha Guimarães.pdf: 1343214 bytes, checksum: 6b166669b02d99c7945ee3e55a39626b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-23 / The related contracts may be considered a new modality of contractual arrangement, with own particularities and peculiarities. The traditional studies of contract, despite providing the theoretical framework for the legal treatment of related contracts, does not account for disciplining all the potentialities associated with this type of contracting. The doctrine, therefore, has looked over the subject, in order to produce material capable of conceptualizing, systematizing and classifying the related contracts. In this context, it becomes relevant the verification of legal consequences of related contracts. Among the consequences, it is important here to deal with exception non adimpleti contractus. The purpose is to establish criteria and parameters for the application of the exceptio non adimpleti contractus in the related contracts / Os contratos coligados encerram nova modalidade de arranjo contratual, com particularidades e peculiaridades próprias. A dogmática tradicional dos contratos, a despeito de fornecer o arcabouço teórica para o tratamento jurídico dos contratos coligados, não dá conta de disciplinar todas as potencialidades ligadas a este tipo de contratação. A doutrina, assim, tem se debruçado sobre o tema, de modo a produzir material capaz de conceituar, sistematizar e classificar os contratos coligados. Neste contexto, torna-se relevante a verificação das consequências jurídicas da coligação contratual. Dentre as consequências, importa aqui tratar da exceção do contrato não cumprido. O propósito é estabelecer critérios e parâmetros para a aplicação da exceptio non adimpleti contractus no âmbito dos contratos coligados

Como se explicam os embargos ao comércio internacional de carne bovina na regulamentação aplicável? Este trabalho trata de fornecer tal explicação, na esfera do Direito Internacional Econômico. O embargo, como um fenômeno de comércio internacional, é o objeto do estudo de casos: casos de embargos à carne bovina in natura colocados pela União Européia e pela Federação da Rússia, a partir de 1995. O comércio internacional de carne bovina serve para análise na perspectiva das exceções ao comércio ou medidas sanitárias. O Brasil atualmente é líder na exportação e um dos principais produtores de carne bovina no mundo, e a União Européia e a Federação da Rússia, inobstante sejam os principais importadores da carne bovina in natura brasileira, são dois dos maiores consumidores e importadores de carne bovina no mundo. Para obter informações sobre os casos e sobre os acordos pertinentes, empregou-se pesquisa em várias fontes de documentos, inclusive relativos às relações diplomáticas brasileiras com o bloco e país mencionados. Essencialmente, a finalidade deste estudo foi a verificação da relação entre as circunstâncias que constitiram em justificativas oficiais aos embargos e a análise e interpretação de tais circunstâncias em um quadro regulatório circunscrito pelos acordos internacionais pertinentes ou aplicáveis. Os resultados finais verificaram que: 1) todas as circunstâncias que consistiram em justificativas oficias aos embargos estiveram relacionadas com a sanidade animal; 2) estas circunstâncias estão incluídas no que os acordos aplicáveis concebem por medidas sanitárias; 3) a aplicação de medidas sanitárias encontra permissibilidade na referida regulamentação; 4) inobstante, tal permissibilidade é condicionada, na maioria dos acordos, pela "necessidade" de aplicação; 5) esta "necessidade" traz implicações menos objetivas que os textos dos acordos internacionais analisados, como as avaliações de risco e condições econômicas e políticas; 6) também os processos de avaliação de risco podem implicar interesses políticos e populares, uma vez que a determinação de que conhecimento científico aplicar é uma decisão dos governos; 7) nas recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal, a permissibilidade à colocação de embargos ao comércio de carne bovina depende da enfermidade animal em questão, porquanto fundada no conhecimento científico veterinário estipulado por um comitê internacional formado por representantes de todos os membros da Organização; e pelo exposto, 8) o trabalho argumenta que a utilização dos padrões internacionais elaborados pelas organizações internacionais de referência é estratégica nas negociações internacionais, e sugere que os negociadores se engajem nesta consideração, no sentido de uma harmonização. / How to explain international trade bans on beef within the applicable regulation? This work attempts to give such explanation, in the field of International Economic Law. The ban, as a phenomenon of international trade, is the object of study: through cases of European Union and Russian Federation's bans to Brazilian fresh, chilled and frozen beef, from 1995. International beef trade provides analysis in the perspective of trade exceptions or sanitary measures. Brazil is actually the foremost beef exporter and one of the most beef producers in the world, and European Union and Russian Federation are two of the world's principal beef consumers and importers, whereas the main buyers of Brazilian fresh, chilled and frozen beef. The data about the cases and the applicable regulation were taken from various sources of documents, including relating to Brazilian diplomatic relations with the mentioned bloc and country. Essentially, the purpose of this study is to verify the relation between the circumstances which officially justified the international trade bans on beef in the cases documented and the regulatory framework defined by the pertinent international agreements. The results verified that: 1) in all of the cases studied, the circumstances which officially justified bans were concerned with animal health; 2) that circumstances are included in what the pertinent agreements consider as sanitary measures; 3) the application of sanitary measures is permissible within the applicable regulation; 4) nonetheless, in the majority of the agreements, such permissibility is subject to the condition of "necessity"; 5) that condition carries further implications, less objective than the texts of the agreements, like risk analysis and economic and political circumstances; 6) moreover, the risk analysis processes could implicate political and popular interests, because to ascertain which scientific knowledge should be pursued is a decision by the governments; 7) in the World Organisation for Animal Health recommendations, the permissibility to ban trade depends on the animal disease in question, then based on scientific knowledge undertaken by an international committee of delegates of the members of the Organization; and thereafter, 8) the work argues that the utilization of international organizations standards is a strategic approach to negotiations, and suggests that negotiators should focus in that, in the direction of harmonization.

An integral quadratic form is said to be strictly regular if it primitively represents all integers that are primitively represented by its genus. The goal of this dissertation is to extend the systematic investigation of the positive definite ternary primitive integral quadratic forms and lattices that are candidates for strict regularity. An integer that is primitively represented by a genus, but not by some specific form in that genus, is called a primitive exception for that form. So, the strictly regular forms are those forms for which there are no primitive exceptions. Our computations of primitive exceptions for each of the 119 positive definite regular ternary forms which lie in multiple-class genera, and of the companion forms in their genera, show that there are 45 inequivalent such forms that are candidates for strict regularity. We provide a proof of the strict regularity of one of these candidates, bringing the total number of forms for which such proofs are known to 15, and prove partial results on the integers primitively represented by the other form in its genus. The theory of primitive spinor exceptional integers is used to analyze the primitive exceptions for the forms in two other genera known to contain a regular ternary form. In these cases, results are obtained relating the primitive representation of certain integers c by a given form in one of these genera to the primitive representation of the integers 4c and 9c by the forms in the genus.

[pt] Os mecanismos de tratamento de exceções têm o objetivo de aumentar a robustez e a modularidade do software na medida em que promovem a separação entre o código dedicado ao tratamento de erros e código associado ao fluxo normal de execução do programa. Estes permitem a detecção de erros e a associação de respostas adequadas aos mesmos, através da execução de códigos de recuperação que são geralmente encapsulados em tratadores (do inglês: handlers). A importância dos mecanismos de tratamento de exceção é atestada pelo fato destes fazerem parte da maioria das linguagens de programação mais utilizadas na atualidade: Java, C++ e C#. Na última década a programação orientada a aspectos (POA) vem sendo amplamente utilizada como forma de modularizar interesses que se encontram espalhados nas decomposições primarias de um sistema (e.g., funções, classes, métodos) em uma abstração chamada aspecto. Os aspectos utilizam construções especificas para promover modificações externas nos programas, incluindo comportamentos adicionais em pontos específicos do código. POA vem sido utilizado com o objetivo de aumentar a modularidade do código de tratamento de exceção e de interesses transversais igualmente importantes tais como: persistência, distribuição, segurança, controle de transações e monitoramento. De acordo com alguns estudos empíricos, POA tem sido usado com sucesso com o objetivo de promover o tratamento de erro modular em vários cenários de tratamento de exceções. Porém, é sabido que mecanismos de programação flexíveis (e.g., herança e polimorfismo) podem ter um efeito negativo no tratamento de exceções. Se por um lado os mecanismos de composição POA baseados na inversão de controle podem trazer um novo leque de possibilidades de projeto, promovendo em muitas circunstâncias uma maior estabilidade do projeto (do inglês: design stability), eles podem perder seu valor se ele torna o tratamento de exceções propenso a erros (do inglês: error-prone). Refinamento aspectuais do comportamento do código base, podem por um lado promover a robustez do sistema em situações onde exceções são lançadas ou contribuir para os problemas típicos de tratamento de exceções mal projetados tais como: (i) exceções não capturadas (do inglês: uncaught exceptions); (ii) exceções capturadas por tratadores genéricos (do inglês: exception subsumption) (i.e., exceções capturadas por um tratador cujo argumento é um supertipo da exceção a ser tratada); (iii) e exceções capturadas por tratadores errados (do inglês: unintended handler action). Infelizmente, não existe nenhuma avaliação sistemática dos efeitos positivos e negativos da programação orientada a aspectos na robustez do código de tratamento de exceções. Os trabalhos de pesquisa descritos na literatura têm se limitado a analisar os impactos dos aspectos no fluxo normal de execução do programa. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos empíricos não vai além de discussões sobre os ganhos de modularidade e as ciladas associadas à utilização de aspectos - para o tratamento de exceções e de outros interesses transversais. Por exemplo, estes estudos não levam em consideração as conseqüências inerentes as novas exceções e tratadores que são adicionadas ao código base junto com a nova funcionalidade adicionada pelos aspectos. Esta tese descreve o primeiro estudo sistemático que avalia quantitativamente o impacto da composição aspectual no fluxo excepcional de programas. Este estudo se baseou na utilização de uma ferramenta de análise do fluxo de exceções chamada SAFE (do inglês: Static Analysis for the Flow of Exceptions) desenvolvida ao longo deste trabalho e na inspeção manual do código de tratamento de exceções de um conjunto de sistemas para os quais a versão Java e AspectJ estavam disponíveis. A ferramenta SAFE foi construída com base no framework SOOT para a análise e ot / [en] It has been empirically observed that aspect-oriented (AO) decompositions promote the modularity and the design stability of software systems containing crosscutting concerns. However, most of this existing empirical research has focused on the positive and negative impacts of AO programming in the modularization of crosscutting concerns in the context of normal control flow of programs. Consequently, most of these works do not account for the exceptions that may flow from aspects: when an aspect adds a new functionality to specific points in the code, this additional behavior may also bring new exceptions. An aspect also has the ability to handle exceptions that were previously handled inside the base code. Moreover, the exceptions that escape form aspects also flow inside the program, and may lead to unexpected error-prone scenarios, such as: unintended handler actions and uncaught exceptions. This thesis presents an empirical study to evaluate the impact of aspects on the exception flow of programs. To support the reasoning about the flow of exceptions on AO programs, a static analysis tool called SAFE (Static Analysis for the Flow of Exceptions) was implemented. Based on data empirically collected during the study we characterized a catalogue of bug patterns related to the exception handling code of AO programs. To help AO developers to check the reliability of the exception handling code, this work presents verification approach - supported by the SAFE tool - which provides guidelines to counter these bug patterns. Our findings show that the exception handling code in aspect-oriented programs tends to be error-prone, but that a verification approach based on static analysis can lead to significant improvements.