I Sverige ska man följa Plan- och bygglagen samt Boverkets byggregler vid ny- och ombyggnation, där både krav och regler finns för värmeisolering. Ytterväggarna är en stor del av klimatskärmen där värmeisoleringsmaterialet påverkar den värmemängd som går förlorad. Beroende på vilket värmeisoleringsmaterial man väljer, har det olika för- och nackdelar. Av denna anledning är syftet att studera olika värmeisoleringsmaterial som används i Sverige idag och hur materialen skiljer sig åt. En enkätundersökning mejlades ut till entreprenörer och återförsäljare för att ta reda på vilka värmeisoleringsmaterial som vanligast används i Sverige. Svarsfrekvensen blev låg, men de inkommande svaren bidrog till ett fortsatt arbete. Nio produkter inom kategorierna stenull, glasull och förnyelsebar isolering studerades vidare. Produkterna jämfördes utifrån tillverkning, miljöpåverkan, tekniska egenskaper, hanterbarhet, avfallshantering och kostnad. Varje aspekt tilldelades en bedömning som var kopplad till en viss poäng. Resultatet blev en tabell med totalpoäng där den produkt med högst poäng anses som den mest fördelaktiga. Vid en jämförelse med ett poängsystem, kan resultatet variera beroende på produktens egenskaper, valet av aspekter samt hur man väljer att poängsätta vid bedömning. / In Sweden, you must follow the Planning and Building Act and Building and planning regulations for new- and reconstruction, where both requirements and rules are available for thermal insulation. Exterior walls are a large part of the climate screen where the thermal insulation material affects the amount of heat that is lost. Depending on which thermal insulation material you choose, it has different advantages and disadvantages. For this reason, the purpose is to study different thermal insulation materials used in Sweden today and how the materials may differ from each other.  A survey was emailed to contractors and reseller to find out which thermal insulation materials are most commonly used in Sweden. The response rate was low, but the incoming responses contributed to continued work. Nine products in the categories rock wool, glass wool and renewable insulation were further studied. The products were compared based on manufacturing, environmental impact, technical properties, manageability, waste management and cost. Each aspect was awarded an assessment that was linked to a specific score. The final result was a table with total points for each product and the product with the highest score is considered the most advantageous. When you have a comparison with a points system the result can vary depending on the product's properties, the choice of aspects and how the score is set in the assessment.

Trä har byggnadsfysikaliska egenskaper som skiljer   det från en del andra material som traditionellt har blivit använda som   bärande delar vid byggen. Träets hygroskopiska egenskaper och låga egenvikt   ger andra användningsområden än till exempel betong eller stål. Dess låga   egenvikt ger också spännande konstruktionsmässiga möjligheter och kan göra   det möjligt att bygga på platser som annars inte är tillgängliga utan   användning av mer avancerande tekniker och transportmetoder. I denna rapport har en del av ytterväggen till en   stuga undersökts med avsikt att bedöma huruvida det i väggkonstruktionen   kommer uppstå problem med mögelangrepp. Den undersökta delen av väggen ligger   tre meter under marknivå. Väggen är konstruerad med en ångspärr mot marken   och med ett en meter tjockt lager cellglasgrus mot denna. Innanför   cellglasgruset är det en geotextil, 2 x 100 mm träfiberisolering samt 93 mm   vertikalt timrat limträtimmer vilket också utgör ytskiktet på invändig sida. Undersökningen utfördes som en analys av en   simulering som blev genomförd med mjukvaran WUFI® Pro 6.1. Resultaten av   analysen var kvantitativa data i form av grafer och diagram. Resultatet av simuleringen visade att det inte   kommer uppstå problem med mögel i konstruktionen. Dock är träets   fuktbuffrande egenskaper tydliga och det anses generellt viktigt att se till   att material har en inbyggnadsfukthalt som är under det som är gynnsamt för   växt av mögel. / Wood has physical   properties that makes it different from most other materials that   traditionally has been used as load bearing parts when constructing a   building. The hygroscopic properties and low relative weight of wood makes   room for a different field of application than what is the case with for   instance concrete or steel. Its low relative weight also gives interesting   constructional possibilities and can make it possible to build on sites   otherwise inaccessible without advanced techniques and means of transport. In this report   the lower part of an exterior wall in a mountain cabin has been studied. The   purpose of the study has been to examine whether the cabin will have problems   related to mould or fungus. The examined part of the wall lies three meters   below ground level. It is constructed with a steam barrier towards the ground,   and a one meter thick layer of foam glass fragments on the inside of this.   Further towards the inside of the wall there is a geotextile, two layers of   100 mm wood fibre insulation and one layer of 93 mm thick laminated   vertically timbered timber, which faces the inside of the cabin. The examination   was performed as an analysis of a simulation made with the software WUFI® Pro   6.1. The results of the analysis were quantitative data in the form of graphs   and diagrams that were easily assessed against relevant literature. The results from   the simulation showed that the construction would not have any problems   related mould or fungus. However, the moisture buffering properties of the   wood are obvious, and it is generally considered important that materials have   a built-in moisture that is below what is favourable for mould or fungus   growth. / <p>Betyg 2019-06-05</p>

The building construction industry has seen the emergence of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) as a renewable replacement for structural application of steel, concrete, and masonry. However, CLT has not been researched extensively as a nonstructural component of the building envelope/facade. In the presented research, the application of CLT is introduced in the form of lightweight CLT (CLT-L) panels and presents a framework to evaluate the opportunities and application of CLT-L panels as an alternative construction method for non-load-bearing exterior wall systems. Since exterior walls as part of the enclosure system have a significant role in energy consumption and human comfort level, the research evaluates application opportunities of the CLT panels for US climates, by conducting a life cycle environmental analysis, and a thermal evaluation of CLT-L systems for Phoenix, Arizona, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. The life cycle analysis was conducted to assess the environmental impact of a typical CLT wall system as compared to three conventional panelized wall systems. The results of the analysis have shown that CLT wall systems exhibit the lowest cumulative life cycle environmental impact indicators, including acidification potential, fossil fuel consumption, global warming potential, and human health particulate when compared to other wall systems. These results suggest that CLT wall systems could be a viable alternative to conventional panelized exterior wall systems from an environmental impact perspective. In the next step, a parametric study was conducted to determine the optimal configuration of a CLT-L wall system for enhanced thermal performance. This was achieved through dynamic thermal simulations by employing the conduction transfer algorithm and analyzing various thicknesses and locations of the thermal insulation layer. Through analysis of the annual thermal transmission load and decrement factor, the optimum insulation thicknesses for CLT wall systems in two climate regions were determined. The results showed that the exterior insulation location yields better thermal efficiency. The results of this phase were employed in the development of the CLT wall system model and conduction of a comparative parametric study on the thermal mass behavior of CLT and CMU wall systems via finite difference algorithm. One significant outcome of the simulation data analysis was the heat transfer dynamics within the CLT and CMU wall system when exterior insulation is applied. The analysis revealed that in the presence of exterior insulation, the CLT layer continues to be the primary contributor to the reduced thermal transmission of the wall. However, in the CMU mass wall configuration, the insulation layer assumes a dominant role in the reduced thermal transmission of the wall. The findings of this research present CLT as a potential environmentally efficient envelope alternative for framed buildings and provide insights into the thermal performance of CLT wall systems, which can lead to the opening of a new market for CLT panel application in the U.S. / Doctor of Philosophy / The construction industry has witnessed a notable shift with the advent of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), presenting itself as a renewable substitute for conventional materials like steel, concrete, and masonry in structural applications. However, the potential of CLT as a building component, particularly as a component of building exteriors wall, remains relatively underexplored. This research endeavors to fill this gap by introducing lightweight CLT (CLT-L) panels, which are three-layer CLT panels, and exploring their viability as an alternative construction method for non-load-bearing exterior wall systems. Non-load bearing exterior wall panels do not carry any structural support for the building. Recognizing the significant influence of exterior walls on both energy consumption and human comfort levels, the study assesses the applicability of CLT panels across diverse climates in the United States including states Minnesota and Arizona which show exterior temperature swings. The investigation began by conducting a comprehensive life cycle environmental analysis, comparing the environmental impact of a typical CLT wall system with three conventional panelized wall systems. Results revealed that CLT wall systems exhibit the lowest cumulative life cycle environmental impact indicators suggesting their potential as a sustainable alternative. The environmental indicators included acidification potential, fossil fuel consumption, global warming potential, and human health particulates. Subsequently, a parametric study delved into optimizing the thermal performance of CLT-L wall systems through dynamic thermal simulations. The dynamic simulation considered the exterior temperature changes during the day. By varying insulation thicknesses and locations, the study identifies optimal configurations for different climate regions. Notably, the analysis underscores the efficacy of exterior insulation placement in enhancing thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the study investigated the thermal mass behavior of CLT compared to concrete block (CMU) wall systems under different scenarios. Findings revealed that while CLT retains its significance as a primary contributor to thermal mass, particularly with exterior insulation, CMU configurations see a shift in thermal mass dynamics towards the insulation layer. These findings collectively underscored the potential of CLT as an environmentally efficient envelope alternative for framed buildings, shedding light on its thermal performance and paving the way for broader adoption in the US construction industry.

A vedação de fachada, incluindo esquadrias e revestimento, um dos mais relevantes subsistemas do edifício, é responsável pelas condições de habitabilidade e estética, contribui para a valorização do empreendimento e tem um papel importante com relação à sustentabilidade. Além disso, os custos de execução e de manutenção da fachada são expressivos com relação aos dos outros subsistemas. Pela sua importância técnica e econômica, as tecnologias construtivas responsáveis pela execução das fachadas, frequentemente, passam por evoluções, como o surgimento das tecnologias de fachadas leves, as quais podem ser empregadas em vários segmentos da construção. Dois desses segmentos são o da construção de edifícios comerciais e o de reabilitação ou renovação de edifícios. Entretanto, essas tecnologias ainda são carentes de desenvolvimentos tecnológicos nacionais mais específicos e projetos melhor elaborados, nos quais se considerem questões do processo de projeto e de execução, bem como do desempenho da fachada em uso, como segurança, eficiência energética, isolamento acústico, estanqueidade à água, durabilidade e manutenabilidade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento do processo de projeto de vedações de fachada, particularizados para as tecnologias de fachadas leves, para edifícios comerciais de múltiplos pavimentos, considerando tanto a possibilidade da construção quanto da renovação, discutindo-se aspectos de gestão e tecnologia. A proposição da metodologia foi baseada em estudos bibliográficos e em comparações entre exemplos reais do processo da produção de empreendimentos de construção e renovação no Brasil e na França. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento e conclusão deste trabalho foram divididos em quatro grupos: estudos no Brasil; estudos na França; análise comparativa dos resultados desses estudos; e elaboração da metodologia e sua discussão. A metodologia proposta considera de forma sistêmica alguns aspectos do processo de projeto, particularizados para as tecnologias de fachadas leves, contemplando aspectos de gestão e de tecnologia, incorporando contribuições de um grupo de profissionais. / The facades are considered one of the most relevant building subsystems, contributing both to building valuation and its performance, and has a great importance concerning the sustainability. In addition, its execution and maintenance costs are expressive when compared to others subsystems. Because of its economical and technical importance, the façade technologies have been passing through constant evolution, for example the development of the lightweight façades system that can be used in many construction segments, as commercial building construction and building renovation. Although the use of lightweight façades technologies is increasing worldwide, its application in Brazil requires more precise researches regarding design and construction management and also performance requirements, as security, thermal and acoustic isolation, energy efficiency, watertightness, durability and maintenance. In this context, the objective of this work is to propose a methodology to develop the design process of the lightweight facade system for office buildings, applicable either to construction either to building renovation, discussing management and technology aspects. This work will be based on existing bibliography and on comparative study between Brazilian and French construction and renovation building practices. Thus, this work was divided in four stages: Brazilian studies; French studies; comparative analyses between these studies; and elaboration of the methodology. Concluding, the methodology proposed considers some aspects of the design process, particularized to lightweight façade technologies, taking into account management (agents, design management phases and aims, interfaces, technology selection and design and product critical analyses) and technological aspects (façade performance specifications).

A vedação de fachada, incluindo esquadrias e revestimento, um dos mais relevantes subsistemas do edifício, é responsável pelas condições de habitabilidade e estética, contribui para a valorização do empreendimento e tem um papel importante com relação à sustentabilidade. Além disso, os custos de execução e de manutenção da fachada são expressivos com relação aos dos outros subsistemas. Pela sua importância técnica e econômica, as tecnologias construtivas responsáveis pela execução das fachadas, frequentemente, passam por evoluções, como o surgimento das tecnologias de fachadas leves, as quais podem ser empregadas em vários segmentos da construção. Dois desses segmentos são o da construção de edifícios comerciais e o de reabilitação ou renovação de edifícios. Entretanto, essas tecnologias ainda são carentes de desenvolvimentos tecnológicos nacionais mais específicos e projetos melhor elaborados, nos quais se considerem questões do processo de projeto e de execução, bem como do desempenho da fachada em uso, como segurança, eficiência energética, isolamento acústico, estanqueidade à água, durabilidade e manutenabilidade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento do processo de projeto de vedações de fachada, particularizados para as tecnologias de fachadas leves, para edifícios comerciais de múltiplos pavimentos, considerando tanto a possibilidade da construção quanto da renovação, discutindo-se aspectos de gestão e tecnologia. A proposição da metodologia foi baseada em estudos bibliográficos e em comparações entre exemplos reais do processo da produção de empreendimentos de construção e renovação no Brasil e na França. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento e conclusão deste trabalho foram divididos em quatro grupos: estudos no Brasil; estudos na França; análise comparativa dos resultados desses estudos; e elaboração da metodologia e sua discussão. A metodologia proposta considera de forma sistêmica alguns aspectos do processo de projeto, particularizados para as tecnologias de fachadas leves, contemplando aspectos de gestão e de tecnologia, incorporando contribuições de um grupo de profissionais. / The facades are considered one of the most relevant building subsystems, contributing both to building valuation and its performance, and has a great importance concerning the sustainability. In addition, its execution and maintenance costs are expressive when compared to others subsystems. Because of its economical and technical importance, the façade technologies have been passing through constant evolution, for example the development of the lightweight façades system that can be used in many construction segments, as commercial building construction and building renovation. Although the use of lightweight façades technologies is increasing worldwide, its application in Brazil requires more precise researches regarding design and construction management and also performance requirements, as security, thermal and acoustic isolation, energy efficiency, watertightness, durability and maintenance. In this context, the objective of this work is to propose a methodology to develop the design process of the lightweight facade system for office buildings, applicable either to construction either to building renovation, discussing management and technology aspects. This work will be based on existing bibliography and on comparative study between Brazilian and French construction and renovation building practices. Thus, this work was divided in four stages: Brazilian studies; French studies; comparative analyses between these studies; and elaboration of the methodology. Concluding, the methodology proposed considers some aspects of the design process, particularized to lightweight façade technologies, taking into account management (agents, design management phases and aims, interfaces, technology selection and design and product critical analyses) and technological aspects (façade performance specifications).

Syftet med rapporten är att sammanställa branschbaserat underlag för värdering av hållbart byggande som belyser vikten för val av ytterväggskonstruktion till flerbostadshus. Byggbranschen har länge fokuserat på att minska byggnadsverks energi- och miljöpåverkan under förvaltningsskedet. Det har haft mycket goda resultat och i dagsläget står förvaltningsskedet för ca 50 procent av hållbara byggnaders totala energianvändning. Projektering med långsiktigt perspektiv är nyckeln till hållbart byggande eftersom små förändringar kan ha stor inverkan under längre tid. Detta medför ökad betydelse för effektivisering under byggskedet. Utvecklingen av hållbara byggnader har resulterat i framtagning av nollenergi- och passivhus. De byggkoncepten ställer högre krav på klimatskalets byggtekniska egenskaper. Klimatskalet innefattar tak, grund, fönster, dörrar och ytterväggar. Samtliga komponenter har stor inverkan på byggnadens egenskaper. Rapporten belyser endast betydelsefulla egenskaper och olika aspekter för hållbara ytterväggskonstruktioner och hur de skall värderas. Rapportens mål är att ta fram ett anpassningsbart bedömningsverktyg med värderingsunderlag från 9 olika aspekter. Aspekterna som bedöms är byggbarhet, brand, fukt, estetik, förvaltning, inomhusmiljö, energiförluster, livscykelkostnad och miljöpåverkan. Bedömningsverktyget visualiseras som en mall där poängsättning används för aspekterna vilket möjliggör tydliga jämförelser mellan konstruktioner. Fakta analyseras och hämtas från en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med en byggnadskonstruktör, en brand- och en fuktkonsult. De ligger till grund för bedömningsverktygets utformning. För att kunna tillämpa bedömningsmallen i byggbranschen väljs 6 ytterväggskonstruktioner med olika uppbyggnad och egenskaper. De är anpassade för koncepthus med hållbart byggande och uppnår krav från Boverkets byggregler och Passivhuskonceptet. Ytterväggskonstruktionerna prövas i mallen och våra resultat visar att mallen kan tillämpas och åskådliggöra skillnader mellan konstruktionerna. Ytterväggarna erhåller ett generellt betyg samt ett viktat betyg som utgår från en anpassningsbar viktfaktor. Möjlighet för vidareutveckling finns för bedömningsmallen. Mallen är generell och tillämpningsbar på konstruktioner med andra egenskaper än de valda i rapporten. Rapporten indikerar på att mallen kan anpassas för att möjliggöra val av fördelaktiga konstruktioner för olika klimatzoner och beställarens ändamål. / The report aims to bring together industry-based data for evaluation of sustainable building that shows the importance of the choice regarding exterior wall construction for apartment buildings. The construction industry has focused on reducing the energy and environmental impact on buildings during the management phase for a long time. The results have been positive and to this date, the management phase stands for 50 percent of sustainable buildings total energy use. Designing with a long-term perspective is the key to sustainable building, because small changes can have a big impact over time. The importance of energy efficiency during the construction phase has increased. The results of the development regarding sustainable building have increased the production of zero energy- buildings and passive houses. The new concepts of building technology are placing higher demands on the technical properties of the building envelope. A building envelope includes roofs, foundation, windows, doors and exterior walls. All components have a major impact on the technical properties of a building, but the report only highlights significant aspects of sustainable exterior wall constructions and how they should be evaluated. The goal of the report is to develop an adapted assessment tool with evaluation data from 9 different aspects. The aspects that we will review in the report is constructability, fire, moisture, aesthetics, management, indoor environment, energy losses from the exterior wall construction, life cycle cost and environmental impact. The assessment tool is portrayed as a template that rates and scores different exterior wall construction. This enables clear comparisons between structures. The basic facts for the report are retrieved from a literature study. Interviews with a structural engineer and a fire- and moisture consultant have been conducted for a deeper view on how the construction industry evaluates and scores exterior wall construction. To apply the assessment template for trade and industry, 6 exterior wall constructions with different structures and properties were selected. They were suitable for conceptual houses with sustainable building technology and are the basis for achieving requirements from National board of housing and passivehouse rules. The different exterior wall constructions were tested on the template and the results show that the model can be applied positively on them. The different constructions receive a general grade and a weighted grade. The weighted grade is based on a customizable weight factor. The assessment template illustrated the differences between them. Possibilities for further development of the assessment template exist. It’s possible to apply the template on structures with different kind of properties than the ones chosen for this project. The template can be a tool for choosing a construction based on the demands from a client and it can be adapted to different kind of climate zones.

I detta examensarbete studeras kommande energikrav för byggnader i Sverige och i synnerhet kraven på specifik energianvändning. Detta mot bakgrund av EU-kommissionens och EU-parlamentets direktiv, EPBD2, om nära nollenergibyggnader 2020. Därefter bearbetas ett förslag på en ny ytterväggskonstruktion som med lägre U-värde än den befintliga ytterväggen ska sänka Fiskarhedenvillans olika hustypers specifika energianvändning. Syftet med sänkningen är att möjliggöra för Fiskarhedenvillan att uppfylla de kommande energikraven. Det är många parametrar som måste uppfyllas och det nya ytterväggsförslaget analyseras förutom ur energisynpunkt även med hänsyn till statik, fukt och kostnad. Beräkningar för statik och specifik energianvändning har gjorts för ett referenshus. Resultatet av att byta ut den befintliga ytterväggskonstruktionen mot det framarbetade förslaget med ca 33 % lägre U-värde gav endast en sänkning med ca 6 % av den specifika energianvändningen. För att sänka referenshusets specifika energianvändning ytterligare bör även resterande delar av klimatskalet förbättras samt ett annat uppvärmningssätt väljas. Avslutningsvis diskuteras resultatet och vi lämnar rekommendationer för fortsatta studier. / This thesis studies future energy requirements for buildings in Sweden and in particular the requirements for specific energy use. This is in light of the European Commission and European Parliament Directive, EPBD2, on nearly-zero energy buildings 2020. A proposal for a new exterior wall construction in Fiskarhedenvillan houses with lower U-value than the existing exterior wall is analyzed. The purpose of the new wall is to reduce the specific energy use to enable Fiskarhedenvillan to meet the future energy requirements. There are many parameters that must be considered. The proposed new exterior wall construction is analyzed not only from the energy point of view but also with regard to statics, moisture and cost. Calculations for the statics and the specific energy use have been made for a reference building. The changed design of the exterior wall resulted in a reduction of the U-value with 33 % but only 6 % of the specific energy use. A further reduction of the specific energy use for the reference house requires improved design of the remaining building envelope and a new heating method. Furthermore the results are discussed and recommendations for further studies are given,

Detta examensarbete har utförts vid högskoleingenjörsprogrammet Byggteknik och design vid Kungliga Tekniska högskolan och i samarbete med Ramböll Sverige. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka och analysera dagens ytterväggskonstruktioner för framtidens energieffektiva flerbostadshus.  Ytterväggskonstruktionen som är en del i byggnadens klimatskal, har en viktig och betydelsefull funktion för att kunna klara av framtida byggnaders energikrav. För att en väggkonstruktion ska fungera finns det en rad andra påverkande faktorer som måste tas hänsyn till. Därför kommer examensarbetet att fokusera på ytterväggskonstruktioners byggfysikaliska egenskaper såsom lufttäthet, fukt, uppbyggnad och beständighet. För att kunna lösa uppgiften har vi varit i kontakt med åtta olika byggnadsentreprenörer i Stockholmsområdet och utfört studiebesök ute i produktionen. Det finns flera faktorer som styr valet av ytterväggskonstruktion för projektet och på grund av detta finns det en rad olika typer av ytterväggskonstruktioner som används i dagens byggande av flerbostadshus. I vår jämförelse mellan sex olika ytterväggskonstruktioner har vi analyserat byggfysikaliska egenskaper och produktionsmetoder utifrån samma grundparametrar. Eftersom ytterväggarna skiljer sig mellan lätt respektive tung stomme har vi valt att presentera en från varje kategori. Enligt vår bedömning i vår analys har vi kommit fram till att en lätt utfackningsvägg med stålregelstomme och en tung väggkonstruktion med platsgjuten skalväggsstomme har de bästa förutsättningarna för att i framtiden utgöra de främsta alternativen inom ytterväggskonstruktioner för flerbostadshus.Rapporten är skriven för läsare som antas ha viss kunskap inom området byggteknik, dvs. den riktar sig främst till intressenter till byggbranschen och studenter inom området. / This thesis has been carried out at the Bachelor's program of construction engineering and design at the Royal Institute of Technology and in collaboration with Ramböll Sweden. The purpose of this report is to examine and analyze today's outer wall structures for the future of energy efficient buildings. The outer wall construction that is part of the building envelope has an important and significant flaw to meet future energy requirements of buildings. For a long time different wall construction projects have been designed to create wall panels with low U-values. For a wall structure to function, there are a number of confounding factors to be taken into account. Therefore, the thesis will focus on outer wall structure building physical properties such as air density, moisture, structure and stability.  In order to solve the task we have been in contact with eight different contractors in the Stockholm area and conducted field trips out in production. There are several factors that determine the choice of exterior wall construction for the project and because of this there are a number of different types of exterior wall structures used in today's construction of apartment buildings. In our comparison of six different wall constructions, we have analyzed the construction of physical characteristics and production methods on the same basic parameters. Since the outer walls differ between light and heavy body, we have chosen to present one from each class. Our conclusion is that a light stud walls with steel stud frame and a heavy wall construction with in-situ shell wall structure is best equipped to continue being the main option in exterior wall construction for apartment buildings. The report is written for readers who knowledgeable in the field of building technology, i.e. it is mainly addressed to interested parties in the construction industry and students in the field.

Vid projektering av ytterväggar ställs höga krav på funktion och utformning. Ytterväggar har en mängd olika konstruktionslösningar beroende på stomsystem, fasadmaterial och andra förutsättningar. Uppdragsgivaren WSP, vill underlätta kvalitetssäkringen och minska tidsåtgången vid projektering med hjälp av framtagna typdetaljer. Typdetaljerna är utformade med hänsyn till aspekterna fuktsäkerhet, robusthet och kostnad. Intervjuer med konstruktörer, litteraturstudier samt kontakt med produktleverantörer, ligger till grund för arbetet. Utifrån analys av insamlat material har konstruktionslösningar tagits fram utifrån en maximal livslängd. Arbetet har resulterat i två typdetaljer för tung stomme och tre för lätt stomme, med fasadmaterialen puts, tegel samt skivmaterial. Tillhörande teknisk beskrivning, U-värde och kostnadsbild har tagits fram för vardera typdetalj. / Moisture saftey; Robustness; Cost; Exterior wall; Light frame; Heavy frame; Construction details   Abstract på engelska: Function and design have always been critically important when designing exterior walls. Several designs can be possible but are largely dependent upon the framework system, facade material as well as various other considerations. The client, WSP, wish to guarantee quality whilst reducing planning time but also maintaining factors such as moisture safety, robustness and cost. The basis of the work consisted of interviews with designers, revision of literature and product supplier liaison. Based upon analysis of collected material, the designs have been developed to ensure a maximum life span. The result has produced both heavy and light frame designs by utilising plaster, brick and sheet materials for the facade construction. The relevant technical descriptions, U-values and overall cost estimates have been developed for each construction details.