В диссертации рассмотрена проблематика государственного финансового контроля в России, обоснована роль и место внешнего муниципального финансового контроля в системе государственного контроля. В процессе исследования проведён анализ деятельности Счётной палаты г. Екатеринбурга и выявлены основные недостатки работы контрольно-счетных органов. В частности, выявлено, что численность сотрудников Счетной палаты г.Екатеринбурга в два раза ниже нормативных значений, в результате чего проверкой охватывается не более 5% всех доходов и расходов муниципалитета. К другим немаловажным проблемам относятся отсутствие автоматизации процессов контрольной и экспертно-аналитической деятельности контрольно-счетных органов, при составлении отчетов в результате контрольных мероприятий используется неинформативная классификации финансовых нарушений и ошибок. В результате исследования разработана авторская методика оценки эффективности деятельности муниципальных контрольно-счетных органов, позволяющая учесть недочеты существующих методик. / The dissertation examines the problems of state financial control in Russia, substantiates the role and place of external municipal financial control in the system of state control. In the course of the study, an analysis of the activities of the Accounts Chamber of the city of Yekaterinburg was carried out and the main shortcomings of the work of the control and accounting authorities were identified. In particular, it was revealed that the number of employees of the Accounts Chamber of Yekaterinburg is two times lower than the normative values, as a result of which the audit covers no more than 5% of all income and expenses of the municipality. Other important problems include the lack of automation of the processes of control and expert-analytical activity of control and accounting bodies; when compiling reports as a result of control measures, an uninformative classification of financial irregularities and errors is used. As a result of the study, the authors developed a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of municipal control and accounting bodies, which allows taking into account the shortcomings of existing methods.

Цель исследования – оценка возможности использования электронного аудита в процедурах внешнего и внутреннего финансового контроля и аудита для повышения эффективности, результативности и точности этих процессов. Научная новизна работы заключается в следующем: систематизированы основные преимущества использования систем электронного аудита; проведен количественный анализ применения систем электронного аудита в российских компаниях; рассчитан предполагаемый экономический эффект от внедрения электронного программного обеспечения в деятельность служб внутреннего аудита в среднестатистической российской компании. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в возможности использования результатов анализа и предложений службами внутреннего аудита компаний, в любых государственных органах финансового контроля и мониторинга. Эффективность рекомендаций – предложенные автором рекомендации позволят обеспечить экономический эффект для средней организации - производителя около 4 % от ее выручки; для организаций, оказывающих услуги в области бухгалтерского учета и консультирования экономический эффект может выражаться в росте выручки на 20 %. / The purpose of the study is to assess the possibility of using electronic audit in the procedures of external and internal financial control and audit to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and accuracy of these processes. The scientific novelty of the work is as follows: the main advantages of using electronic audit systems are systematized; carried out a quantitative analysis of the use of electronic audit systems in Russian companies; the expected economic effect from the introduction of electronic software in the activities of internal audit services in an average Russian company is calculated. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the results of the analysis and proposals by the internal audit services of companies, in any state bodies of financial control and monitoring. Efficiency of recommendations - the recommendations proposed by the author will provide an economic effect for an average organization - a manufacturer of about 4% of its revenue; for organizations providing services in the field of accounting and consulting, the economic effect can be expressed in a 20% increase in revenue.

In this article, we apply Mikhail Bakhtin's model of a 'divided self' to R.D. Laing's eponymous work on the lived experience of divided selves in 'psychosis'. Both of these authors offer intriguing insights into the fracturing of self through its social relationships (including the 'micro-dialogues' staged for oneself) but from uniquely different perspectives. Bakhtin (1984) uses Dostoevsky's novels as his material for a theory of self, centrally concerned with moments of split identity, crisis, and personal transformation, while Laing relies on his patient's accounts of 'psychosis'. We will outline how two key Bakhtinian divisions of the self (spirit/soul and authoritative/internally persuasive discourse) help to make sense of Laing's descriptions of his patient's experiences and micro-dialogues. Conversely, when refracted through Laing's phenomenology Bakhtin's account of the self becomes richer and somewhat darkened in terms of a double-edged ontology, which describes a maximally open self but one that is consumed by ideas, unable to manage their contradictions. The implications of this for managing the dilemmas of self-identity will be drawn out.

Hierdie proefskrif handel oor 'n selfaktualiseringsbenadering tot bestuursukses binne 'n finansiele instelling. Die stand punt word gehuldig dat bestuurders wat reeds hoer vlakke van selfaktualisering bereik het oor die persoonlikheidskenmerke (intrapersoonlike, interpersoonlike en werkskenmerke) beskik wat tot bestuursukses lei. Hierdie standpunt, wat gegrond is op die uitgangspunte van die humanistiese benadering, is nog nie in finansiele instellings nagevors nie. Die volgende literatuurdoelstellings is in hierdie navorsing bereik: 'n Ge"integreerde beskouing van die vernaamste humanistiese persoonlikheidsteoriee, wat dien as metateoretiese raamwerk vir hierdie navorsing, is daargestel. - Die konsep selfaktualisering is omskryf en die persoonlikheidskenmerke van die selfaktualiserende persoon is ge"identifiseer. - Die konsep bestuursukses is omskryf en die persoonlikheidskenmerke van die suksesvolle bestuurder is ge"identifiseer. - Meetbare bestuursukseskriteria asook meetinstrumente vir die meet daarvan is ge"identifiseer. 'n Psigometriese toetsbattery is saamgestel uit die Algemene Gesondheidsvraelys, Verstandelike-helderheidstoets, Sestien-persoonlikheidsfaktorvraelys, Persoonlikeorienteringsvraelys, Rottervraelys, RGN Gevallestudietegniek-enbesluitnemingsvraelys en die Biografiese vraelys. Hierdie meetinstrumente is as klassifikasieveranderlikes gebruik om die meetbare komponente van die konstruk selfaktualisering by bestuurders van 'n finansiele instelling te meet. Besuursukses, as kriteriumveranderlike, is met die prestasiebestuurevaluering- en werknemer -effektiwiteitsvraelys gemeet. Uit die statistiese analise (meervoudigeregressie-analise) blyk dit dat 15 klassifikasieveranderlikes met bestuursukses verband hou. Die meervoudige korrelasie R (aangepas vir getal gevalle en getal klassifikasieveranderlikes) is gelyk aan 0,54. Daar is dus in hierdie navorsing 'n verband gevind tussen die konsepte selfaktualisering en bestuursukses soos gemeet by bestuurders van 'n finansiele instelling. Verskeie klassifikasieveranderlikes toon 'n paraboliese verband met bestuursukses. Dit dui daarop dat 'n relatiewe aanwesigheid of sterkte van spesifieke persoonlikheidskenmerke noodsaaklik is vir bestuursukses. lndien 'n sekere optimale punt egter oorskry word, het dit 'n nadelige effek op bestuursukses. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat die evalueringstegnieke en psigometriese instrumente wat in hierdie navorsing gebruik is en wat 'n verband (reglynig of parabolies) met bestuursukses getoon het, binne die finansiele instelling gebruik kan word om bestuurders met bestuurspotensiaal te identifiseer. Aanbevelings is ten opsigte van die gebruikswaarde van die konsep selfaktualisering vir die praktyk en vir verdere navorsing geformuleer. / This thesis examines the self-actualisation approach to management success within a financial institution. The premise is that managers who have already reached high levels of self-actualisation possess the personality traits (intrapersonal, interpersonal and work traits) that lead to management success. This premise, which is based on the points of view of the humanistic approach, has not yet been researched in a financial institution. The following literature objectives were achieved in this research: - An integrated view of the major humanistic personality theories, which serve as metatheoretic framework for this research, has been compiled. - The concept of self-actualisation has been defined and the personality traits of the self-actualising person identified. - The concept of management success has been defined and the personality traits of the successful manager identified. - Measurable management success criteria as well as measuring instruments for measuring these criteria have been identified. A psychometric test battery has been compiled from the General Health Questionnaire, Mental Alertness Test, Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, Personal Orientation Questionnaire, Rotter Questionnaire, HSRC Case Study Technique and Decision-making Questionnaire and the Biographical Questionnaire. These measuring instruments were used as classification variables to measure the measurable components of the selj-actualisation construct among managers of a financial institution. Management success, as a criterion variable, was measured using the performance management evaluation and employee effectiveness questionnaires. From the statistical analysis (multiple-regression analysis) it is evident that 15 classification variables relate to management success. The multiple correlation R (adjusted for number of cases and number of classification variables) equals 0,54. A relation has therefore been found in this research between the concepts of selfactualisation and management success as measured in managers of a financial institution. Several classification variables show a parabolic relation to management success. This indicates that a relative presence or strength of specific personality traits is essential for management success. However, when a certain optimal point is exceeded, this has a detrimental effect on management success. The conclusion is reached that the evaluation techniques and psychometric instruments used in this research, which showed a relation (whether rectilineal or parabolic) with management success, may be employed at a financial institution to identify managers with management potential. Recommendations in respect of the usefulness of the self-actualisation concept for the practical environment and for future research were formulated. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / DCom (Bedryfsielkunde)

Submitted by RODOLFO DOURADO (rodolfobsb@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-03-15T23:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dourado, Rodolfo Maciel - Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1597169 bytes, checksum: 5bfda66a1b6d8fa9fe1fd6b1e7e88796 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2012-03-19T15:20:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dourado, Rodolfo Maciel - Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1597169 bytes, checksum: 5bfda66a1b6d8fa9fe1fd6b1e7e88796 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-03-21T13:58:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dourado, Rodolfo Maciel - Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1597169 bytes, checksum: 5bfda66a1b6d8fa9fe1fd6b1e7e88796 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-21T13:58:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dourado, Rodolfo Maciel - Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1597169 bytes, checksum: 5bfda66a1b6d8fa9fe1fd6b1e7e88796 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-09 / Com a criação das primeiras entidades reguladoras de infraestrutura, década de 90, surgiu uma nova maneira estratégica de o Estado atuar com intuito de melhorar a governança pública. O Estado brasileiro, que era responsável direto pelo desenvolvimento econômico e social, buscou se redefinir frente ao modelo de entidades reguladoras que emergia. Em decorrência dessa nova fisionomia estatal, a descentralização funcional ganhou ênfase resultando no aparecimento de estruturas mais flexíveis e autônomas sob a natureza de direito público com a finalidade de atuar em setores típicos de Estado. Assim, foram criadas as primeiras agências reguladoras brasileiras com objetivo de normatizar, incentivar e regular setores essenciais à sociedade. Por consequência de tais inovações, diversas áreas administrativas tiveram de serem adaptadas, sobretudo as relacionadas à atividade de controle no âmbito administrativo. Para tanto, tornou-se necessário conciliar, dentro de um escopo sistematizado, mecanismos capazes de atender as demandas oriundas do recente Estado regulador brasileiro. Com efeito, a função controle adquire relevo no sentido de evitar que tais agências reguladoras apartem-se de limites impostos por lei ou de que divirjam de suas missões institucionais. Assim, o presente trabalho investiga a atuação do controle externo exercido pelo Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) no desempenho das agências reguladoras de Estado. Diante de o assunto permear várias áreas epistemológicas, entende-se que abordá-lo sob o enfoque interdisciplinar pode estender em contribuições sobre o objeto investigado. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação visa incorporar, também, outras áreas de conhecimento. Longe de defender um isomorfismo para o arranjo regulatório brasileiro ou de promover uma saída paradigmática, esta pesquisa busca, com amparo na metodologia qualitativa e sob os enfoques exploratórios e descritivos, reunir conhecimentos e constatações no sentido de propiciar maior aproximação acerca do assunto e concorrer para o delineamento de diretrizes futuras do controle externo sobre a regulação brasileira. Destaca-se que tanto a regulação como o controle sobre o ambiente regulatório são assuntos que se encontram em desenvolvimento no contexto brasileiro, o que enseja a pertinência desta pesquisa. Em face do exposto, esta dissertação visa investigar o estado atual do controle exercido pelo TCU sobre o desempenho nas agências reguladoras de Estado – infraestrutura - com intuito de analisar e promover um debate sobre limites e (im)possibilidades dessa atuação. / With the creation of the first regulators in infrastructure, 90's, a new strategic of acting with the state to improve public governance. The Brazilian who was directly responsible for economic and social development sought to redefine itself against the regulatory model that emerged. Due to this new face state, the functional decentralization was strengthened resulting in the appearance of structures more flexible and autonomous in the nature of public law in order to operate in sectors typical of state. Thus were created the first Brazilian regulatory agencies in order to regulate, promote and regulate key sectors of society. As a result of such innovations, several administrative areas had to be adapted, especially those related to the activity under administrative control. To this end, it became necessary to combine, within a scope systematized mechanisms to meet the demands coming from the recent Brazilian regulatory state. Indeed, the control function gets relief in order to avoid such regulatory agencies to depart the limits imposed by law or that differ from their institutional missions. Thus, this paper investigates the performance of the external control exercised by the Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) in the performance on State regulatory agencies. Before the subject permeate many areas of epistemology, it is understood that approach it in the interdisciplinary approach can be extended in contributions over the investigated object. So, this paper aims to incorporate also other areas of knowledge. Without defending the arrangement an isomorphism for Brazilian regulatory or promoting an output paradigm, this research aims, qualitative methodology based on the terms and under the exploratory and descriptive approaches, gather knowledge and findings in order to provide closer on the subject and compete for the design of future guidance of external control over Brazilian regulation. It is noteworthy that both the regulation and control of the regulatory issues that are under development in the Brazilian context, which entails the relevance of this research. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the current state of the control exerted by TCU on the performance of state regulatory agencies - infrastructure - with the intention to analyze and promote argumentation, discussion about limits and (im)possibilities of acting. / Con la creación de los primeros reguladores en infraestructura, de los 90, una nueva forma estratégica de actuar el Estado para mejorar la gestión pública. El brasileño, que fue el responsable directo del desarrollo económico y social, trató de redefinirse en contra del modelo de regulación que surgieron. Debido a esta nueva situación, la descentralización funcional se ha reforzado como resultado la aparición de estructuras más flexibles y autónomos con la naturaleza de derecho público, con el fin de operar en sectores típicos del Estado. Así se crearon los primeros organismos reguladores brasileños con el objetivo de regular, promover y regular los sectores clave de la sociedad. Como resultado de las innovaciones, a varias áreas administrativas tuvieron que ser adaptados, especialmente los relacionados con la actividad bajo el control administrativo. Con este fin, se hizo necesario para combinar, dentro de um ámbito de mecanismos sistematizados para satisfacer las demandas provenientes de la reguladora estatal brasileña. De hecho, la función de control seayuda con el propósito de evitar tales agencias reguladoras para salir de los límites impuestos por la ley o que se diferencian de sus misiones institucionales. Por lo tanto, este trabajo se investiga la actuación del control externo ejercido por el Tribunal de Cuentas del Unión (TCU) en el desempeño de los organismos reguladores estatales. Pelo el tema impregnan muchas áreas de la epistemología, se entiende que el enfoqueen el abordaje interdisciplinario se puede ampliar en las contribuciones sobre el objeto investigado. Por lo tanto, este trabajo pretende incorporar también otras áreas del conocimiento. Lejos de defender la disposición de Brasil para un isomorfismo normativo o la promoción de un paradigma de la producción, esta investigación tiene como objetivo, la metodología cualitativa basada em los términos y bajo los enfoques exploratorio y descriptivo, reunir los conocimientos y resultados a fin de ofrecer más sobre el temay competir por el diseño de las futuras orientaciones de control externo sobre la regulación brasileña. Es de destacar que tanto en la regulación y el control de los problemas de regulamentación que se están desarrollando en el contexto brasileño, lo que implica la relevância de esta investigación. En este contexto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar el estado actual del control ejercido por el TCU en el desempeño de las agencias reguladoras estatales – infraestructura - con el fin de analizar y promover el debate sobre los limites y la (im)posibilidades de actuar.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DSergio3.pdf: 732390 bytes, checksum: 8b43e1c2a42f8129f8f88d86f2e903a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / This research aimed at evaluating the efficiency of a specific model of operational auditing, created to audit municipal health systems, which are part of the Sistema Único de Saúde in the State of Rio de Janeiro, the AOSMS. Thus, it attempted to find out whether they represent a valid method of auditing the performance of SUS in the State of Rio de Janeiro based on the isolated or combined utilization of efficiency and efficacy criteria, and to finalize, how the AOSMS may contribute to the improvement of the municipal management of SUS. The study is based on two references axes, as follows: criteria and paradigms of operational auditing according to what International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) understands about this methodology and the evaluation method of health services proposed by Avedis Donabedian, based on the triad structure, process and result. The work consisted initially in verifying compatibility and evaluating potential of the parameters that constitute the AOSMS with the adopted references, in the light of the basic principles that inform the Brazilian Sistema Único de Saúde and afterwards in the submission of these parameters to the analytic categories created in this study with the intent of checking its adequacy and pertinacity to analyze public health systems. In order to reach its objective the research used the case study strategy of the TCE-RJ experience of holding operational audit in 39 municipal health systems in the State of Rio de Janeiro developed between 2000 and 2007. The result confirmed the hypothesis of the study and revealed how the AOSMS, considered as a valid methodology for its finality, may contribute for the improvement of the municipal management of SUS, reaffirming the potential of operational auditing to proceed with the evaluation of the performance of the Sistema Único de Saúde in the angle of external control, considering however that its application in Brazil, because of the external control model constitutionally adopted, must pass through due sociological reduction. / Esta pesquisa teve o propósito de avaliar a eficácia de um modelo peculiar de auditoria operacional, desenhada para auditar sistemas municipais de saúde, integrantes do Sistema Único de Saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, as AOSMS. Para tanto buscou responder se estas representam um método válido para auditar o desempenho do SUS ao nível dos municípios fluminenses com base na utilização isolada ou combinada dos critérios de eficiência e de eficácia, e, complementarmente, como as AOSMS podem contribuir para o aprimoramento da gestão municipal do SUS. O estudo se baseou em dois eixos referenciais, a saber: os critérios e paradigmas da auditoria operacional, de acordo com o entendimento da Organização Internacional de Entidades Fiscalizadoras Superiores (Intosai em inglês) sobre esta metodologia e o método de avaliação de serviços de saúde proposto por Avedis Donabedian, consubstanciado na tríade estrutura, processo e resultado. O trabalho consistiu inicialmente em verificar a compatibilidade e potencial avaliativo dos parâmetros constitutivos das AOSMS com os referenciais adotados, à luz dos princípios basilares que informam o Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro e, posteriormente, na submissão destes parâmetros às categorias de análise elaboradas neste estudo com o intuito de verificar sua adequabilidade e pertinência para analisar sistemas públicos de saúde. Para atingir seu objetivo a pesquisa utilizou-se da estratégia de estudo de caso da experiência do TCE-RJ com a realização de auditorias operacionais em 39 sistemas municipais de saúde fluminenses, desenvolvidas no período de 2000 a 2007. Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses do estudo e revelaram como as AOSMS, consideradas uma metodologia válida para a sua finalidade, podem contribuir para o aprimoramento da gestão municipal do SUS, reafirmando o potencial da auditoria operacional para proceder à avaliação do desempenho do sistema único de saúde sob o ângulo do controle externo, considerando, entretanto, que a sua aplicação no Brasil, em virtude do modelo de controle externo adotado constitucionalmente, deve passar por uma devida redução sociológica.

Hierdie proefskrif handel oor 'n selfaktualiseringsbenadering tot bestuursukses binne 'n finansiele instelling. Die stand punt word gehuldig dat bestuurders wat reeds hoer vlakke van selfaktualisering bereik het oor die persoonlikheidskenmerke (intrapersoonlike, interpersoonlike en werkskenmerke) beskik wat tot bestuursukses lei. Hierdie standpunt, wat gegrond is op die uitgangspunte van die humanistiese benadering, is nog nie in finansiele instellings nagevors nie. Die volgende literatuurdoelstellings is in hierdie navorsing bereik: 'n Ge"integreerde beskouing van die vernaamste humanistiese persoonlikheidsteoriee, wat dien as metateoretiese raamwerk vir hierdie navorsing, is daargestel. - Die konsep selfaktualisering is omskryf en die persoonlikheidskenmerke van die selfaktualiserende persoon is ge"identifiseer. - Die konsep bestuursukses is omskryf en die persoonlikheidskenmerke van die suksesvolle bestuurder is ge"identifiseer. - Meetbare bestuursukseskriteria asook meetinstrumente vir die meet daarvan is ge"identifiseer. 'n Psigometriese toetsbattery is saamgestel uit die Algemene Gesondheidsvraelys, Verstandelike-helderheidstoets, Sestien-persoonlikheidsfaktorvraelys, Persoonlikeorienteringsvraelys, Rottervraelys, RGN Gevallestudietegniek-enbesluitnemingsvraelys en die Biografiese vraelys. Hierdie meetinstrumente is as klassifikasieveranderlikes gebruik om die meetbare komponente van die konstruk selfaktualisering by bestuurders van 'n finansiele instelling te meet. Besuursukses, as kriteriumveranderlike, is met die prestasiebestuurevaluering- en werknemer -effektiwiteitsvraelys gemeet. Uit die statistiese analise (meervoudigeregressie-analise) blyk dit dat 15 klassifikasieveranderlikes met bestuursukses verband hou. Die meervoudige korrelasie R (aangepas vir getal gevalle en getal klassifikasieveranderlikes) is gelyk aan 0,54. Daar is dus in hierdie navorsing 'n verband gevind tussen die konsepte selfaktualisering en bestuursukses soos gemeet by bestuurders van 'n finansiele instelling. Verskeie klassifikasieveranderlikes toon 'n paraboliese verband met bestuursukses. Dit dui daarop dat 'n relatiewe aanwesigheid of sterkte van spesifieke persoonlikheidskenmerke noodsaaklik is vir bestuursukses. lndien 'n sekere optimale punt egter oorskry word, het dit 'n nadelige effek op bestuursukses. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat die evalueringstegnieke en psigometriese instrumente wat in hierdie navorsing gebruik is en wat 'n verband (reglynig of parabolies) met bestuursukses getoon het, binne die finansiele instelling gebruik kan word om bestuurders met bestuurspotensiaal te identifiseer. Aanbevelings is ten opsigte van die gebruikswaarde van die konsep selfaktualisering vir die praktyk en vir verdere navorsing geformuleer. / This thesis examines the self-actualisation approach to management success within a financial institution. The premise is that managers who have already reached high levels of self-actualisation possess the personality traits (intrapersonal, interpersonal and work traits) that lead to management success. This premise, which is based on the points of view of the humanistic approach, has not yet been researched in a financial institution. The following literature objectives were achieved in this research: - An integrated view of the major humanistic personality theories, which serve as metatheoretic framework for this research, has been compiled. - The concept of self-actualisation has been defined and the personality traits of the self-actualising person identified. - The concept of management success has been defined and the personality traits of the successful manager identified. - Measurable management success criteria as well as measuring instruments for measuring these criteria have been identified. A psychometric test battery has been compiled from the General Health Questionnaire, Mental Alertness Test, Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, Personal Orientation Questionnaire, Rotter Questionnaire, HSRC Case Study Technique and Decision-making Questionnaire and the Biographical Questionnaire. These measuring instruments were used as classification variables to measure the measurable components of the selj-actualisation construct among managers of a financial institution. Management success, as a criterion variable, was measured using the performance management evaluation and employee effectiveness questionnaires. From the statistical analysis (multiple-regression analysis) it is evident that 15 classification variables relate to management success. The multiple correlation R (adjusted for number of cases and number of classification variables) equals 0,54. A relation has therefore been found in this research between the concepts of selfactualisation and management success as measured in managers of a financial institution. Several classification variables show a parabolic relation to management success. This indicates that a relative presence or strength of specific personality traits is essential for management success. However, when a certain optimal point is exceeded, this has a detrimental effect on management success. The conclusion is reached that the evaluation techniques and psychometric instruments used in this research, which showed a relation (whether rectilineal or parabolic) with management success, may be employed at a financial institution to identify managers with management potential. Recommendations in respect of the usefulness of the self-actualisation concept for the practical environment and for future research were formulated. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / DCom (Bedryfsielkunde)

Syftet är att bidra med kunskap om lärarnas upplevelse av sin planeringstid och sin arbetssituation. Det innefattar de strategier som lärarna kommer använda sig av när rektorn styr planeringstiden och hur styrningen uppfattas. Studien ställer frågor som rör lärarnas hantering av frirum och korstryck.  Tidigare forskning visar att planeringstid prioriteras bort vilket får konsekvenser för lärarna. Möjligheten att utnyttja frirummet mellan yttre och inre styrning bör utvecklas för att ge lärarna kontroll i sin profession. Rektor anger hur frirummet utnyttjas vilket inverkar på lärarnas hantering av planeringstiden.  Denna kvalitativa studie använder frirumsteorin som teoretisk utgångspunkt och analysverktyg. Frirumsteorin utgår från förhållandet mellan inre och yttre styrning. Empiriskt material har hämtats från intervjuer med föreställningskarta. Analysen gjordes utifrån fyra nyckelord med tabellmetoden och från kriterierna styrning av och styrning i skolan. Resultatet visar att rektorns styrning ger lärarna arbetsvillkoren som höjer eller hindrar lärarens möjligheter att kunna utföra professionen. I frirummet ges lärarna möjlighet att arbeta i balans mellan styrningsformerna. När lärarna arbetar i läraryrket som profession och har daglig tid för samtal upplevs kontroll. En slutsats är att när rektorn tillåter lärarna att utnyttja frirummet och vara i sin profession upplevs inget korstryck. Lärarna upplever att de kontrollerar sin planeringstid. Studien uppmärksammar inre och yttre styrning, frirum och korstryck som  vetenskapligt och teoretiskt förankrade i frirumsteorin. Lärarnas upplevelse av och strategier för sin planeringstid samt rektorns styrning analyseras utifrån dessa styrningsformer. / The purpose of this thesis is to add knowledge about the teachers' experience of their planning time and work situation. What strategies will teachers use when the principal controls the planning time and how the steering is perceived? The study investigates how teachers handle free space and cross pressure. Previous research reveals how planning time is deprioritized away, which leads to consequences for teachers. The teacher´s possibility to use the free space should be developed to provide control for the teachers. The principal sets the framework for how the free space can be used and decides how teachers manage their planning time. Free space theory is the theoretical starting point and analysis tool for this qualitative study. The theory of scope for action theory is based on the relationship between internal and external control. The empirical material was gathered from interviews with the performance map. The analysis was based on four keywords using the table method and from the forms of governance in schools. The results show that the principal's governance gives teachers working conditions that raise or hinder the teacher's ability to perform their profession. In the free space, teachers must be given the opportunity to work in a balance between the forms of governance. When teachers work in the teaching profession as profession and have daily time for conversations between teachers, they experience a sense of perceived control. One conclusion is that when the principal allows teachers to gain advantage of the free space and be in their profession, there is no cross pressure. Teachers feel in control of their planning time.  The study draws attention to internal and external control that is scientifically and theoretically anchored in the scope for action theory. The teachers' experience and strategies for their planning time and the principal's governance were analyzed based on these forms of governance.