O sucesso da cirurgia ortognática está relacionado com diversos fatores como análise facial precisa e acurada, e exames de imagem com alta qualidade. Atualmente, diversos programas de imagens tridimensionais, comerciais e abertos, estão disponíveis no auxílio diagnóstico, elaboração do plano de tratamento e simulação do procedimento cirúrgico para correção das deformidades dentofaciais. Entretanto, estudos avaliando os diferentes métodos de mensuração linear empregados pelos programas de imagem por meio da reconstrução 3D no planejamento da osteotomia tipo Le Fort I são escassos e, maiores esclarecimentos sobre sua precisão e a acurácia são necessários. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer: a) precisão e acurácia de medidas lineares tridimensionais para osteotomia tipo Le Fort I obtidas por meio da tomografia computadorizada multislice (TCMS) e feixe cônico (TCFC) e b) comparar a precisão e acurácia de medidas lineares para osteotomia tipo Le Fort I realizadas por meio de três programas de imagem utilizando a 3D-TCFC. A amostra foi constituída por onze crânios secos submetidos à TCMS 64 canais e TCFC. As reconstruções tridimensionais (3D-TC) foram geradas, e medidas lineares (n=11) baseadas em estruturas e pontos anatômicos de interesse à osteotomia tipo Le Fort I foram realizados independentemente, por dois radiologistas experientes, duas vezes cada, utilizando programa Vítrea 3.8.1 em reconstruções 3D-TCMS e 3D-TCFC e os programas OsiriX 1.2 64-bit e Dolphin Imaging versão 11.5.04.35 por meio da 3D-TCFC. Sequencialmente, um terceiro observador experiente e calibrado, que não participou da análise das imagens, realizou as medidas sobre os crânios secos utilizando paquímetro digital (padrão ouro) com quais as medidas foram comparadas. A análise intra e inter-observadores assim como as correlações individuais de cada medida foram realizadas utilizando o coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (CCI), sendo o intervalo de confiança adotado de 95%. Os resultados demonstraram na análise intra-observador, utilizando o programa Vítrea, correlação excelente para todas as medidas variando de 0,87 a 0,96 e 0,82 a 0,98 para os observadores 1 e 2 respectivamente utilizando a TCMS e de 0,84 a 0,98 e 0,80 a 0,98 utilizando a TCFC. A análise inter-observadores variou de 0,85 a 0,98 para a TCMS e de 0,80 a 0,99 para a TCFC. A análise intra-observador utilizando os diferentes programas de imagem na TCFC apresentou variações de 0,90 a 0,97 (Vítrea), 0,65 a 0,97 (OsiriX) e 0,51 a 0,94 (Dolphin). Na análise inter-obsevador obtivemos valores de 0,92 a 0,99 e 0,88 a 0,98 para os observadores 1 e 2 respectivamente utilizando o Vítrea, 0,58 a 0,90 e 0,48 a 0,85 para o programa OsiriX e de 0,80 a 0,96 e 0,57 a 0,92 com o programa Dolphin. O programa Vítrea não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significante nas análises intra e inter-observador e medidas físicas utilizando a TCMS e TCFC. Em relação à análise dos programas, diferenças estatisticamente foram constatadas com o programa OsiriX e Dolphin em relação ao padrão ouro. / The success of orthognathic surgery depends on many factors as precise and accurate facial analysis and high quality imaging exams. Nowadays a lot of commercial and open-source three-dimensional software programs currently available to assist diagnosis, elaboration of treatment planning, and to predict outcomes related to orthognathic surgery. The aim of this study was to establish: a) the precision and accuracy of three-dimensional linear measurements for Le Fort I osteotomy, obtained from multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and b) compare the precision and accuracy of linear measurements for Le Fort I osteotomy performed by three different imaging software programs and obtained from 3D-CBCT images. The study population consisted of 11 dried skulls submitted to 64-row MSCT and CBCT scans. Three-dimensional reconstructed images (3D-CT) were generated, and linear measurements (n = 11) based on anatomical structures and landmarks of interest for Le Fort I osteotomy were performed independently by 2 oral and maxillofacial radiologists, twice each, using Vítrea 3.8.1 software for 3D-MSCT and 3D-CBCT and OsiriX 1.2 64-bit and Dolphin Imaging version 11.5.04.35 from 3D-CBCT. Subsequently, a third examiner expert in anatomical analysis and calibrated, who did not evaluate the images, performed measurements on dry skulls using a digital caliper (gold standard) with which the measurements were compared. The analyses of intra- and inter-observer as well as the individual correlations of each measurement were performed using the coefficient of intra-class correlation (ICC), with a confidence interval of 95 %. The intra-observer results showed that using the Vitrea program, excellent correlation for all measurements were reached with ICC values ranging from 0.87 to 0.96 and 0.82 0.98 for observers 1 and 2 respectively using the MSCT and 0.84 to 0.98 and 0.80 to 0.98 using CBCT. Inter-observer analysis ranged from 0.85 to 0.98 for MSCT and 0.80 to 0.99 for CBCT. The intra-observer analysis using the different programs using CBCT images varied from 0.90 to 0.97 for Vitrea, 0.65 to 0.97 for OsiriX and 0.51 to 0.94 using Dolphin. Inter-observer analysis demonstrated values ranging from 0.92 to 0.99 and 0.88 0.98 for observers 1 and 2 respectively using the Vitrea; 0.58 to 0.90 and 0.48 to 0.85 for OsiriX, and 0.80 to 0.96 and 0.57 to 0.92 using Dolphin. Vítrea software showed no statistically significant differences for intra-and inter-observer analysis and physical measurements using MSCT and CBCT. Regarding the analysis of softwares, statistical differences were found with the program OsiriX and Dolphin in comparison to gold standard.

The early economic and social development of Fort Lauderdale began in the late nineteenth century. Today’s well-known Stranahan House in downtown Fort Lauderdale was originally the Stranahan Trading Post and General Store, which was in operation from 1894 to 1906. Adjacent to this building was a campground, which was used by early Florida white settlers and Seminole Indians. This thesis presents a study of 204 whole glass bottles recovered from the Stranahan campground archaeological site (8BD259). The analysis confirms that a greater proportion of the bottles were used when the property was a campsite. Moreover, soda/mineral water, not alcohol, was the more common type of beverage consumed at the site during this time. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

INTRODUÇÃO: A osteotomia em monobloco para o avanço do terço médio e superior da face combinada ao alongamento ósseo gradual consiste em uma modalidade consagrada de tratamento das craniossinostoses sindrômicas. No entanto, alguns aspectos referentes à morfologia do terço médio facial dessas condições, seu comportamento durante o crescimento e quando submetido à cirurgia ainda são pouco compreendidos. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar, por meio de imagens tomográficas tridimensionais, um grupo de pacientes submetidos ao avanço frontofacial em monobloco associado à distração osteogênica, em idade de imaturidade esquelética, quanto às características morfológicas do terço médio da face, aos resultados obtidos com o avanço e seus efeitos no crescimento craniofacial comparados a um grupo não sindrômico. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída de 25 indivíduos, em idade de dentição mista sendo: 16 submetidos ao avanço com exames de tomografia pré e pós-operatório e 9 de um grupo comparativo não sindrômico com exames de tomografia com 1 ano de intervalo durante o período de crescimento. Pontos de referência foram marcados nos modelos de superfície tridimensional do terço médio facial e as seguintes mensurações foram realizadas para o grupo comparativo, dos pacientes antes e após a cirurgia: determinação das dimensões da maxila, ângulos faciais e distâncias entre pontos na base do crânio e superfície da face. A mensuração das distâncias entre pontos correspondentes marcados nas imagens sobrepostas dos diferentes tempos foi utilizada para determinação da magnitude do avanço e comparada aos valores do grupo não sindrômico. Da mesma forma, o crescimento craniofacial prévio à cirurgia foi avaliado em 4 pacientes da amostra que dispunham de exames de tomografia com 1 ano de intervalo previamente ao avanço. O crescimento pós-operatório foi avaliado em 9 pacientes que tinham exames de tomografia com 1 ano de intervalo após o procedimento e ambos foram comparados com o crescimento observado no grupo não sindrômico. RESULTADOS: A maxila dos pacientes com craniossinostose é menor em largura e comprimento comparada aos não sindrômicos. Os ângulos faciais formados pelos pontos orbitário direito e esquerdo e ponto A, zigomático direito e esquerdo e ponto A são estatisticamente diferentes dos não sindrômicos. As distâncias do ponto Sela aos pontos do terço médio são menores nos pacientes comprometidos mas atingem valores comparáveis aos não sindrômicos após o avanço. O crescimento no grupo de crianças com craniossinostose embora não tenha apresentado valores estatisticamente diferentes dos demais, numericamente cresce menos que o grupo comparativo tanto prévia como posteriormente ao procedimento. CONCLUSÕES: O terço médio facial nas craniossinostoses apresenta configuração anatômica alterada, a maxila é hipoplásica e os ângulos faciais mais obtusos denotam uma menor projeção da porção central em relação às laterais. O avanço permite a normalização da posição, no entanto não muda a configuração alterada do terço médio. O crescimento aparentemente está comprometido independente do procedimento cirúrgico / INTRODUCTION: The monobloc osteotomy combined with gradual bone lengthening to advance the upper and midface is an established treatment modality of syndromic craniosynostosis. However, some aspects related to midface morphology and changes during growth and following surgery are still poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: Three-dimensional tomographic image evaluation of patients undergoing frontofacial monobloc distraction group in immature skeletal age is the objective of the study. The morphological characteristics of the midface, the results obtained with the advancement and its effects on craniofacial growth compared to a nonsyndromic group were evaluated. METHODS: The sample consisted of 25 patients of mixed dentition age: 16 submitted to advancement with pre- and postsurgery CT scans and 9 of a comparison nonsyndromic group with CT scans at 1-year intervals during craniofacial growth. Reference points were placed in the 3-dimensional surface models of the midface, and the measurements were performed to compare patients in the pre- and postsurgery groups: determination of the maxillary dimensions, facial angles, and distances between points on the skull base and the surface of the face. The measurement of distances between homologous points placed in the 3D superimposition of images from different times was used to determine the magnitude of the advancement and compared to the values of the nonsyndromic group. Presurgical growth was evaluated in 4 patients that had a 1-year interval prior to the surgery CT scans. Postsurgical growth was evaluated in 9 patients who had CT scans at 1-year intervals after the procedure, and they were compared with the growth of the nonsyndromic group. RESULTS: The maxillary width and length of syndromic patients are smaller compared to the nonsyndromic group. Facial angles formed by right and left orbital points and point A and the right and left zygomatic and Point A are statistically different from those in the nonsyndromic group. The distances from the point Sela to the midface points are lower in syndromic patients but reach values comparable to the nonsyndromic group after advancement. However, growth in the group of children with craniosynostosis did not yield statistically different values of others; it is smaller than the comparison group. CONCLUSION: The midface of syndromic craniosynostosis has a changed anatomical shape, the maxilla is hypoplastic, and the most obtuse facial angles denote a lower projection of the central portion relative to the lateral. The advancement allows the normalization of the position, but the midface shape is not changed.The growth apparently is affected independently of the surgical procedure

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of water pollution control on financing municipal water pollution control facilities in selected cities in North Central Texas. This objective is accomplished by addressing the following topics: (1) the cost to municipalities of meeting federally mandated water pollution control, (2) the sources of funds for financing sewage treatment, and (3) the financial implications of employing these financing tools to satisfy water quality regulations. The study makes the following conclusions regarding the impact of water pollution control costs on municipalities in the North Central Texas Region: 1) The financing of the wastewater treatment requirements of the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 will cause many municipalities to report operating deficits for their Water and Sewer Fund. 2) A federal grant program funded at the rate of 75 per cent of waste treatment needs will prevent operating deficits in the majority of cities in which 1990 waste treatment needs constitute 20 per cent or more of the expected Water and Sewer Fund capital structure. 3) A federal grant program funded at the average rate of 35 per cent of needs will benefit only a small number of cities. 4) The federal grant program does not improve the operating position of cities in which needs are less than 20 per cent of the total expected capital structure. 5) The state grant program shows the greatest incidence of producing municipal Water and Sewer Fund operating deficits. 6) In order to eliminate operating deficits, cities will need to increase Water and Sewer Fund income in amounts ranging from 0.3 per cent to 571.6 per cent.

Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar a fidelidade da referência externa em tecidos moles no auxílio do posicionamento vertical da maxila. Foram selecionados 40 pacientes portadores de deformidade dentofacial e submetidos à osteotomia total da maxila. Os indivíduos foram divididos em 2 grupos no intuíto de avaliar duas técnicas de referência externa: a utilização da sutura em tecidos moles e o uso do fio de Kirschner. Esta última foi utilizada como a técnica do grupo-controle. Os dados foram colhidos em duas fases. Na primeira delas, foi realizada a mensuração da posição vertical da maxila antes da osteotomia Le Fort I e após a fixação da maxila, utilizando a referência externa. A partir desses números, foi obtida a alteração vertical de cada caso, colhida durante a cirurgia. Na segunda fase da coleta de dados, foram realizadas mensurações verticais da maxila baseadas nas radiografias cefalométricas pré e pós-operatórias. Assim, foi obtido o valor da alteração vertical de cada caso, baseado na documentação radiográfica. Após esta etapa, foi calculada a diferença entre a alteração vertical obtida durante a cirurgia e a alteração vertical colhida a partir das radiografias. Dessa forma, foram obtidos valores que correspondem às imperfeições no posicionamento vertical da maxila de cada paciente, tendo como base a posição do incisivo central superior. Os resultados foram comparados e analisados estatisticamente. A média aritmética da precisão no posicionamento vertical da maxila no grupo-controle foi de 0,52mm e do grupo da referência em tecidos moles foi de 0,65mm. A aplicação do teste t de Student a 5% revelou que não houve diferença estatística significativa entre o grau de precisão das duas técnicas de referência externa (P=0,429). Como conclusão, observou-se que as duas técnicas foram eficazes no auxílio ao posicionamento vertical da maxila e que a referência externa em tecidos moles apresentou um grau de precisão semelhante ao valor obtido com a técnica do fio de Kirschner. / The aim of this study was to analyze the accuracy of external reference placed in soft tissue nasion for vertical maxillary repositioning. Forty patients with dentofacial deformities who were to undergo Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy were separated into two groups to evaluate two different external reference measurement techniques: soft tissue nasion (study group) and Kirschner pins (control group). Data were collected in two phases. Initially the vertical position of the maxilla was assessed during surgery before Le Fort I osteotomy and after maxillary fixation, in relation to the external reference point, evaluating the intra-operative vertical alteration of each case. In the second phase, maxillary vertical measurements were done using the pre and pos-operative cephalometric radiographs to assess their radiographic vertical alteration. Differences among radiographic and intra-operative vertical variations of the maxilla were calculated to acquire values corresponding to discrepancies in maxillary positioning in relation to upper central incisor. Results were statistically compared and analyzed. The average of accuracy of vertical maxillary positioning was 0.525 mm for the control group and 0.650 mm for the study group. Student t test indicated no significant difference between both methods (P=0.429). In conclusion it was noted that both techniques were efficient for vertical maxillary repositioning and soft tissue nasion method showed a similar accuracy of that obtained with Kirschner pins.

Avec le dernier roman La Bascule du souffle (Prix Nobel) écrit 4 mains avec Oskar Pastior, l’écrivaine allemande d’origine roumaine Herta Müller ouvre à une recherche inédite. La romancière aborde avec le roman un tabou historique et testimonial qui s'impose comme une œuvre de portée universelle. L’écrivaine appartient à la 1.5 génération (Ruban Suleiman), qui exprime ses souvenirs non-vécus par le biais du passé, par l’entremise de l’imaginaire (Marianne Hirsch). Avec le roman comme document de la mémoire collective et culturelle, par l'esthétique de la remémoration, la romancière s’inscrit dans une « communauté de pensée » (C.Coquio) des auteurs-témoins de la première génération (Charlotte Delbo, Robert Antelme, Primo Levi, Jorge Semprún, Jean Cayrol), en mettant à mal les critères moraux et esthétiques sur les camps d’exterminations et les camps de travail forcé, le Stalinisme et le Nationalisme. Notre thèse comme recherche sur les procédés littéraires de la romancière rejoint celle sur les formes d’écriture des écrivains-témoins de l’expérience des camps, comme d'Oskar Pastior. Notre analyse du texte participe à la mise en relief de la fonction esthétique de la contrainte oulipienne employée comme pharmakon au double sens de remède et de poison.La recherche sur le roman anticipe l’avancée des études sur l’oulipien Oskar Pastior et nourrit ainsi, d’une manière réciproque, un regard nouveau sur l’œuvre de la poétesse allemande de renommée mondiale. / With her latest novel Atemschaukel/The Hunger Angel (Nobel Prize) of Herta Müller co-written with Oskar Pastior, the Romanian-born German writer opens up a new line of research. With Atemschaukel/ The Hunger Angel she broaches an historical and testimonial taboo that emerges as a work with universal reach. The writer belongs to the 1.5 generation (Ruban Suleiman) who express memories not experienced in the past through imagination (Marianne Hirsch). Documenting the collective and cultural memory through the aesthetic power of recollection, the novelist belongs to the ‘community of thought’ (Catherine Coquio) of first generation ‘postmemory’ authors (like Charlotte Delbo, Robert Antelme, Primo Levi, Jorge Semprun, Jean Cayrol) by undermining moral and aesthetic criteria about the extermination and forced labour camps, Stalinism, and Nationalism. As research into the literary devices of the novelist, this thesis ties in with analysis of the forms of writing used by witness-authors coming from experience of the camps, like this of Oskar Pastior. Interpreting constraint (Formzwang) in his aesthetic fonction, this investigation concludes by declaring the constraint as a pharmakon in both senses of the word: remedy and poison. The research on this novel anticipates further development of studies on the Oulipian Oskar Pastior, and so in a reciprocal manner sheds new light on the work of the world-famous German poet.

I augusti 1914 invaderade Tyskland sitt västra grannland Belgien, som förklarat sig neutralt i konflikten mellan centralmakterna och de allierade. Belgarnas försvar byggde på den uttalade politiska viljan att vara neutral och var därför inte kraftsamlat i någon riktning. Tysklands anfall inleddes med en attack på de stora fasta försvarsanläggningarna vid Liège. Försvaret var knutet till de fasta försvarsanläggningarna uppförda 40 år tidigare. Trots relativt små medel och dåliga förberedelser lyckades försvararna göra väl ifrån sig. Nyttjandet av fasta försvarsanläggningar är gammalt men det finns fortfarande mycket lärdom att dra. Den här uppsatsen är en teoribildande fallstudie baserad på kvalitativ litteraturstudie. Därför beskrivs slaget i förhållande till fördelar och nackdelar med nyttjandet av fasta försvarsanläggningar. Jag presenterar också ett försök att dra rimliga slutsatser ur det som inträffat som mynnar ut i en teori. Den viktigaste slutsatsen kan sammanfattas med att fasta försvarsanläggningar kommer bäst till sin rätt när de nyttjas av förband vars uppgift gör dem oberoende av hög rörlighet men ställer krav på hög verkan med kvantitativt liten trupp. De gör sig sämst då involverade med stora fältförband med uppgifter som ställer krav på mobilitet och knappa tidsförhållanden / Germany invaded its western neighbour Belgium in august 1914. Belgium had declared herself neutral in the conflict between the central powers and the allied but was still invaded. The Belgian defence revolved largely around the political will to remain neutral and was therefore ill prepared in either direction. Germany’s first attack struck at the great fortresses outside Liège. The defence of this town was tied to the local forts, which had been erected some 40 years before. The outnumbered defenders with poorly executed preparations were able to perform well against the German might. The use of forts is an old practice in war but there are still lessons to be learned from its utilisation. This study is a theory constructive case study based on a quality text study. Therefore, the battle with its pros and cons of the use of forts are presented in an attempt to derive reasonable conclusions towards the use of fixed fortifications These facts led me to form a foundation of a theory on the usefulness of fixed fortifications.

Šis darbas supažindina su tamsiojo turizmo fenomenu, kuris Lietuvos akademiniame pasaulyje dar nėra nagrinėtas. Darbe pristatoma tamsiojo turizmo samprata ir formų įvairovė, visuomenėje daug diskusijų keliantys šios turizmo krypties etiniai aspektai bei didėjančio populiarumo prielaidos. Taip pat iškeliama tamsiojo paveldo problematika, jį išskiriant kaip tam tikrą disonuojančio paveldo grupę. Darbe įvertinama dabartinė tamsiojo paveldo situacija Lietuvoje, išryškinant tvarkybos problemas ir lyginant tamsiojo paveldo pateikimo turizmui praktikas su teorinėje literatūroje rekomenduojamomis bei kritikuojamomis. Išsamiai analizuojamas gana ryškaus tamsiojo paveldo objekto – Kauno tvirtovės fortų – atvejis, įvertinant šio objekto reikšmę, dabartinę tvarkybą ir tai lemiančias priežastis. Kadangi iš visų devynių išlikusių Kauno tvirtovės fortų turizmui pritaikyti tik du (VII ir IX), kuriuose vystoma muziejinė veikla, įvertinamos tamsiojo paveldo reprezentacijos juose: tiriama šių dviejų Kauno tvirtovės fortų vykdoma veikla ir jos atitikimas užsienio autorių pateiktiems tamsiojo paveldo pritaikymo turizmui principams. / The paper introduces the new phenomena of dark tourism that has not ever been analyzed in Lithuanian academic literature. The notion of dark tourism and the variety of its forms is represented. This paper also analyzes the reasons of increasing popularity of dark tourism in postmodern society and the ethical points of dark tourism. This paper concentrates on assessment of Lithuania‘s dark heritage and explains the reasons, why this heritage is in such condition. The main focus is on Kaunas Fortress which is an outstanding example of dark heritage in Lithuania. The representation of dark heritage in Kaunas VII and Kaunas IX museums are compared and also the Lithuanian tourist‘s motivation of visiting the dark sites is analyzed.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2009. / Adviser: John Sacher. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-140).

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre des études sur la fragmentation urbaine. Elle privilégie les notions de fermeture et de porosité pour confronter les dynamiques territoriales à l’œuvre dans deux villes caribéennes aux caractéristiques longtemps similaires : Fort-de-France, dans le département de la Martinique, et Port of Spain, capitale de la République de Trinidad et Tobago. Les fermetures délimitent et séparent, mais elles se définissent aussi par leur degré de porosité et par les mises en relation qu’elles organisent, ce que la thèse tente de souligner, d’abord, sous l’angle des paysages urbains. Quoique souvent adossées à des divisions anciennes, héritées de la ville coloniale, les fermetures se déploient sous des formes nouvelles qui sont envisagées par les pouvoirs publics, à Fort-de-France, comme une menace pour la cohésion urbaine. Cette analyse n’est pas partagée à Port of Spain où l’échelle nationale prime sur l’échelle de la ville dans les logiques gestionnaires. La thèse s’appuie notamment sur les résultats de deux enquêtes de terrain pour mieux comprendre le jeu de ces délicates articulations et désarticulations d’échelles, qui nourrissent les phénomènes de fermeture dans la ville. La première enquête met en évidence les trajectoires divergentes de deux quartiers situés sur les marges sociales et spatiales des deux villes, Volga Plage et Sea Lots, dans un contexte de redéfinition des limites entre ville, mer et port. La seconde enquête, réalisée auprès de 228 écoliers, permet de confronter les modalités de gestion par le haut des fermetures dans la ville aux pratiques et aux aspirations des habitants. / This research falls within the scope of urban fragmentation studies. It focuses on the notions of barriers and porosities to confront urban change patterns in two Caribbean cities that used to have similar characteristics: Fort-de-France, in the French oversea department of Martinique, and Port of Spain, capital city of Trinidad and Tobago. Barriers delineate and separate, but they are also defined by their level of porousness and by the links that they organize, as this research intends to show, by first studying urban landscapes. Although barriers often stem from former divisions inherited from the colonial city, they manifest themselves in new forms which are regarded as a threat to urban cohesion by local authorities in Fort-de-France. This analysis is not shared by authorities in Port of Spain where the national scale dominates the scale of the city in terms of urban management. This thesis is mainly based on the results of two field studies that highlight the interplay of subtle articulations and disarticulation of scales, which may hinder or support the production of barriers in the city. The first survey examines the divergent prospects faced by two neighborhoods located on the social and spatial margins of both cities, Volga Plage and Sea Lots, in the context of redefining boundaries between the city, the sea and the port. The second survey, conducted with 228 school children, leads to question ongoing interactions between official responses to urban barriers and the inhabitants’ spatial practices and aspirations.