Conciliar desenvolvimento local com a conservação da maior floresta tropical do mundo é um desafio emergente. Uma das estratégias que tem sido estimuladas em prol desse objetivo é a promoção de cadeias comerciais de produtos florestais não madeireiros. A castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) é uma das espécies mais importantes do contexto amazônico, considerada uma espécie chave para a contribuição com a conservação da floresta e dos meios de vida associados à ela. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar se o extrativismo de base comunitária e tradicional da castanha em Almeirim - município situado na região da calha norte paraense - representa de fato uma atividade chave para garantir a conservação da floresta aliada ao desenvolvimento local. Para isso, foram definidas questões norteadoras a serem focadas no desenvolvimento da pesquisa: (I) A organização social das comunidades extrativistas, bem como o desenvolvimento e amadurecimento de instituições coletivas atuantes no gerenciamento da produção e comercialização da castanha promovem melhorias nas diferentes dimensões dos meios de vida comunitários?; (II) Existe sustentabilidade ecológica na produção de castanha oriunda dos castanhais de Almeirim? O que a dinâmica populacional dos castanhais explorados de Almeirim pode nos dizer sobre o futuro das populações de castanheiras na Amazônia? Foi verificado que de fato diferentes níveis de organização social dos sistemas socio-ecológicos aonde se constituem as atividades extrativas da castanha em Almeirim contribuem de modo distinto e significativo para a manutenção e melhoria dos capitais humano, social, físico, financeiro e natural dos meios de vida das comunidades da região de estudo. Também verificou-se que a coleta de sementes de castanha-do-brasil, realizada há pelo menos um século na região, não representa uma ameaça à manutenção das populações de Bertholletia excelsa, uma vez que essa parece atingir alto nível de estabilidade e resistência à remoção de suas sementes. Pode-se considerar, portanto, que o extrativismo de castanha-do-brasil no município de Almerim é uma estratégia de alta relevância para a manutenção sociocultural das comunidades estudadas, bem como melhoria de seus meios de vida e que não provoca prejuízos a dinâmica das populações de castanheiras. / Harmonizing local development with the world largest rain forest conservation is an emerging challenge. One of the strategies that has been stimulated for this goal is the promotion of non-timber forest products commercial chains. Brazil Nut is one of the most important product in this Amazon context, considered a cornerstone specie for the contribution of the forest and the local living ways associated. This study aimed to investigate if Brazil Nut\'s extractivist communities and traditional way of extractivism in Almeirim - municipality located north channel of Amazon river in Pará state - represent in fact a key activity to guarantee forest conservation allied to the local development. In this regard, directional questions have been defined to be focus in the development of research: (I) Does social organization of the extractive communities, as well as the development and maturing of collective institutions that act in the production and commercialization management of Brazil Nut, promote better conditions of the different community livelihoods? (II) Is there ecological sustainability of the Brazil Nut\'s extraction in the Almeirim\'s Brazil Nut\'s stands? What does population dynamics of the explored Brazil Nut\'s stands in Almeirim can tell us about the future of Brazil Nut\'s stands in Amazonia? It has been verificated that the different levels of social organization in the social ecological systems where the Brazil Nut\'s extraction activities in Almeirim contributes distinctly and significantly to the maintenance and upgrade of human, social, physical, financial and natural community assets of livelihoods in the study area. It was also verified that Brazil nut seed collection, which has been carried out for at least a century in the region, does not represent a threat to the maintenance of the populations of Bertholletia excelsa, since the specie seems to reach a high level of stability and resistance to seed removal. It can be considered, therefore, that Brazil nut extractivism in the municipality of Almeirim is a highly relevant strategy for the socio-cultural maintenance of the communities studied, as well as the improvement of their livelihoods and that does not cause damages to the dynamics of Brazil nut populations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_KESSIA ROSARIA DE SOUSA.pdf: 1786088 bytes, checksum: 470c379d24f168d2f5bf6e865fd0719b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-17 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / The present dissertation presents the relationship between extractive economic practice of buriti fiber crafts and sustainable development in the micro region of Lençóis, taking as temporal focus, today. To that end, discussions were raised on the subject, sustainable development, it was traced Brazilian extractive panorama, state and local, showing the economic potential of Non Timber Forest Products and its viability over the sustainability of natural resources and improving the quality of life of the population dependent on this practice as complementary and main source of income. The data rescue in the last decade allowed to point the panorama of micro, its evolutions and regressions as the indices of development and population conditions of life. The information about the extractive practices were drawn from current studies initiated in 2009 and findados in 2012 from bodies such as the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the Maranhão Institute of Socioeconomic and Cartographic Studies (IMESC) and the Brazilian Service of Support for Micro and Small Enterprises (Sebrae). Featuring up methodologically as documentary research. From the information gathered were perceived the potential of extractive economy Craft of buriti fiber and its relevance to local development, the importance of the role of agencies in support of the entrepreneur and the protective measures of natural resources and the growing concern of social actors, both civil society, as government agents and artisanal production structure with the decrease in supply of raw materials and the impact to the environment. / A presente dissertação apresenta a relação entre a prática econômica extrativista do artesanato da fibra de buriti e o desenvolvimento sustentável na microrregião dos Lençóis Maranhenses, tomando como foco temporal, a atualidade. Para tal finalidade, foram levantadas discussões a respeito do tema, desenvolvimento sustentável, foi traçado o panorama extrativista brasileiro, estadual e local, demonstrando a potencialidade econômica dos Produtos Florestais Não Madeireiros e sua viabilidade quanto à sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais e melhoria da qualidade de vida da população, dependente desta prática como complementação e principal fonte de renda. O resgate de dados na ultima década permitiu apontar o panorama da microrregião, suas evoluções e regressões quanto aos índices de desenvolvimento e condições de vida populacional. As informações a respeito das práticas extrativistas foram traçadas a partir de estudos atuais iniciados em 2009 e findados no ano de 2012 a partir de órgãos como o Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA), o Instituto Maranhense de Estudos Socioeconômicos e Cartográficos (IMESC) e o Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio a Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE). Caracterizando-se metodologicamente como pesquisa documental. A partir das informações levantadas foram percebidas as potencialidades da economia extrativista do artesanato da fibra de buriti e sua relevância para o desenvolvimento local, a importância da atuação de órgãos de apoio ao empreendedor e às medidas protetivas dos recursos naturais, assim como a crescente preocupação dos atores sociais, tanto a sociedade civil, como governamentais e agentes da estrutura produtiva artesanal com a diminuição na oferta de matéria-prima e o impacto causado ao meio-ambiente.

Les dynamiques du secteur minier péruvien entre la fin du XXe siècle et le début du XXIe siècle permettent de saisir la mondialisation économique comme un phénomène résolument spatial où se réinventent les territoires et les identités autour d’une ressource à la fois locale et globale. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons en quoi les nouvelles règles du jeu, notamment en matière minière et foncière ainsi que la gouvernance de l’environnement, illustrent la construction nécessairement politique du territoire péruvien et des ressources par l’État central autour d’un projet national d’exploitation marchande des gisements miniers comme source de richesse économique. La réorganisation de la structure productive nationale par le capital, souvent étranger, éclaire le poids des initiatives d’acteurs sur le devenir des territoires. La hausse de l’empreinte spatiale du secteur minier et des revenus qu’il génère atteste d’une greffe territoriale et économique de l’activité minière à l’échelle nationale. Néanmoins, celle-ci est inégalement ressentie dans les territoires locaux. La multiplication des conflits miniers au début du XXIe siècle rappelle que les ressources naturelles et les régulations qui codifient la relation société-nature sont le résultat souvent instable de relations de pouvoir entre acteurs aux poids asymétriques et aux visées potentiellement antagonistes. Nous analysons ces conflits interrogeant le rôle et la place des acteurs et des territoires locaux dans les politiques de développement, comme une arme de (re)négociation des règles du jeu à la portée des « sans ». D’intensité variable, la renégociation est micro quand les enjeux sont relativement limités et les acteurs entendent accéder à une meilleure répartition des richesses. Par contraste, elle est potentiellement massive quand ils refusent la marchandisation de la nature et entendent transformer en profondeur les règles du jeu comme l’illustre le conflit minier de Conga à Cajamarca. / Analysis of the dynamics of the mining sector in Peru between the end of the twentieth century and the start of the twenty-first allows an understanding of economic globalisation as a resolutely spatial phenomenon in which territories and identities are reinvented around resources at once local and global. In this thesis, we show how the new rules of the game of mining and property, and environmental governance, illustrate the necessarily political construction of Peru’s territory and resources by the central State around a national project of market-oriented exploitation of mining deposits as a source of economic wealth. This reorganisation of the national productive structure by capital, often foreign, sheds light on the impact of economic actors on the future of the territories. An increase of the spatial imprint of the mining sector and the revenue it generates amounts to a territorial and economic transplant of mining exploitation on a national scale. This increase, however, is felt unequally in local territories. The multiplication of mining conflicts at the start of the twenty-first century recalls how natural resources and the regulations codifying the society-nature relationship are the often unstable result of power relations between actors of unequal weight and with potentially antagonistic goals. We analyze these conflicts questionning the role and place of local actors and territories in development policies, as a weapon of (re)negotiation of the rules of the game wielded by the « have nots ». Varying in intensity, negotiations can be considered micro when the stakes are relatively limited and the actors only hope to achieve a greater share of the wealth. By contrast, conflicts may constitute a weapon of mass negotiation when actors refuse the commodification of nature and attempt a profound transformation of the rules of the game, as is illustrated by the Conga mining conflict in Cajamarca.

This thesis is an attempt to reflect on my own creative process and put it in relation to  critical ideas and artworks that deals with themes of apocalypse, ecology and political theory. By doing this I hope to examine the role of apocalyptic narratives in our society today and see how my own film relates to these ideas. By putting my artistic process and film in relation to a theoretical framework I hope to discover new perspectives on aesthetics and how to tell an apocalyptic story in our day and age and how this relates to documentary filmmaking and digital culture.  To engage with a critical perspective on the ecological questions regarding my work I am taking help from thinkers such as the finish art historian and media professor Jussi Parikka and his ideas about geology of media where the earth crust itself can be considered a mediating force. I am also introducing the concept of buen vivir presented by the post-colonial theorist Rolando Vásques to critically examine the documentary process in Sápmi. Furthermore, I explore the religious idea of the holy fool who appears in the film from a societal perspective by turning to the media theorist Byung- Chul Han. I also make us of the theologian Ola Sigurdsons ideas about the transcendental power of comedy to understand the more comical sides of my filmmaking.  By putting these theoretical ideas against my practice I try to find an expanded understanding of the apocalyptic film genre and how the artistic process relates to healing and transformation in times of societal and existential crisis.

The Virtual Water Trade (VWT) thesis has in recent years taken centre stage in the global water security and political economy discourse for its ability to mitigate water scarcity issues through global trade. However, it has been criticised for neglecting the externalities and the full social-environmental costs, which in this research is highlighted through the case of Brazil. This multivariate research critically assesses the dangers of seeing VWT as a ‘pure’ economic model by investigating the intervening variable of the structural conditions of the Brazilian government and their close intertwinement with agricultural corporations. By qualitative content analysis and empirical data supporting the arguments, the research found that agrarian corporations’ participation in an extractivist system can only thrive where the state actively guarantees the structural condition. This includes financial incentives which provide them with the hegemonic power to influence policies and amendments favouring agrarian business expansion with detrimental socio-environmental consequences for the vulnerable communities within Brazil. The research concludes that it is important to acknowledge this macro-micro linkage when formulating international agreements regarding agricultural trade, otherwise, the purpose of the Virtual Water Trade to mitigate water stress and prevent violent conflicts is instead undermined.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The cattail (Typha spp.) is the protagonist of the life histories of women extractivist-artisans, because it guarantees their sustainability in daily life. In this perspective, the main objective of the thesis was to point out how cattail promotes the socioenvironmental sustainability of women who attribute meanings to their actions as a way of surviving, in the face of the adversities of their daily lives. It had as specific objectives: to contextualize the actions and processes of women in the extraction of the Cattail, in order to influence the construction of socioenvironmental sustainability; identify spaces (social, educational, cultural and political) in which women express their experiences in daily life; to describe the meanings attributed by the woman to the extraction of the cattail in relation to the sociability and the commercialization of the products re-signified to the raw material of Typha spp. To achieve the objectives, oral history was used interwoven with social phenomenology, which allowed us to recall events and facts that led the women extractivist-artisans of cattail - as well as extractive-artisans from Ouricuri straw, fishermen, lace makers, seamstresses, straw braids artisans, housekeepers, ministers, sisters, mothers and wives - to incorporate in their routine ways of resisting and sustaining the family in the place of daily life. In this case, the research locus was the municipality of Pacatuba, State of Sergipe, Brazil. We also used interviews-dialogues, semistructured questionnaires, participation in meetings and events, field journals, theoretical readings and photographs as methodological tools, which allowed us to systematize the thesis. We conclude that, for extractive-artisan women, sustainability is delineated in daily life through actions that aim to keep Typha spp. in constant production and growth. It is not something that is discussed, it is something that is done, and it was transmitted to them by previous generations and by processes of observation of the daily life, especially since the knowledge of the correct management is passed from artisan to artisan, during the harvest, as well as in meetings in associations, craft centers, group meetings and also in prayer spaces. Finally, the meaning that these extractivist-artisans attribute to the cattail is summed up in one word: everything. "[...] The Cattail to us is everything".________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ / L’arbre Taboa est la protagoniste des histories de vie des femmes artisans et faisantes de l’extractivisme, en raison de la garantie de leur maintenance dans la vie quotidienne. Ainsi, l’objectif central de cette thèse est exposer comment le Taboa (Thypha spp.) permet la viabilité de l’environnement et sociale des femmes qui mettent signification dans ces actions comme une forme de survivre avant les adversités de leur vie. Comme des objectifs spécifiques, la thèse contextualise les actions et les procès des femmes dans l’extraction de Taboa pour influencer dans la construction de durabilité socio-environnemental; elle identifie les espaces (sociaux, de l’éducation, culturels, politiques) dans lesquels les femmes expriment leurs expériences quotidiennes; décrit les significations attribués par ces femmes à l’extraction de Taboa en relation à la durabilité et commercialisation des produits de le Thypha spp. Pour la concrétisation de la thèse, on s’utilise de l’histoire oral ainsi comme de la méthode de la phénoménologie sociale, qui a en permis revoir la construction des faits responsables pour l’incorporation, pour partie de ces femmes artisans de Taboa, (ainsi como les artisans de “palha do Ouricuri”, pêcheuses, dentellières, couturières, femmes blanchisseuses, femmes de ménage, femmes pasteurs, soeurs, mères et femmes) dans leur quotidien, formes de résister et maintenir leurs familles. Dans ce cas là, le locus de recherche est le ville de Pacatuba, Sergipe, Brèsil. On s’utilise aussi des interviews-dialogues, des questionnaires semi-structuré, des participations dans des événements, des registres de recherche en locus, de la littérature de théorie et des photos, comme instrument méthodologique qui permet la systématisation de la thèse. On peut conclure que, pour les femmes artisans et faisantes de l’extractivisme, la durabilité habite dans la vie quotidienne, à travers des actions qui visent maintenir le Thypha spp en constant production et développement. Pour ces femmes, ce n’est pas quelque chose à discuter, mais à faire, une coutume transmise par des générations précédentes et des procès d’observation du quotidien, surtout parce que cette connaissance de manipulation est apprise d’artisan à artisan, pendant les périodes de la récolte, et dans les rencontres des associations, les centres d’artisanat, les réunions de groupe d’artisans, ainsi comme dans les espaces de prière. Enfin, le résumé de la signification que ces femmes artisans mettent à Taboa, est le mot ‘tout’: “Le Taboa est tout pour nous”. / A taboa é a protagonista das histórias de vida das mulheres extrativistas-artesãs, em razão da garantia da sua sustentabilidade no cotidiano. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo central da tese foi explicitar como a taboa (Typha spp.) promove a sustentabilidade socioambiental de mulheres que atribuem significados às suas ações como forma de sobreviver, diante das adversidades do seu cotidiano. Teve como objetivos específicos: contextualizar as ações e processos das mulheres na extração da taboa, de modo a influenciar na construção da sustentabilidade socioambiental; identificar espaços (sociais, educacionais, culturais e políticos) em que as mulheres exprimem suas vivências no cotidiano; descrever os significados atribuídos pela mulher à extração da taboa, em relação à sociabilidade e à comercialização dos produtos ressignificados à matéria-prima da Typha spp. Para concretização, foi utilizada a história oral entrelaçada à fenomenologia social, que permitiu rememorar eventos e fatos que levaram as mulheres extrativistas-artesãs da taboa - bem como as extrativistas-artesãs da palha do Ouricuri, pescadoras, rendeiras, costureiras, trançadeiras, lavadeiras, passadeiras, faxineiras, pastoras, irmãs, mães e esposas - a incorporarem em sua rotina formas de resistir e sustentar a família no local de vida cotidiana. Neste caso, o locus da pesquisa foi o município de Pacatuba, Estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Utilizou-se também entrevistas-diálogos, questionários semiestruturados, participação em encontros e eventos, diários de campo, leituras teóricas e fotografias como instrumentos metodológicos, que permitiram sistematizar a tese. Concluímos que, para as mulheres extrativistas-artesãs, sustentabilidade delineia-se no cotidiano por meio de ações que objetivam manter a Typha spp em constante produção e crescimento. Não é algo que se discute, é algo que se faz, e que lhes foi transmitido pelas gerações anteriores e por processos de observação do cotidiano, sobretudo porque o conhecimento do manejo correto é passado de artesã para artesã, durante a colheita, e nos encontros nas associações, centros de artesanatos, reuniões do grupo e também em espaços de oração. Por fim, o significado que essas extrativistas-artesãs atribuem à taboa se resume em uma palavra: tudo. “[...]A taboa pra nós é tudo”. / São Cristóvão, SE

Ce travail étudie les composants de l’évolution territoriale et socio-économique de la région du Jari, située au nord de l’Amazonie brésilienne, en identifiant les différents processus de transformation ainsi que les structures spatiales actuelles. Longtemps à l’écart des dynamiques nationales du peuplement et du développement, celle-ci connait, au XXe siècle, un développement socioéconomique en deux étapes : Le premier, au début du siècle, à partir d’une occupation conditionnée par l’extractivisme (exploitation de ressources naturelles de la forêt, comme le caoutchouc ou la noix du Brésil), et organisée autour d’un latifundiaire sur environ 2 millions d’hectares. Le deuxième, plus important, à la fin des années 1960, à partir de l’installation, sur ce même territoire, d’une grande entreprise agro-industrielle, le "projet Jari", par l’entrepreneur et multimillionnaire Américain D.K. Ludwig, qui visait à la production de la cellulose à grande échelle, et entraînait la construction d’une première infrastructure urbaine et industrielle dans une région de forêt primaire jusque-là intacte. Désormais indissociablement liées, les transformations socioéconomiques et territoriales de la région du Jari se sont depuis produites en tant qu’influence ou interaction directe avec l’évolution du projet Jari. Celui-ci, toujours en fonction dans la région aujourd’hui, a lui-même connu des transformations significatives depuis son installation en 1967: fortement polémiquée pour la non rentabilité économique, l’impact environnemental, et le gaspillage en ressources humaines de ses activités d’agrobusiness, le projet Jari du XXIe siècle émerge aujourd’hui, sous une nouvelle gestion (Orsa), comme une entreprise viable, certifiée, et pionnière en matière de responsabilité sociale et environnementale des entreprises en contexte amazonien. Les nouvelles stratégies territoriales développées par celle-ci et basées dans un discours de responsabilité sociale et environnementale des entreprises, ont permis à la Jari non seulement de conquérir une place stable sur le marché national et international de la cellulose, mais aussi à atténuer une conflit foncier de long date dans la région du Jari, qui a durablement marqué les relations entre l’entreprise, le gouvernement et les populations locales, dont plusieurs ont été déplacées de leurs terres lors de la transformation de larges parties de forêt primaire en plantations d’eucalyptus. La création, par la "nouvelle" entreprise, d’une Fondation sociale, censée de mettre en œuvre des petits projets socio-économiques dans la région, a en outre permis d’avancer le processus d’intégration territoriale visant à inclure enfin les communautés locales et les acteurs politiques à la gestion régionale et à l’utilisation des ressources, jusque-là monopolisée par l’entreprise. Sans être achevé, ce processus forme aujourd’hui la base solide pour une transformation "durable" du Jari, d’une vieille "enclave" économique de l’Américain à une région intégrée dont le potentiel est partagé parmi ses habitants. / This thesis studies the components and phases of the socioeconomic and territorial evolution of the Jari river region, located at the north of the Brazilian Amazon, by identifying its different transformation processes and contemporary spatial structures. Longtime left aloof from national population and development dynamics, the region experiences a two-step economic and social evolution in the XX century: A first occupation, at the beginning of the century, that was conditioned by the exploitation of natural resources (rubber, Brazil nut) and led to the establishment of a "latifundium" covering about 2 million ha; and a second, more important occupation at the end of 1960ies by the an American businessman and multimillionaire D.K. Ludwig. The initiation, by the latter, of a huge agro-industrial enterprise, the "Jari project", aiming at a large-scale production of cellulose, lead to the construction of first urban infrastructures and industrial facilities in a region until then covered with intact primary forest. The socio-cultural, economical and political development of the Jari River region has since been intrinsically linked to the evolution of the Jari project. The project itself, which is still active in the region, has itself known significant change since its building up in 1967: strongly criticized during the 1970ies and 1980ies due to the lack of economic viability of its agro-industrial activities, as well as its ecological impact and its waste of human resources, the project of the XXI century, revived by a new management (Orsa), presents itself as an innovative, lucrative and certified firm, henceforth conscious of its social and environmental responsibility and thus of its pioneer role for the socioeconomic development of the Jari River region where it operates. The territorial strategies developed in this context by the company, which are embedded in a discourse of social and environmental corporate responsibility, have indeed permitted the company not only to establish itself on the national and international pulp market, but also to mitigate the long-standing land conflict between the Jari firm, the government and the local populations, who had been partly displaced from their lands by the transformation of huge parts of the rainforest into eucalyptus plantations. The creation of a firm-interne social Foundation in 2000, commissioned to carry into action small socioeconomic projects in the region, has also allowed to accelerate a process of territorial integration, aiming at including the local communities and political actors into the management of the region and its use of its natural resources, until then monopolized by the company. Not yet fully achieved, this process of territorial integration constitutes today a solid basis for a sustainable transformation of the region in the future, from the old "enclave" of the American into an integrated region whose potential is commonly shared by its habitants.

This thesis examines the intersection between lithium extraction and contemporary art through a visual semiotic analysis of three contemporary artworks: Unknown Fields’ We Power Our Future With the Breast Milk of Volcanoes, Marcela Magno’s Land [2] Litio, and Julian Charrière’s Future Fossil Spaces. It explores how lithium extraction is visualised in the selected artworks, what connotations can be extracted from them, the geopolitical dimension expressed in them, and how they relate to the myth of ‘green’ transition. This text takes a starting point in the notion of critical visualisations of extractivism in contemporary art as an urgent political, artistic, and ecological issue. Extractivism is a crucial concept in this thesis, and it is further explored through the intersection of art and extractivism in dialogue with previous research by, for example, Eray Çaylı, Macarena Gómez-Barris, and T.J. Demos. The artworld’s interest in lithium has grown in the last years, with cultural projects and exhibitions on lithium taking place in Sweden and the Netherlands, yet there are no academic texts that explore the intersection of lithium extraction and contemporary art. The aim of this thesis is to thoroughly examine this intersection through three contemporary artworks, to expand academic literature regarding this topic, but also to make the results available to curators, cultural workers, and artists who are currently developing cultural projects around lithium and its extraction. The results of the visual semiotic analysis demonstrated that all three of the artworks critically engaged with lithium extraction by visibilising either present or future green sacrifice zones. They all countered the myth of ‘green’ transition with different strategies: by showing the two-furthermost-apart links in the lithium supply chain, by recuperating Indigenous creation myths of the extracted landscapes, and by exploring the supposed intangibility of our ever-expanding digital world.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-11T15:31:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAIMUNDO NONATO BITENCOURT PEREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGH 2015..pdf: 3351181 bytes, checksum: f86c28d332c653144b9bc0876a0d5a2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-11T15:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAIMUNDO NONATO BITENCOURT PEREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGH 2015..pdf: 3351181 bytes, checksum: f86c28d332c653144b9bc0876a0d5a2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-05 / Neste trabalho propomos investigar a modernização urbana da cidade de Campo Maior, Piauí, considerando-a como favorecida pelo período áureo do extrativismo da cera de carnaúba no Estado, durante as décadas de 1930 e 1940. Observamos que a época que a cera ganhou destaque foi a partir do início da Primeira Guerra Mundial, sendo exportada para alguns países beligerantes, visto que foi possível extrair do produto um componente explosivo denominado ácido pícrico, utilizado na fabricação de pólvora. Tal fato tornou a cera o principal suporte da economia piauiense e campomaiorense, consolidando sua importância a partir da conflagração do segundo conflito mundial. Para investigar o crescimento urbano analisamos alguns equipamentos modernos, bem como logradouros públicos e prédios que foram implantados, e eram destacados nos discursos oficiais pelos governantes locais que representavam a cidade como uma das mais modernas e progressistas do Piauí. Destacamos ainda, que o período da modernização coincide com a época em que Getúlio Vargas é presidente do Brasil. No Piauí, temos os interventores Landri Sales (1931-1935) e Leônidas Melo (1935-1945). Os governantes, nacional e estadual, assentavam suas bases no autoritarismo e na ideia de progresso e modernização, que tinham forte ressonância em Campo Maior. Não obstante, propomos colocar em relevo algumas pessoas humildes que se apropriaram das reformas urbanas operadas em Campo Maior, dando atenção a sua subjetividade enquanto indivíduos comuns que também traduziram o seu olhar sobre a cidade, por meio de crônicas, livros de memória, ou mesmo entrevistas. Intencionamos compreender as sensibilidades dessas pessoas em relação a essa “nova” cidade na qual estavam vivendo, como foram beneficiados ou ficaram à margem da estrutura urbana que se modernizava. Por fim, pretendemos ainda ressaltar as novas sociabilidades que se desenvolveram nos espaços que surgiram. / In this work we propose to investigate the urban modernization of the town of Campo Maior, Piauí, regarding it as favored by the golden period of Carnaúba wax extraction in the state during the 1930s and 1940s. We observe that the time in which the wax came to prominence was the beginning of World War I, being exported to some belligerent countries, since it was possible to extract from the product an explosive component named picric acid, used in the making of gunpowder. This fact became the wax the main support of the economy of Piauí and Campo Maior, consolidating its importance from the conflagration of the second world conflict. To investigate the urban growth we analyzed some modern equipment, as well as public places and buildings that were implanted and were pointed out in the official speeches of the local rulers that represented the town as one of the most modern and progressive of Piauí. We emphasize yet that the modernization period coincides with the epoch in which Getúlio Vargas was the Brazilian president. In Piauí we had intervenors Landri Sales (1931-1935) and Leônidas Melo (1935-1945). The state and national governments had their bases in authoritarianism and the idea of progress and modernization that had a strong resonance in Campo Maior. Notwithstanding, we propose to highlight some lower-class people who took advantage of the urban reforms carried out in Campo Maior, highlighting their subjectivity as ordinary individuals that also translated their look upon the town, through chronicles, memoirs or even interviews. We intend to understand the sensitivities of these people about this “new town” in which they were living, how they were benefited or marginalized from the modernizing urban structure. Finally, we want to highlight the new social skills that developed in the new spaces.