Denna rapport undersökte huruvida akten att registrera naturvårdsinsatser vid föryngringsavverkning har en påverkan på resultatet. Med politiska och miljömässiga påtryckningar som i hög grad påverkar skogsbranschen har behovet av kvalitetssäkrad datarapportering ökat. Teknologiska framsteg har underlättat datainsamling och möjligheter till uppföljning av utförda åtgärder. Baserat på 62 föryngringsavverkningar utförda mellan åren 2021 och 2023 samlades data in under utförandefasen via semiautomatiska system kopplade till skördaren och stickprovskontroller i kvalitetsuppföljningen.Analysen omfattade hänsynskategorier knutna till lagkrav och PEFC-certifiering, tillsammans med stamkodsdata och analys av drivningsmönster. Resultaten indikerar en positiv korrelation mellan detaljerad datainsamling av naturvårdsåtgärder och högre kvalitet på naturvårdsresultaten. Detta visar behovet av standardiserade metoder, inklusive implementeringsinstruktioner och återkopplingsmekanismer, för att förbättra kvaliteten och trovärdigheten avseende både miljömässiga och produktionsmässiga mål.

The main objective of this thesis was to determine how far a biomass quantity, equal to the potential produced within the Swedish borders, could cover the present energy needs inSwedenwith respect to economic and ecological circumstances. Three scenarios were studied where the available biomass was converted to heat, electricity and vehicle fuel. Three different amounts of biomass supply were studied for each scenario: 1) potential biomass amounts derived from forestry, non-forest land, forest industry and community; 2) the same amounts as in Case 1, plus the potential biomass amounts derived from agriculture; 3) the same amounts as in Case 1, plus 50% of the potential pulpwood quantity. For evaluating the economic and ecological circumstances of using biomass in the Swedish energy system, the scenarios were complemented with energy, cost and emergy analysis. The scenarios indicated that it may be possible to produce 170.2 PJ (47.3 TWh) per year of electricity from the biomass amounts in Case 2. From the same amount of biomass, the maximum annual production of hydrogen was 241.5 PJ (67.1 TWh) per year or 197.2 PJ (54.8 TWh) per year of methanol. The energy analysis showed that the ratio of energy output to energy input for large-scale applications ranged from 1.9 at electric power generation by gasification of straw to 40 at district heating generation by combustion of recovered wood. The cost of electricity at gasification ranged from 7.95 to 22.58 €/GJ. The cost of vehicle work generated by using hydrogen produced from forestry biomass in novel fuel cells was economically competitive compared to today’s propulsion systems. However, the cost of vehicle work generated by using methanol produced from forestry biomass in combustion engines was rather higher compared to use of petrol in petrol engines. The emergy analysis indicated that the only biomass assortment studied with a larger emergy flow from the local environment, in relation to the emergy flow invested from society after conversion, was fuel wood from non-forest land. However, even use of this biomass assortment for production of heat, electricity or vehicle fuels had smaller yields of emergy output in relation to emergy invested from society compared to alternative conversion processes; thus, the net contribution of emergy generated to the economy was smaller compared to these alternative conversion processes. / <p>QC 20120217</p>

Syftet med arbetet var att utvärdera mobilapplikationen KATAM avseende noggrannhet, tidsåtgång, precision och praktisk användning i jämförelse med volymuppskattning med dataklave och skördarrapport. Resultatet vid diameterjämförelsen visar på snarlika uppskattningar från KATAM respektive dataklaven. KATAM hade högre medelgrundyta, 7 % och grövre medeldiameter, 3,7 %, i jämförelse med dataklaven. KATAM hade även överskattningar av medelstammen volym i jämförelse med skördarrapporten och dataklaven, från 2,5 % till 17,6 % beroende på vilket urval av provytor och vilken programversion av KATAM som användes. Underlaget från volymuppskattningar var litet och hade felkällor vilket gjorde resultaten från mätningarna osäkra. Trots att studien visade på en överskattning av diametern talar den inbördes precisionen för att KATAM skulle kunna bli ett alternativ till Dataklaven vid uppskattning av medeldiametern. / The purpose of this essay was to evaluate the mobile application KATAM of accuracy, time, precision and practical use in comparison to volume estimation with data Digital Caliper and harvester report. The result of the diameter comparison showed similar estimates from KATAM and the Digital Caliper respectively. KATAM had a higher mean basel area, 7% and coarser mean diameter, 3.7%, compared to the Digital Caliper. KATAM also had overestimations in volume as compared to the harvesting report and the Digital Caliper concerning the mean stem, from 2.5% to 17.6%, depending on which sample areas were included and which version of KATAM was used. However, the basis of volume estimates was small and had error sources, which made the results of the measurements uncertain. Although the study shows an overestimation of the diameter, the mutual precision indicates that KATAM could be an alternative to the Digital Caliper when estimating the mean diameter.

Detta arbete är utfört som ett examensarbete åt Skogsstyrelsen som en uppföljning på samråd för dikesrensning utförda på distrikt Jönköping från hösten 2004 till 2009. Följande saker har studerats: Hur uppfattades samrådet? Hur utfördes rensningen? Är markägaren nöjd med resultatet? Har skogen svarat på rensningen genom ökad tillväxt och i så fall hur snart och hur mycket? Har markfloran förändrats? Syns några andra positiva eller negativa effekter efter rensningen?Arbetet har utförts i två steg dels i form av en markägarintervju på 7 olika fastigheter och sedan som fältinventering med datainsamling. Utifrån det första besöket valdes 10 bestånd ut för inventering på 4 fastigheter, 2 tall och 8 granbestånd med totalt 136 träd, 27 tallar och 109 granar. 122 träd borrades för årsringsanalys 27 tallar och 95 granar. Borrkärnorna analyserades i WinDENDROs tillväxtprogram, sammanfattningar gjordes i Microsoft Excel och variansanalys i SAS statistikprogram.Träd närmast diket visade i genomsnitt en högre radiell tillväxt efter dikesrensningen än träd som stod längre ifrån diket. Alla markägare kunde se en förbättrad tillväxt efter rensningen och 4 av 7 kunde se en klar förbättring. 6 av 10 bestånd hade 4-7 år efter rensning fortfarande 20-50 % björn-och vit mossor i bottenskiktet. Två hade stora problem med kraftig grästillväxt men ingen hade sett några andra negativa effekter på markfloran. / The work was carried out for the Swedish Forest Agency as a follow-up on consultation for cleansing ditches in the district of Jönköping from autumn 2004 to 2009.The following things were studied: How was the consultation and results of cleansing perceived? How was the cleansing carried out? Has the forest responded to the cleansing through increased growth and if so how soon and how much? Has the ground flora changed? Were there any other positive or negative effects after the cleaning? Interviews were carried out with the property owners and the forest inventoried in the field.The work has been carried out in two stages, partly in the form of a market interview of 7 different properties and then as a field inviting with data collection. Based on the first visit, 10 stocks were selected for inventory of 4 properties, 2 pine (Pinus sylvestris) and 8 spruces (Picea abies) stands with a total of 136 trees, 27 pines and 109 spruces were measured. 122 trees were drilled for growth ring analysis 27 pines and 95 spruces. The drill cores were analyzed in WinDENDRO's growth ring program, summaries were made in Microsoft Excel and variance analysis was performed in SAS's statistical program.Trees that were closest to the ditch showed on average a higher radial growth after cleaning than before compared to trees that were farther from the ditch.6 out of 10 stands had after 4-7 years of cleansing still 20-50% bear- and white moss in the bottom layer. All landowners could see an improved profitability after cleaning and four out of seven could noticeably see better growth. Two had problems with troubling grass growth, but no one had seen any other positive or negative effects on the ground flora.

A threat is that some of the tree species that are important for the biodiversity are under a lot of pressure because of the high browsing activity. The Swedish forestry agency has now together with the forest industry set an acceptable level of browsing on production forest that 70% must be non-browsed when the stands are 5 meters or higher. To protect the production forest from browsing the landowner can choose from several options, the conventional way is yet to point treat every production plant with a game repellent, but that way isn’t very time saving as to treat with this new method.This study is trying out a new method to treat the whole stand instead of point treating every production plant. The method was to use a petrol mistblower (Stihl SR200) and treat one hectare with 9 litres of water and 1 litre of the game repellent Trico viltskydd. Two inventories were made, one before treatment and one after treatment. In total 200 sample surfaces of 2,82m in radius where collected, 100 of them where control surfaces. Every tree species in the sample surfaces where record and if it was or wasn’t browsed. The result of this study shown that the increase of browsing on all tree species was reduced with the treatment method. The new method shows that it can have positive effects on preserving the bio diversity.

In forest management, knowledge about a forest's distribution of tree species is key. Being able to automate tree species classification for large forest areas is of great interest, since it is tedious and costly labour doing it manually. In this project, the aim was to investigate the efficiency of classifying individual tree species (pine, spruce and deciduous forest) from 3D point clouds acquired by airborne laser scanning (ALS), using convolutional neural networks. Raw data consisted of 3D point clouds and photographic images of forests in northern Sweden, collected from a helicopter flying at low altitudes. The point cloud of each individual tree was connected to its representation in the photos, which allowed for manual labeling of training data to be used for training of convolutional neural networks. The training data consisted of labels and 2D projections created from the point clouds, represented as images. Two different convolutional neural networks were trained and tested; an adaptation of the LeNet architecture and the ResNet architecture. Both networks reached an accuracy close to 98 %, the LeNet adaptation having a slightly lower loss score for both validation and test data compared to that of ResNet. Confusion matrices for both networks showed similar F1 scores for all tree species, between 97 % and 98 %. The accuracies computed for both networks were found higher than those achieved in similar studies using ALS data to classify individual tree species. However, the results in this project were never tested against a true population sample to confirm the accuracy. To conclude, the use of convolutional neural networks is indeed an efficient method for classification of tree species, but further studies on unbiased data is needed to validate these results.

The purpose of the study has been to investigate how well guidelines are observed in practice and also to see how the agents experience these and what they see for deficiencies and opportunities for improvement. This study is based on two studies. 34 items where guidance for rejuvenation harvesting took place were checked in the field. 104 representatives were asked to answer a questionnaire in which the questions focused on problems related to nature considerations and opportunities for improvement regarding the guidelines. The results show that the guidelines have been followed to a great extent and that the agents feel that they have benefited from the guidelines. The deficiencies in the guidelines were perceived to be too long and compact texts and that considerations described in the text were not highlighted in the map. Failure to observe the objects may, in the agents 'opinion, be partly due to the forest owners' opinions differing from the suggestions in the guidelines.

Räddningstjänsters behov av frivilliga värn för att bekämpa skogsbränder undersöktes och en enkät skickades ut till skogsägare i Småland för att undersöka deras vilja och förmåga att bidra till skogsbrandvärn. Räddningstjänsterna ansåg att de hade ett behov av värn vid sidan av sin ordinarie personal och beskrev förutom ett antal kriterier för att värnet skulle fungera bra också ett antal kompetenser samt maskiner som kunde komma till användning vid bekämpning av skogsbränder. Resultaten visar att 42 % av skogsägarna var villiga att ingå i lokala skogsbrandvärn samt 89 % kunde se en styrka i att skogsägare gick samman för att stötta varandra och avlasta räddningstjänsten vid skogsbränder eller andra större händelser i närområdet. 91% utav skogsägarna hade någon av de fordon, maskiner eller redskap som räddningstjänsterna såg som användbara. Vidare så uppgav 70 % utav dessa att de skulle vara villiga att använda de här fordonen, maskinerna eller redskapen vid insatser med skogsbrandvärnen.

Effekten av torka på gran kan var stor. Sommaren 2018 var en av de torraste och varmaste somrarna på länge. En sådan period påverkar ofta granars vitalitet negativt och kan leda till en ökad risk för angrepp av granbarkborre. Denna studie har undersökt hur årsringsbredden på gran har förändrats till följd av torka genom att jämföra årsringsbredder före torkperioden med de efter. Mätningar genomfördes med en resistograf som genererade datafiler som sedan sammanställdes och analyserades, främst med hjälp av Excel. Vidare noterades markfuktighet, bonitet och angrepp av granbarkborre. Dessa faktorer jämfördes med varandra med syfte att finna eventuella samband. Studiens resultat visar att torkperioden 2018 haft en stor inverkan på granars vitalitet. Dessutom har samband mellan torrare bestånd och antal granar angripna av granbarkborre kunnat påvisas. Samband mellan minskad årsringsbredd och angrepp av granbarkborre har ej kunnat fastställas.

Wood has in several ways become a sought after material, much thanks to the materials advantages from a sustainability point of view. There are several indicators that this will continue and that the competition of the raw material will increase. The efficient utilization of raw materials is considered central, both from a societal perspective but also for the individual company, which can increase their profitability with a well considered wood. The complexity of the raw material puts great demand on knowledge and logistics to achieve an efficient utilization. This study is a case study that investigates the requirements of the wood for the production of pine parquet at the parquet producer Berg &amp; Berg. To clarify the consumers need, a literature study about the customer preferences about floor has been carried out. To be able to develop a descriptive model on which timber best meets the requirements, from production as well as the customers’ needs, a literature study about pines wood property has been done. This examines how the wood properties vary within logs, between individual trees and between stands. In addition, a description is made of how the raw material is handled by the forest and sawmill industry with the help of literature studies. The wood properties that are important for the customer when buying flooring is the visual appearance in which an even distribution of knots is the most desirable. Dry knots create problems with rework in the production. The most suitable wood is obtained from stands with a lower site index. It’s the middle part of the trunk that meets the requirements for an even knot structure with a larger green-knot zone with a lower proportion of juvenile wood. A one-sided focus on increased volume and lower production costs in forestry and sawmill industry, as well as information barriers between different players in the production chain, makes it more difficult to efficiently utilize the raw material where a more customer oriented range is received. With good knowledge about wood properties, a simple tree model can be derived. For a producer, the tree model can simplify the communication with wood suppliers to obtain a more customer oriented wood.