O tema do acesso à justiça é aquele que mais diretamente equaciona as relações entre o processo e a justiça social, entre igualdade jurídico-formal e desigualdade socioeconômica. A consagração constitucional dos novos direitos econômicos e sociais e sua expansão paralela à do Estado-Providência transformou o direito ao acesso efetivo à justiça em um direito-chave, um direito cuja denegação acarretaria a de todos os demais. Daí a constatação de que a organização da justiça não pode ser reduzida à sua dimensão técnica, socialmente neutra, devendo investigar-se as funções sociais por elas desempenhadas e, em particular, o modo como as possibilidades técnicas no seu seio veiculam opções a favor ou contra interesses sociais divergentes ou mesmo antagônicos. Desde a década de 70 do século passado, diversos pesquisadores e analistas sociais têm contribuído para colocar em questão as formas de resolução de conflitos características do Estado Moderno, bem como para apontar caminhos e problematizar as experiências concretas de informalização, desjudicialização, mediação e arbitragem que vão surgindo. Pensando no acesso à justiça como um direito primordial sem o qual os demais direitos não se concretizam e nesses meios de resolução de conflitos, o objetivo desse trabalho é analisar se a Justiça Restaurativa é capaz de ampliar o acesso à justiça em sua dimensão material e formal. Atualmente, a importância da Justiça Restaurativa é reconhecida inclusive pela ONU, já que sua prática tem possibilitado a pacificação social, na medida em que sugere uma reavaliação do fenômeno criminológico desde suas causas, passando pela aplicação da justiça ate suas consequências futuras. Para chegar ao objetivo do trabalho, a teoria de John Rawls sobre a justiça como equidade é importante para, por meio do instituto do equilíbrio reflexivo, a Justiça Restaurativa ser pensada justamente como um mecanismo de adequação aos princípios essenciais de uma sociedade cooperativa. / Access to justice is the theme that more directly equates the relations between process and social justice, formal-legal equality and socioeconomic inequality. The constitutional praise of the new economic and social rights and their expansion alongside the Welfare State turned the right to effective access to justice into a key one, a right whose denial would lead to the denial of all other rights. Hence the conclusion that the organization of justice cannot be reduced to its technical, socially neutral dimension; instead, its social functions must be investigated, particularly in regard to the way technical possibilities convey options in favor of or against social interests that may diverge or even antagonize. Since the 1970s, many researchers and social analysts have contributed to question the ways of conflict resolution that characterize the Modern State, as well as to point ways and problematize concrete experiences of informalization, non-judicialization, mediation and arbitration that emerge. Considering access to justice as a primordial right without which the other ones do not materialize and taking into account these ways of conflict resolution, this work aims to analyze whether Restorative Justice is able to extend the access to justice in its material and formal dimensions. Currently, the United Nations recognizes the importance of Restorative Justice, since its practice enables social pacification by means of suggesting a reevaluation of the criminologic phenomenon already in its causes and also of the application of justice and its future consequences. To get to the central point of the work, John Rawls\' theory on justice as fairness, by means of the institute of the reflective equilibrium, is important for Restorative Justice to be thought exactly as a mechanism of adequacy to the essential principles of a cooperative society.

Values matter in both legal decision (lawmaking and lawapplying) and discourse (lawshaping and lawinfluencing). Yet, their purported subjectivity means that gaining or improving knowledge about values (whether they be epistemic, legal, moral, ethical, economic, political, cultural, social, or religious) in the context of analytic legal thought and understanding is often said to be at odds with its goal of objectivity. This phenomenon is amplified at the international level where the infusion of seemingly subjective political values by sovereigns, and the decisionmakers to whom they delegate, can, and does, interfere with an idealized and objective rule of law. The discourse on value subjectivity, and its relation to the purpose and function of the law, is particularly apparent in evolving international legal orders such as investment treaty arbitration. The primary aim of this work is to provide a new method for gaining empirical knowledge about value subjectivity that can help close a weak link in all nonpositivist (value-laden) legal theory: a weakness that has manifest itself as skepticism about the possibility of measuring value objectively enough to permit its incorporation as a necessary component of analytic jurisprudence. This work proposes a theory of configurative fairness for addressing the problem related to the development or evolution of legal regimes, and how legal regimes perceived as subjectively unfair can be remedied. Such a theory accepts the premise that perceptions of fairness matter in directing the way that legal orders develop, and that perceptions of fairness relate to the manner in which values are distributed and maximized in particular legal orders. It is posited that legal orders perceived as fair by their participants are more likely to be endorsed or accepted as legally binding (and are therefore more likely to comply with the processes and outcomes that such laws mandate). The purpose of a theory of configurative fairness is an attempt to provide a methodological bridge for improving knowledge about value in the context of legal inquiry through the employment of a technique called Q methodology: an epistemological and empirical means for the measurement and mapping of human subjectivity. It is a method that was developed in the early twentieth century by physicist-psychologist William Stephenson: the last research student of the inventor of factor analysis, Charles Spearman. What Stephenson did was to create a way for systematically measuring subjective perspectives, and although not previously used in jurisprudential thought, Q methodology will facilitate a means for the description and evaluation of shared subjectivities. In the context of law generally, and in investment treaty arbitration specifically, these are the subjectivities that manifest themselves as the conflicting perspectives about value that are omnipresent in both communicative lawshaping discourse and authoritative and controlling lawmaking and lawapplying decision. Knowledge about these shared value subjectivities among participants in investment treaty arbitration will allow the legal analyst to delineate and clarify points of overlapping consensus about the desired distribution of value as they relate to the regime-building issues of evolving legal orders. The focus for a theory of configurative fairness pertains to the identification of the various value positions that participants hold about a particular legal order and to configure those values, through its rules and principles, in a manner that is acceptable (and perceived as fair) by all of its participants. If such a value consensus can be identified, then particular rules in the legal order can be configured by decisionmakers in a way so as to satisfy participants’ shared value understandings. To engage such a theory, a means for identifying shared value subjectivities must be delineated. This work conducts a Q method study on the issues under debate relating to regime-building questions in investment treaty arbitration. The Q method study asked participants knowledgeable about investment treaty arbitration to rank-order a set of statements about the way that the values embraced by this legal order ought to be configured. The results of the study demonstrate that there is significant overlap about how participants in investment treaty arbitration perceive the desired distribution of values across the regime. The Q method study identified six distinct perspectives that represent shared subjectivities about value in the context of the development of investment treaty arbitration. The Q method study was also able to identify where there is an overlapping consensus about value distribution across the distinct perspectives. It is these areas of overlapping consensus that are most likely to reflect shared value understandings, and it is proposed that it is upon these shared value understandings that the future development of investment treaty arbitration ought to aim.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-08-22T19:42:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabrício José Rodrigues de Lemos_.pdf: 1128559 bytes, checksum: b0f111c3f1defefc8a80daa19003f118 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-22T19:42:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabrício José Rodrigues de Lemos_.pdf: 1128559 bytes, checksum: b0f111c3f1defefc8a80daa19003f118 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / Nenhuma / O filósofo norte-americano John Rawls possui o grande mérito de revitalizar as discussões sobre justiça com a publicação de sua obra A theory of justice, de 1971. Nela, lançou base à teoria de justiça como equidade, sendo que, desde então, muito se comentou acerca das responsabilidades morais das entidades e indivíduos no plano doméstico. Em um artigo publicado em 1993 e, em 1999, transformado na obra Law of peoples and the public reason revisited, Rawls ampliou o escopo de suas preocupações e dissertou acerca das responsabilidades dos povos uns para os outros. Nas últimas duas décadas, a teoria de justiça global consolidou-se como um legítimo campo de indagações filosóficas, que visa possibilitar uma melhor compreensão das relações globais e do ambiente globalizado: as profundas modificações oriundas da mudança do paradigma westfaliano em razão da interconectividade e do aumento da complexidade das relações no plano global levaram críticos como Thomas Pogge a se questionar acerca da nova dinâmica mundial. A assunção de responsabilidades, tanto estatais e corporativas quanto as individuais, fazem parte da temática. Nesse sentido, com método de pesquisa eminentemente bibliográfico e documental, partindo da teoria rawlsiana, a dissertação visa demonstrar de que maneira essa mudança de paradigma ocorreu, tendo como referenciais teóricos tanto John Rawls quanto um dos maiores expoentes da teoria de justiça global, o filósofo alemão, atualmente radicado nos Estados Unidos, Thomas Pogge. Assim, a dissertação apresentará as mais recentes formulações teoréticas acerca do que pode ser chamado de justiça global e investigará as críticas e os avanços da obra de Pogge em relação ao pensamento de Rawls. / The American philosopher John Rawls has the great merit of revitalizing justice discussions with the publication of his 1971 work A theory of justice. In it, he gave base to theory of justice as fairness, and, since then, much was said about the moral responsibilities of organizations and individuals in domestic field. In an article published in 1993 and, in 1999, transformed in the work Law of peoples and the public reason revisited, Rawls expanded the scope of his concerns and lectured about the responsibilities of peoples to each other. In the last two decades, the global justice theory has established itself as a legitimate field of philosophical inquiry, which aims to enable a better understanding of global relations and the global environment: the profound changes arising from the change of the westphalian paradigm due to the interconnectivity and the increasing complexity of relationships globally, led critics like Thomas Pogge to wonder about the new world dynamics. The intake of responsibilities, both state and corporate, as well of the individual, are all part of the theme. In this sense, with the research method of eminently bibliographic research and documental, from the starting point of Rawlsian theory, the dissertation aims to demonstrate how this paradigm shift occurred, with the theoretical references of both John Rawls as of one of the greatest exponents of the global justice theory, the German philosopher, currently living in the United States, Thomas Pogge. Thus, the dissertation will present the latest theoretical formulations on what can be called global justice and will investigate the critiques and advances of Pogge's work in relation to Rawls‟s thinking.

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Les réseaux sans fil multisauts présentent un certain nombre d'intérêts car ils n'ont pas besoin d'infrastructure fixe, sont peu coûteux et sont simples d'utilisation. Le mode DCF de IEEE 802.11 est souvent utilisé comme le protocole d'accès au canal pour les nœuds dans ces réseaux. Un avantage de ce protocole est qu'il est facile à implémenter. Pourtant, ses performances dépendent de deux facteurs importants : le partage du canal sans fil et les collisions entre paquets provenant des nœuds cachés. L'évaluation de ces paramètres est donc importante afin d'améliorer la performance de ce protocole. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'évaluation de la bande passante disponible. C'est un paramètre qui est souvent utilisé pour le contrôle d'admission ou pour le routage dans ces réseaux. Dans la littérature, il existe de nombreuses méthodes qui permettent d'estimer la bande passante disponible sur un lien sans fil. Pourtant, ces méthodes ne prennent pas en compte la notion de retransmission qui est définie dans IEEE 802.11 et qui a clairement des impacts sur la bande passante disponible. Nous proposons donc une nouvelle méthode passive, appelée RABE (Retransmission-based Available Bandwidth Estimation). Notre méthode se base principalement sur des informations locales qui peuvent être détectées par chaque nœud du lien. Nous évaluons également la probabilité de collisions non conditionnelle des paquets provenant des nœuds cachés via un modèle analytique. Cette probabilité nous permet d'estimer le nombre moyen de retransmissions qui est ensuite utilisé pour évaluer d'autres paramètres utilisé par RABE. Les simulations réalisées avec le simulateur ns2.33 montrent que notre méthode produit des résultats plus précis que d'autres méthodes existantes / The first part of the thesis is devoted to the evaluation of the available bandwidth. This is a parameter that is often used for admission control in these networks. In the literature, there are many methods for estimating the available bandwidth on a wireless link. However, these methods do not take into account the concept of retransmission which is defined in IEEE 802.11 and have clear impacts on the available bandwidth. We propose therefore a new passive method called RABE (Retransmission-based Available Bandwidth Estimation). Our method is based mainly on local information that can be detected by each node. We also evaluate the unconditional collision probability of packets from hidden nodes via an analytical model. This probability allows us to estimate the average number of retransmissions, which is then used to evaluate other parameters used by RABE. The simulations performed with the simulator ns2.33 show that our method produces more accurate results than other existing solutions. In the second part, we focus on the distribution of idle periods of a node that is often used to evaluate the performance of wireless networks based on IEEE 802.11. The problem is that there are different assumptions for this distribution in literature. We first characterize different types of idle periods in some fundamental scenarios such as the scenario as asymetric hidden stations and the scenario of flow in the middle. We then generalize these types of idle periods for relatively highly loaded networks. The obtained simulation results in ns2.33 are similar to our proposed model. This work also brings out that these distributions are multimodal, unlike what is often assumed in the literature

Gender inequalities perpetuated by educational and occupational segregation may be exacerbated in part by socialization processes that occur in the years leading up to when high school students typically begin considering postsecondary options. Students’ feelings of self-efficacy in certain subjects can be an important factor that informs their decisions to pursue coursework and programs. This study used stereotype theory to understand how students' perceptions of their 9th grade math teacher's fairness affected their 11th grade math efficacy and how this relationship was moderated by the gender of the student and their math teacher. Using the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, linear regression models predicting students’ math efficacy in 2012 indicated that students have higher levels of math efficacy when they perceive their math teachers as more fair, though this relationship was explained away by controls. An additional interaction term between student gender and math teacher gender revealed that girls’ efficacy is more strongly affected by perceptions of their male math teachers than perceptions of their female math teachers. This finding may be explained by the persistence of stereotypes around math that assume male superiority in the subject, which leads students to see their male math teachers as true authorities in math as opposed to their female math teachers.

摘　　要 女性的處境整體而言在客觀上明顯地較男性不利，但是一般女性對其性別有缺乏「團體意識」的現象，她們或是在主觀上未有相對應的不公平感；或是認為自己的處境比其他女性好，對於個人處境的知覺和對於整體女性處境的知覺有差距，未能將兩者聯結在一起。針對此種現象，本論文從內團體與社會比較的角度來探討其原因。 本論文從「華人本土心理學關係取向」與「社會自我認同取向」兩條研究路線，區別出「關係親密性」與「屬性相似性」兩種內團體基礎。當人以「關係親密性」劃分內外團體時，關係親近者是自己人，關係疏遠者是外人；當人以「屬性相似性」劃分內外團體時，屬性相似者是內團體，屬性不相似者是外團體。以配偶、兄弟等男性親人之於女性的關係來說，當女性以「性別」這個「屬性相似性」為內團體基礎，男性親人是其外團體；當女性以「關係親密性」為內團體基礎，男性親人是其內團體。本論文設計兩個研究探討兩性之間內外團體關係的轉變如何影響女性對公平性的知覺與行為反應。 本論文在第一個研究中採取實驗室實驗法，實驗中利用情境模擬的方法，讓故事中的女主角和其他人比較起來承受了不公平的待遇。故事情境中操弄三個獨變項：一是「關係親密性」的內團體基礎，即女主角與親人或陌生人同一團體。二是「屬性相似性」的內團體基礎，即女主角與女性或男性同一團體。三是「社會比較層次」，即女主角是進行團體間比較或團體內人際間比較。然後測量受試對性別的團體意識（包括：對女性處境的不公平知覺、與女性的共同命運感、為女性行動的意願），以及對個人處境的不公平知覺、以及為個人行動的意願。實驗結果顯示，當女性將自己和另一位男性進行人際間比較，以及，將二位女性和二位男性進行團體間比較時，女性在「性別」概念被激發下，她對性別的團體意識會比較高；相較之下，當女性將自己和其他女性，或是將兩位男女和兩位男性進行比較時，在女性的「性別」概念未激發下，她對性別的團體意識會比較低。另外，實驗亦發現，當女性個人和同組的男性進行人際間比較而受不公平待遇時，如果對方是與其關係不親密的陌生男性，女性受試對性別的團體意識會比較高；相較之下，如果對方是與其關係親密的男性親人，女性受試對其性別的團體意識會降低。 本論文在第二個研究中，以已婚職業婦女為研究對象，調查她們對於私領域（婚姻）與公領域（工作）中個人處境的不公平感與滿意程度、女性處境的不公平感與滿意程度、以及她們與女性的共同命運感、對女性運動的支持程度。調查結果發現，儘管女性評估自己在私領域和公領域的付出和獲得，和男性配偶及男性同事比起來，自己是居於不利的一方，而且她們也認為，和台灣整體男性比較起來，台灣整體女性在私領域和公領域中的處境是居於劣勢。但是，受訪的已婚職業婦女對於自己和其他女性處境的相似性知覺，在私領域和公領域上卻不相同。多數女性覺得「自己在婚姻中的處境比其他女性在其婚姻中的處境好」，而且認為「自己在婚姻中的處境和丈夫相同」；但是在公領域中，多數女性覺得「自己在工作組織中的處境和其他女性同事相同」，認為「自己在工作中的處境比男性同事差」。另外，調查結果還發現，覺得「自己在婚姻中的處境和丈夫相同」的女性受訪者，以及，覺得「自己在婚姻中的處境比其他女性好」的女性受訪者，她們的「女性共同命運感」比較低；但是，覺得「自己在工作職場中的處境和其他女性相同」的女性受訪者，「女性共同命運感」比較高。由此可知，多數女性對私領域中的個人處境，和其他女性的共同命運感並不高；但是，女性對公領域中的個人處境，和其他女性的共同命運感比較高。 本論文綜合研究一與研究二的結果指出，兩性之間內、外團體關係的改變正是女性對其性別缺乏團體意識的原因。當女性以「屬性相似性」為內團體基礎時，男性是其外團體；但是，當女性以「關係親密性」為內團體基礎時，兄弟、配偶等男性親人反而成為其內團體。也就是說，隨著女性以「屬性相似性」與「關係親密性」為內團體基礎，男性之於女性的關係會從外團體變成內團體。既然，女性在真實生活中，並不一定總是以「屬性相似性」為內團體基礎，在家庭裡，女性反而可能以「關係親密性」為內團體基礎，所以，一般女性對其性別的團體意識並不高。最後，本論文建議社會心理學研究「內團體」時，應該將擁有親緣關係的家庭成員與具有共同屬性的團體成員作嚴格的區分，因為「關係親密性」與「屬性相似性」是兩種內涵不同的內團體基礎。並建議未來研究應進一步釐清「關係我」與「集體我」運作的基本歷程有何不同。 第一章 　緒論..........................................................................................................................1 第二章 文獻探討..................................................................................................................10 第一節 社會心理學的「內團體」概念...................................................................10 一、社會心理學的「社會性」...........................................................................11 二、自我的分類架構............................................................................................12 三、內團體基礎的區別........................................................................................14 （一）「社會自我認同取向」的內團體研究........................................14 （二）「華人本土心理學」的內團體研究.............................................18 （三）內團體的兩種基礎：「屬性相似性」 與「關係親密性」........................................................................... 21 （四）涉及「屬性相似性」與「關係親密性」兩種基礎的「橫 跨團體」............................................................................................ 23 第二節 女性的內團體................................................................................................ 28 一、變遷社會中的台灣女性............................................................................... 28 二、兩性關係的樣態與女性的內團體基礎......................................................30 三、女性在公╱私領域中的內團體基礎......................................................... 32 第三節 女性對公平性的知覺與行為反應.............................................................. 35 一、女性「團體意識」低落的現象.................................................................. 36 二、內團體基礎與社會比較層次的影響......................................................... 40 （一）人際間與團體間比較與個人及集體層次自我........................... 41 （二）「屬性相似性」下的社會比較..................................................... 43 1.「性別」概念的激發(activate)與未激發.................................... 43 2.社會比較層次在「性別」概念激發下的影響........................ 44 （三）「關係親密性」下的社會比較..................................................... 44 1.「關係親密性」在「性別」概念未激發下的影響............... 45 2.「關係親密性」在「性別」概念激發下的影響................... 45 第三章 研究一：內團體基礎與社會比較層次對公平性知 覺與行為反應的影響.................................................................................... 47 第一節 研究目的與假設................................................................................... 47 第二節 研究方法.................................................................................................50 第三節 研究結果.................................................................................................62 第四節 結論.........................................................................................................79 第四章 研究二：女性對公╱私領域的公平性知覺以及對 女性運動的支持程度──一項已婚職業婦女的調查研究................... 84 第一節 研究目的與假設................................................................................... 84 第二節 研究方法................................................................................................ 86 第三節 研究結果................................................................................................ 94 第四節 結論......................................................................................................... 122 第五章 總結與討論..................................................................................................... 127 參考文獻........................................................................................................................... 138 附錄一：研究一之實驗指導語.................................................................................... 153 附錄二：研究一之實驗操弄情境................................................................................154 附錄三：研究一之問卷................................................................................................. 162 附錄四：研究二之問卷................................................................................................. 164

<p>In an attempt to make South Africa a more just society after the first democratic elections on 27 April 1994, the South African society had to undergo a number of radical changes which impacted the social, economical, political and educational arena. These changes have influenced recruitment, retention and turnover. Changes at leadership levels in the private and public sphere coupled with a huge exodus of highly skilled professionals are evident as topics of equality and social justice appear at the top of company agendas. Many proponents have conducted research on organisational justice and the fact that more than twenty five thousand articles have been published on job satisfaction attest to the importance of these two variables on organisational performance. In an article examining past, present and future states of organisational justice it is argued that organisational justice has the potential to explain many organisational behavioural outcome variables. An investigation of the relationship between organisational justice perceptions and work behavior found job satisfaction to be made up of a large fairness component. The rationale behind the support for the study is the argument that employees who perceive that they have been fairly treated is likely to hold positive attitudes about their work, their work outcomes and their managers. If South African organisations wish to remain competitive then organisations need to understand how perceptions of justice influence attitudes and behaviour and consequently affect the success of the organisation. Agricultural Colleges, a division of the Department of Agriculture are no exception. The Agricultural Colleges' primary aim is to provide training to its prospective communities, and is continuously being evaluated in terms of how well its academic employees achieve its vision, mission and goals. It is evident from responses to job advertisements, low morale and high turnover that most of the academic employees in Agricultural Colleges are dissatisfied with their jobs, pay, management and the institutions based on their current salary. Attracting, recruiting and retraining highly skilled, internationally marketable and mobile employees are critical factors in determining the present and future success in agricultural training in South Africa. Limited research to examine the effects of organisational justice on organisational outcomes in an environment where the workforce consists of academics is the gap this research attempts to fill. This study is designed to assess the impact of organisational justice on job satisfaction of academic employees in agricultural colleges in South Africa. Also, to determine whether biographical values influence the relationship between organisational justice and job satisfaction.</p>

隨著全球通訊技術的發展，第四代行動通訊系統(4G)已進入我們的生活之中。其中又以長期演進技術（Long Term Evolution, LTE）為代表。LTE使用了正交分頻多工(Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing, OFDM)以及多輸入多輸出(Multi-Input Multi-Output, MIMO)技術，使得第四代行動網路在上傳以及下載時，能擁有更大的傳輸量，及更遠的傳輸距離。 　　當下載時，因為每位使用者所在的環境不同，造成傳輸量、延遲時間因而不同，所以基地台分配資源時，尚有許多改善的空間。目前，許多文獻在探討如何公平且有效地分配資源塊(Resource Block, RB)給使用者裝置(User Equipment, UE)，如Proportional Fair (PF)與Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF)兩種排程機制。前者考量了優先權的公平性，但沒有考量服務品質(Quality of Service, QoS)；後者對於較即時的封包有較高的優先權，卻導致資源分配不均，將大量的資源給部份使用者。本篇論文著重於公平性以及服務品質的考量，使用不同方式的佇列存放各種不同的資源型態(resource type)，依照資源型態佔整體資源數量的比例，以及計算出Adaptive Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (AMLWDF)的優先權值，針對各個UE與各個通道(channel)做全面性地配置，來提昇公平性及降低延遲以符合QoS要求。 / Owing to the development of global communication technology, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest technology for the fourth generation mobile communication systems (4G) that has entered into our lives. LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology to provide high data rate transmission and long distance transmission when users doing download and upload. When doing download, users may have different throughput, delay time, and jitter due to they are in different locations. To improve these performance indexes, the E-UTRAN Node B (eNodeB) has to allocate resource blocks efficiently. In the literature, many works explore how to fairly allocate resource blocks (RB) to users. Proportional Fair (PF) and Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF) are two example scheduling mechanisms. PF considers service priority and fairness, but doesn't consider the Quality of Service (QoS). MLWDF considers QoS but not service priority and fairness, and allows eNodeB giving more resources to particular users. In this thesis, we focus on resource allocation problem of downlink scheduling in LTE. Considering fairness and QoS, we store various resource types into particular queues and calculate the priorities using Adaptive Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (AMLWDF). The relationships between users and channels are coordinated according to the priorities for the sake of enhancing the fairness and reducing the delay time and jitter.

The purpose of this study is to better understand the effects participatory pricing strategies have on consumer perceptions and behaviors in a sport event pricing scenario. Participatory pricing strategies are those that include the consumer in setting the final price of a good or service. These mechanisms include name-your-own-price (NYOP) and pay-what-you-want (PWYW). These pricing strategies are now being introduced into the sport industry. With the increased use of these strategies, and the lack of research in sport management pertaining to consumers’ perceptions of price, specifically consumer voice in price setting, there is a gap in the literature that needs to be filled. This study investigates the consumer’s perceptions of price fairness, perceived value, as well as consumer behavior (i.e. purchase intentions and willingness-to-pay), when encountering participatory pricing strategies. The following dissertation presents a quantitative experimental design, asking subjects to participate in a simulated ticket purchase experience. Difference between experimental groups was assessed based on price fairness, perceived value, willingness-to-pay, and purchase intentions. Results indicate there is a significant difference between participatory pricing groups and traditional fixed price groups when examining price fairness, perceived value, willingness-to-pay, and final average prices paid. Specifically, price fairness evaluations were significantly higher for the PWYW and fixed price groups, and lower for the NYOP group. In addition to the price fairness differences, the groups differed on their evaluations of perceived value (PWYW and fixed are the same, both higher than NYOP). Furthermore, the results reveal that consumers involved in the NYOP mechanism evoked higher levels of willingness-to-pay than PWYW and fixed. Furthermore, the study also found that the final average price paid following the experiment differed based on the mechanism. The PWYW and fixed price mechanisms paid similar amounts, while both of them were significantly higher than the NYOP mechanism. This suggests that while one of the biggest concerns for the PWYW treatment is a low final average price (even $0); this may not be an issue in a sport ticket pricing scenario. Study limitations and future research are included in the following dissertation.