1 Agency employment with a cross-border element Abstract The topic of this diploma thesis is agency employment with a cross-border element. Employment agencies cover the shortage of workers on the Czech labor market by assigning foreigners to users. The thesis analyzes this process of agency employment of foreigners, by connecting the institutes of agency employment and employment of foreigners. In its introductory chapter, this thesis briefly describes and analyzes the institute of agency employment, focusing primarily on the requirements necessary to obtain a permission for agency employment and on comparable working and wage conditions. Furthermore, this work deals with the cross-border element of agency employment, where the second chapter analyzes in detail the process of agency employment of foreigners, both citizens of other Member States of the European Union and especially foreigners from third countries. Based on this analysis, the content of the second chapter is also a comparison of the legal status of Czech nationals, citizens from other Member States of the European Union and foreigners from third countries in the framework of agency employment. In the final chapter, this work deals with the violation of legislation in the field of agency employment with a cross-border element. It focuses on...

During the latest armed conflict in the Central African Republic (CAR) from 2013 to the present, narratives emerged regarding who was an autochthon and who was not, pitting “true Central Africans” against “foreigners”, Christians against Muslims. This new cycle of violence is embedded in a long history of political violence in the CAR. Still, the claim of one group being more autochthon than another has not been a prominent feature of previous conflicts, neither has fighting in the past formed so clearly along religious identities. Being a Son of the Soil, an autochthon, evokes an image that denies CAR’s history of migration of social groups and reify fixity, and such conflicts have also been present in other parts of Africa, as well as in Europe and Asia. To date, most literature seeking to understand autochthony-related armed conflict has been dominated by elite-centric analysis that highlight the mobilization of autochthony as a strategy to retain power in cases of political liberalization or democratization (Cameroon, Kenya or Côte d’Ivoire). When not elite-centric, analyses of autochthony-related conflict have emphasized land, access to land issues or crudely predatory logics of vigilante groups on the local level (Côte d’Ivoire or the DRC). In CAR, neither political liberalization, nor land issues alone were prominent, but autochthony was a strategy as witnessed in other African cases of autochthony-related armed conflicts. In that sense, this research asks how and why is autochthony being mobilized in the CAR politics before and after the 2013 coup? The dissertation argues that elites and ordinary citizens discursively mobilize autochthony as an identity capital across various scales. They do it to access non-land related resources, claim hierarchy, and discriminate against the other. The mobilization of autochthony is tied to longer legitimacy-seeking strategies of the elite, and autochthony is a symbolic myth that can be mobilized at various levels. The dissertation’s main theoretical contribution is to challenge the tendency to consider elites and supporters as belonging and subscribing to different discursive realm. This study has considered that autochthony links leaders and their followers in a type of pre-given conception that no longer needs explanation. This contributes to considering elites and their supporters as tied by the same discursive realm, but the concrete meaning of the discourse is different across multiple levels. To make the argument, the dissertation uses a qualitative multi-method approach predominantly centered on discourse analysis, fieldwork, interviews, and newspapers archival research. My research shows that understanding autochthony violence requires a simultaneous analysis of how autochthony is given meaning at different levels by various actors in everyday practices from the macro to the micro. Instrumentalizing autochthony lies at the interplay of all these levels. In this work, autochthony is vague enough to connect leaders to followers and, at the same time, precise enough for listeners to make sense of the term by connecting it to their daily experience of it. The long-term existence of the autochthony discourse allows it to change and morph at times of heightened crisis. It does not emerge overnight, but it has a longer genealogy that must be understood in context. That is, it is not simply because Bozizé targeted Muslim-foreigners in his speeches that people mobilized against them. Top-down manipulation might have resonated with followers but understanding of autochthony also operated independently of the top-down manipulation. That the conflict manifested around sectarian lines fits within an autochthony framework because autochthony is an empty identity marker whose content can be filled in many ways – most frequently with reference to ethnicity, religion, language, myths of origin, or some combination of such markers.

The thesis deals with the possibilities of the use of translation in education of the Czech language for francophone speakers. The thesis aims to analyse the use of translation in the textbooks of Czech for francophone speakers, in particular, to examine the types and representation of translation exercises in selected textbooks and to observe the use of communication-oriented translation exercises. Based on the analysis, the thesis formulates didactic recommendations that could contribute to more adequate use of translation in foreign language teaching, or rather in teaching Czech as a foreign language. The partial objective is to monitor the attitude of students to translation in teaching Czech as a foreign language through a questionnaire survey.

This diploma thesis deals with the issues of numerals in the context of teaching Czech as a foreign language. The theoretical part describes the reasons why numerals are so problematic in the process of teaching and the common methodological recommendations for the teaching of numerals are described here as well. The goal of this thesis is to suggest the most suitable way to teach selected numerals along with the related grammatical cases. Numerals in the chosen textbooks of Czech for foreigners and the analysis of the chosen forms in the CzeSL-SGT learner corpora were analysed for this purpose. The analysis of the corpus helps to define the difficult cases in more detail. Based on the analyses, the worksheets were created for the chosen types of numerals that can be used in the teaching process. These materials also contain recommendations for working with the individual activities.

This thesis focuses on the opportunities for developing speaking skills in teaching Czech for foreigners at the B1 level. In its theory section, historical and contemporary approaches in language teaching are introduced with special attention given to speaking skills and communicative language teaching. Subsequently the thesis presents an overview of the present state of research in the field of speaking as a process and a complex skill and a classification of speaking activities. The requirements placed on the oral communication of the students at B1 level by the Common European Framework are also laid out. In the analysis, selected textbooks of Czech for foreigners are examined to determine what opportunities the textbooks offer for the development of speaking skills. At the conclusion of the analysis the respective textbooks are compared and improvements to existing speaking activities are proposed to meet the findings of the modern language teaching methodology.

The aim of this thesis is to find out, and then to analyze, whether adult students of Czech as a foreign language can recognize the differences between Literary and Common Czech language, whether they define where they meet them and whether they are able to use the proper words of Literary and Common form of the Czech language appropriately in selected communication situations. Equally important is the discovery of their personal preferences in teaching whether the Common Czech is intended to be taught in an institutionalized environment or not. The questionnaire survey itself is preceded by a theoretical starting point, in which we deal with the definition of Common and Literary Czech language and the characteristics of their most frequent differences. A partial part of the work is also a brief analysis of the selected teaching material, taking into account the way of presentation of Common Czech language.Based on the results of the questionnaire survey, we will present a linguistic recommendation at the end of the work. Keywords The Common Czech, literary form of the Czech language, teaching Czech as a foreign language, the Common Czech in the textbooks of Czech for foreigners, Czech for foreigners

The presented thesis focuses on the analysis of selected Czech for foreigners textbooks in terms of socio-cultural competence. In the first three chapters the term of socio-cultural competence is explained and its definition in the Common European Framework of Reference and in the descriptions of reference levels A1, A2, B1 and B2 for Czech is examined. Chapter four deals with a chosen research method - criteria catalogue. In chapter five selected textbooks (Česky, prosím I, Čeština pro cizince: Úroveň B1, Čeština pro cizince: Úroveň B2, Čeština pro středně a více pokročilé, Čeština pro život, Čeština pro život 2, Mluvme česky) are analyzed separately and in chapter six individual results of previous examinations are compared with regard to how the publications contribute to the development of socio-cultural competence of students. 1

Diplomová práce se věnuje analýze azylové a imigrační politiky České republiky a Řecka v kontextu nadnárodní, azylové a imigrační politiky EU, která slouží jako doplněk nadnárodních politik členských zemí. Posuzuje komplexnost daných politik v obou zemích: její vývoj a následné fungování, přičemž důraz je kladen na působení EU na vnitřních struktury obou těchto zemí. Analyzován je primárně vliv na jednání vlád, podobu legislativních zákonů a jejich novelizací a mechanismů pro začleňování cizinců do společnosti. Důraz je kladen primárně na analýzu případu České republiky, druhá vybraná země, Řecko je zvolena jako kontrastní případ země, která je dlouholetým členem EU a disponuje bohatou zkušeností s migračními toky. Práce proto usiluje o možnou komparaci těchto zemí s cílem zjistit, zda by Řecko mohlo být z těchto důvodů možným příkladem v řízení azylové a imigrační politiky. Jednání vlád jsou shrnuta do čtyř zvolených časových rámců: 1993-1996, 1996-2004, 2004-2007, 2007-2015. Práce je zasazena do teoretického rámce konceptu evropeizace a teorie ekonomické migrace, za pomocí kterých jsou vysvětlovány změny ve vnitřních strukturách v ČR a Řecku. Celkový časový rámec práce je ohraničen lety 1993-2015. Klíčová slova: migrační politika EU, Česká republika, Řecko, evropeizace, vláda, cizinci, integrace...

[pt] Este trabalho descreve estruturas verbais perifrásticas modais e aspectuais da língua portuguesa, procurando entender as flutuações semânticas que ocorrem entre os verbos em contextos individuais e em contextos com a estrutura sintática supracitada. Baseado na linguística funcionalista de Dik (1978) e a sua adaptação para a língua portuguesa de Peres (1984), objetiva-se demonstrar de que forma esses verbos alteram seus significados quando conectados por uma preposição e de que forma essa alteração influencia em uma nova interpretação para a sentença. Os resultados apontam para modificações semânticas e aspectuais nos verbos considerados auxiliares e principais nas perífrases, a depender do argumento que acompanha essa estrutura perifrástica. / [en] This work describes the modal and aspectual periphrastic construction in the Portuguese language and also aims to understand the semantic fluctuations that occur in the verbs in individual contexts and in the syntactic structure described above. According to the functionalist linguistics of Dik (1978) and its adaptation to the Portuguese Language made by Peres (1984), these pieces of work objectively show how the verbs change their meaning when they are connected by a preposition and how these changes influence a new interpretation of a given sentence. The result points out the semantic and aspectual modifications of the auxiliary and principal verbs in the periphrasis based on the arguments that are part of the periphrastic structures.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka utlandsföddas erfarenheter av arbetslöshet och hur de upplever att deras fysiska samt psykiska hälsa påverkas. Forskning indikerar att arbetslöshet kan leda till ohälsa och att utlandsfödda löper en större risk för ohälsa i jämförelse med inrikes födda individer. En kvalitativ metod användes i denna empiriska studie och intervjuer genomfördes för att samla in data. Urvalet var tre kvinnor och tre män som bott i Sverige mellan fyra och åtta år. Av dessa informanter hade fem uppehållstillstånd och en hade haft ett arbetstillstånd. De hade inte arbetat på minst sex månader vilket gjorde dem till långtidsarbetslösa. Resultatet visade att utlandsföddas psykiska hälsa hade påverkats och de upplevde stress, oro och trötthet. De oroade sig över att arbetslöshet under en längre tid skulle leda till psykisk och fysisk ohälsa. De upplevde att stöd var en viktig faktor i hanteringen av arbetslösheten och deras familj och vänner var ett stort stöd för dem. Myndigheter upplevdes ej som ett socialt eller psykologiskt stöd. Däremot hade informanterna stort förtroende för att få ekonomiskt stöd om de behövde det. De hinder utlandsfödda upplevde i sitt arbetssökande var språket och kompetens. De upplevde att dessa brister hade stor inverkan på deras chanser till att få ett arbete. Slutsatsen av denna studie var att utlandsföddas psykiska hälsa har påverkats negativt av arbetslösheten men inte deras fysiska hälsa. De var dock oroliga för att få både psykisk och fysisk ohälsa om de inte får ett jobb inom en snar framtid. Mer kvalitativa studier behövs för att få ökad förståelse för utlandsföddas situation under arbetslöshet. / The purpose of this study was to explore foreigners’ experiences of unemployment and health. Research indicates that unemployment can lead to reduced health and it also shows that people born abroad have a greater risk of health problems compared with those born in Sweden. A qualitative method was employed in this empirical study. Interviews were conducted to collect data. The selection was three women and three men who had lived in Sweden for less than ten years. They had not worked for at least six months, which made them long-term unemployed. The results illustrated that they experienced that their mental health had been affected and they experienced stress, anxiety and fatigue. They worried that unemployment could lead to mental and physical ill health. They perceived that support was an important factor in dealing with unemployment and informants' family and friends were a great support for them. Authorities were not supportive socially or psychologically, but they were a financial support that foreigners could turn to when they needed help. The obstacles that foreigners face in their job search are language and lack of skills and they feel that these obstacles highly affect their chances of getting a job. The conclusion of this study was that foreigners’ mental health has been affected negatively by the unemployment but not their physical health. But they were worried that both their mental and physical health would worsen if they don’t get a job in the near future. More qualitative research is required to understand the experiences of foreigners’ situations while unemployed.