For many individuals, gambling is regarded as a recreational activity, a socially encompassed pastime. For the individuals who partook in the present study, gambling is an Achilles heel at which the individuals were hopelessly at the mercy of. Initially a ‘fun’ activity, gambling emerged as an activity that provided both an aspect of enjoyment and escapism. Later, as the behaviour increased, interpersonal and intrapersonal consequences emerged; which eventually led participants to take action and break free from the activity once experienced as recreational and now as a “monster”. The aim of the study was to explore the lived experience of six South African individuals who met the criteria for a gambling disorder. Both a phenomenological approach and ecological perspective were used to elicit the essence of this particular phenomenon as experienced by the participants. Purposive sampling procedures were implemented. Data was collected through the use of a biographical questionnaire and individual, open ended conversations with six gamblers. The data was processed and analysed according to qualitative data processing and analysis procedures. Due to the gap in qualitative research in this particular area, specifically in the South African context, this research study has the potential to create a better understanding of the lived experience of gambling addiction through the shared experiences of participants.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly important aspect for companies to consider in a highly competitive business environment. Consequently, stakeholders have shown increased interest in how companies and suppliers relate to sustainable development and place ever higher demands on companies to actively engage in CSR initiatives. However, companies are facing challenges with their CSR communication credibility, especially in the gambling industry. CSR communication credibility is investigated in previous studies where several underlying factors have been presented. However, there is a theoretical gap of how these theories and factors correlate in the gambling industry with regards to CSR communication credibility.  The purpose of this research paper is to identify the different factors affecting CSR communication credibility within the gambling industry among millennials. Furthermore, the purpose is also to enhance the understanding of what to consider in gambling companies' quest for increasing the credibility of their CSR communication. This is done through testing three hypotheses regarding different constructs, namely CSR credibility, corporate image and institutional credibility and how they influence CSR communication credibility. The research is quantitative in nature and employs a descriptive-explanatory approach, using an online survey to collect primary data. The online survey was distributed to previous and current customer of a Swedish gambling enterprise, which yielded a total sample size of 495 which was used for the statistical analysis.  The findings suggest that the underlying factors CSR commitment, company as a source, information attractiveness and reputation influence CSR communication credibility and all factors are needed to be considered when gambling companies investigate their CSR communication credibility.

自2002年，澳門政府開放賭權後，博彩業成為澳門重要的經濟命脈，伴隨著澳門經濟迅速發展，澳門住宅價格亦因此高速飛漲。故此，本研究係以澳門為主要研究對象，探討自澳門政府批出三份博彩經營權後，總體經濟、博彩業與澳門主住宅市間之關係。選取二零零一年第一季至二零一四年第四季之季資料，運用單根檢定、因果關係檢定與共整合檢定等研究方法進行實證分析，檢定變數間的因果關係是否有長短期均衡關係與是否有領先落後的效果。 根據實證結果顯示，存款利率、外來投資金額、外地僱員及飯店入住率領先住宅價格之變動，所得及博彩稅收與住宅價格則呈現雙向因果關係，而外來投資金額、外地僱員、飯店入住率皆屬於博彩旅遊相關之變數，顯示博彩業蓬勃發展能推動澳門住宅價格，使房價高漲。此外，博彩稅收、外來投資金額、外地僱員及飯店入住率皆對所得具有單向影響，故此，可推斷博彩業開放後為澳門帶來巨大的經濟衝擊。另一方面，澳門經濟發展高度依賴博彩業，中小企業亦因租金持續高漲、人力資源短缺等問題，面臨極大的成本壓力，嚴重排擠中小企業生存空間。 / In the year of 2002, after the gambling are allowing by the government in Macau, gambling has already become a pillar industry. Accompanying with the rapid development of economy, housing price has risen at high speed in Macau. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the research of interactive relationship between the real estate market, macroeconomic and gambling industry variables on the basis of Granger causality test since the gambling concession was granted out to three companies. Our sample period starts from Q1 of 2001 to Q4 of 2014 with quarterly data. The research uses ADF Test, Granger Causality Test, and Cointegration Test model that we verify the relationship between macroeconomic variables and the real estate prices. The paper hopes to find out that whether the long-term steady changes between the real estate market and macroeconomic variables will be a leading or lagging effect. The empirical result shows that, deposits rate, foreign direct investment (FDI), non-resident workers (NRW) and hotel occupancy rate (HOR), are in the lead of variation of housing price, income and tax revenue from gaming presents a causal relationship with housing price. FDI, NRW and HOR belong to the variations of the gambling industry which reveal flourishing gambling industry cam promote the housing price in Macau. Moreover, tax revenue from gaming, FDI, NRW and HOR leads income. Thus, it can infer after the gambling are allowed, it brings a great impact on the economy in Macau. On the other hand, the economy of Macau too dependent on gambling. Medium-sized and small enterprises face lot of cost pressure such as the raising rent and short of hands, so that excluding vivo sphere of medium-sized and enterprises.

The exponential growth of the gambling industry in South Africa has been the consequence of liberalized gambling laws. Casinos that were previously restricted to the homeland regions of the country have now become a common urban phenomenon that is easily accessible. Casino developments are still at an early stage of development, but the wide-scale consumption and popularity of the product has generated numerous debates over the cost and benefits associated with the industry. Whilst proponents of casino developments tend to emphasize the economic benefits, the opponents highlight the inevitable social costs, generated by the industry. The aim of this study is to determine the social and economic impacts of the Sugar Mill Casino and the Golden Horse Casino on the Mount Edgecombe and Pietermaritzburg communities respectively. These impacts have been assessed by making use of both quantitative and qualitative data sources. The findings suggests that both the Golden Horse Casino and the Sugar Mill Casino have afforded their respective communities economic benefits and growth opportunities in the form of firstly, the initial capital investment of the casinos, and secondly, by the subsequent revenues generated by the industry. However, the industry has also generated social costs that have been encountered mainly by those individuals who do not have control over their gambling practices, and are thus classified as problem gamblers. Problem gambling tendencies result in a host of psychological, financial and physical repercussions that are manifested at a personal and interpersonal level. If the casino gambling industry is expected to be of any benefit to the Pietermaritzburg and Mount Edgecombe regions, the economic gains of the industry have to be maximized whilst ensuring that the negative social cost remain minimal. Balancing these impacts remains imperative to the mutual sustainability of the casinos and their respective communities. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Spelbranschen är, enligt många, en kontroversiell bransch där företagens vinster motsvarar konsumenternas förluster. Spelandet kan även, till följd av spelberoende, leda till hälsoproblem. För att motverka dessa problem tog den svenska staten fram en ny lag som började gälla vid årsskiftet mellan 2018 och 2019. Huvudsyftet med lagen var att företagen skulle hjälpa till att skydda konsumenterna. En undersökning gjord av Sustainable Brand Index belyser spelbranschens stora problem gällande hållbarhet, då de flesta spelbolagen återfinns i botten på rankingen gällande hållbarhet. Vad som är än mer anmärkningsvärt är att de olika spelbolagen placerar sig väldigt olika på rankingen, trots att de verkar inom samma bransch. Denna studie har, med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod, studerat sex olika spelbolag verksamma på den svenska spelmarknaden. Studien har utgått från spelbolagens hållbarhetsredovisningar för att skapa en förståelse för varför företag som verkar inom samma bransch kan uppfattas så olika gällande hållbarhet av konsumenterna. Ett annat syfte med studien var att undersöka hur spelbolagens hållbarhetsredovisning påverkas av ett ökat externt tryck från staten. Studien kommer fram till att företagens val av legitimitetsstrategi i deras hållbarhetsredovisning inte kan förklara den stora skillnad i legitimitet som de får av konsumenter. Studien kunde inte heller identifiera någon direkt påverkan av det ökade externa trycket på spelbolagens hållbarhetsrapportering. Däremot fann studien mönster som indikerar att företagens val av strategi när det gäller utmaningen med att hantera sin legitimitet kan ha att göra med hur de betraktas av sina konsumenter. / The gambling industry is, according to many, a controversial industry where the companies' winnings equals the losses of their customers. Gambling may also lead to health issues for the gamblers following addiction. To counteract these problems, the Swedish state enacted a new law that came into force at the turn of the year 2018-2019. The main purpose of the law is for companies to protect their customers in different ways. A survey conducted by the Sustainable Brand Index highlights the gambling industry's major problems with sustainability, where most gambling companies are found in the absolute bottom tier of their ranking regarding sustainability. What is even more remarkable is that the different gambling companies are ranked very differently despite the fact that they operate in the same criticised industry. This study has, using a qualitative method, studied the sustainability reports from six companies operating in the Swedish gambling market to create an understanding of why companies in the same industry can be perceived so differently regarding sustainability by consumers. Another purpose of the study was to examine how the gambling companies' sustainability reporting was affected by increased external pressure from the state. The study has concluded that companies' choice of legitimacy strategy in their sustainability report cannot explain the large difference in legitimacy that they receive from their customers. The study also did not find any direct impact by the increased external pressure in the companies' sustainability reports. On the other hand, the study found patterns between how they handle the challenges of managing legitimacy and how they are perceived by consumers.

1999年澳門回歸中國大陸後，博弈產業成為澳門經濟發展的龍頭。近十年來，伴隨著澳門人均GDP上升、博弈產業的豐厚利潤、政府稅收逐年提升等經濟急速發展的現象，使得澳門模式成為東亞國家競相模仿的對象，而博弈產業是否造成地方經濟產業單一化，或是帶動其他產業齊頭式發展，也是各界爭論的議題。特別在澳門與中國簽訂《內地與澳門關於建立更緊密經貿關係的安排》(CEPA)後，由於開放內地遊客「自由行」政策，使得博弈產業錦上添花。為了清楚瞭解博弈產業對澳門經濟發展到底造成何種影響，本文主要研究目的有以下兩點：一為探討博弈產業是否對澳門人均GDP是否造成影響，二為比較在「自由行」政策實施前後，博弈產業對澳門經濟的影響。 根據實證結果顯示，博彩消費、人口、公共支出、CEPA的簽訂，皆與澳門人均GDP呈現正向關係，證明了博弈產業的確影響澳門經濟發展甚大。但研究結果也顯示，博弈產業在「自由行」實施後，對澳門經濟影響力反而下降，因此本研究推論，在「自由行」實施前，澳門經濟大部分靠博彩業支撐，其他產業積弱不振；「自由行」實施後，其他產業得到發展機會，增長速度超越博彩業發展的速度，才會造成本研究實證結果。 總的來說，博彩業在澳門與中國簽訂CEPA後，反而減弱其影響力，表示在「自由行」實施後，其他產業並沒有隨著博彩業的壯大而消失，反而跟著博彩業一同成長，澳門產業結構並無朝向單一化，反而更加多元。帶動其他行業發展，有利建設先進、多元化的綜合城市。 / The gambling industry has become the leading industry in Macau since Macau return to China in 1999. This decade, accompanying with the rise of Macau’s GDP per capita, the huge profits the gambling industry, such as the phenomenon of rapid economic growth, making “Macau Pattern” become a model which East Asian countries compete to imitate. It is a controversial issue that if the gambling industry made the local industry more singlize or led other industry develop. Especially after Macao and China signed the "Mainland and Macao Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement" (CEPA), the opening up of the Mainland visitors as a result of "Free Trip" policy, helping the gambling industry develop rapidly. In order to clearly understand the game industry how to impact Macao's economic development, the purposes are to investigate the relationship between gambling industry and economic development of Macau. The empirical result shows: gambling consumption, population, public expenditure and CEPA signing have significant positive effects on economic development in Macau, Proving that the impact of the game industry is indeed a great economic development of Macau. The result also shows that after the signing of CEPA, gambling industry has fewer impact on economic development in Macau. Therefore, we infer that all industries except gambling industry were weak before “Free Trip”, and other industry got chance to develop after “Free Trip”. To sum up, the gambling industry is the main industry that affects the economic development in Macau. After “Free Trip”, other industries didn’t disappear or decline, all of them keep developing with gambling industry.

To maintain a competitive edge in the tourism and hospitality industries, considerable emphasis has been placed on providing quality services for customers. While the work attitudes and behaviours of staff who deliver these services can influence the experiences of service by customers, little is known how internal and external aspects of the environment of an organisation with a controversial service affect the empowerment, work attitudes and well-being of its employees. The aim of the present program of research was to identify employees' perceptions of the salient aspects of the internal and external environment of an organisation delivering a controversial service, gambling, and to examine the impact of these environmental aspects on the empowerment, commitment and well-being of its employees. Working in any service organisation can be demanding for employees, exacerbated when employees deliver a controversial service such as gambling, and work in close proximity to people who gamble. Research indicates that delivery of a gambling service differs from the delivery of other recreational pursuits due to the negative personal, social, and financial impacts of gambling on problem gamblers and others. These negative costs of gambling have generated long standing ethical or moral objections within the community, and, because of the range of community views about gambling, employees who deliver gambling services are likely to be confronted with opposing community views. By interacting with patrons, employees may also question their values and attitudes to gambling, and feel concerned about those patrons who they consider may have a problem with gambling. Organisational resources that facilitate the empowerment, work attitudes and well-being of employees may exist, however, and reduce the negative effects of any gambling-related influences on employees. A mixed methods research design, consisting of two sequential phases, was used. The methods complemented each other, and minimised the disadvantages of using only one approach. A qualitative method was used in the first phase of the program to collect rich descriptions of the experiences of twenty staff working in seven Queensland clubs with gambling services in South East Queensland. The in-depth interviews helped to identify gambling-related challenges and climate-based resources of the internal and external work environments of the service organisation. The gambling-related challenges included community and media attitudes to gambling, peoples' demands on clubs, and staff beliefs about patrons who gamble. The climate-based resources included the organisational welfare of employees, expressed as meeting employees' needs for respect, developing supportive relationships with staff, encouraging open and clear communication, and the provision of social support. Organisational emphasis on quality service and meeting the needs of patrons also served as a climate-based resource for employees. The qualitative process additionally examined the impact of these factors on the empowerment, commitment and well-being of the employees, allowing the development of a conceptual model of the environmental factors of a gambling industry predicting employees' empowerment, commitment, and well-being. In the second phase of the research program, the conceptual model was tested using a cross-sectional survey. A complex, stratified, random sampling technique allowed access to a sample of clubs and participants that best represented registered and licensed clubs in Queensland. A self-administered mail questionnaire was sent to 468 employees over 41 Queensland clubs with 25 to 280 poker machines. After firstly establishing the soundness of the measurement properties of the model using confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling was used to test the utility of the conceptual model developed in Study 1. Overall, Study 2 supported several of the proposed links, suggesting that the conceptual model developed in Study 1 was useful for examining the salient aspects of the external and internal environments of a club that influence staff empowerment, commitment, and well-being. The study showed the role of climate-based resources in a gambling industry by indicating that those employees who had positive perceptions about employee relations, positive beliefs about patron welfare, and felt supported by their supervisors, felt more empowered, and reported higher commitment and reduced emotional exhaustion. Employee relations was the most influential construct in predicting empowerment, and indirectly affected commitment and well-being (mediated by the empowerment dimensions). Study 2 also confirmed that gambling-based challenges of the external and internal environments impacted on the empowerment and well-being of employees. Those employees who believed that the community supported gambling reported an increased sense of influence over their work environment. The employees who held positive beliefs about patrons who gamble, reinforced gambling in clubs, and attributed the causes of problems in gambling onto sources outside themselves (mostly to the patrons), reported more positive well-being. Employees who perceived that people were demanding, and were not appreciative of what clubs did for the community reported reduced meaningfulness, a reduced sense of influence over their duties and work environment, and reduced well-being. Findings also illustrated the key role of influence, and, in particular, the meaningfulness dimension, in the empowerment, commitment, and well-being of employees in an industry delivering a gambling service. The findings of this research have implications for managerial interventions designed to promote the empowerment, commitment and well-being of employees who deliver a gambling service. By developing and strengthening the organisational resources that facilitate the empowerment, work attitudes and well-being of employees, managers are also likely to reduce the negative effects of the demands and conflicting influences of the external and internal gambling-related challenges on employees. This research program is distinctive in that research has not previously examined the impact of internal and external challenges and resources of a gambling industry on the empowerment, work attitudes, and well-being of its employees. There has, also, been no prior research focused on the work attitudes of employees in the Queensland club industry. Future research needs to replicate the findings of the present research program. The challenges and resources that were found to affect employees in the club industry, however, may be organisation specific. There is, therefore, a need for further research that compares the impact of factors related to the delivery of a gambling service in the club industry with different gambling industries, such as the hotel and casino industries. To provide further insight into the effects of empowerment on employees' work outcomes, a performance measure, such as patron satisfaction could be included. Future studies could also examine group differences in perceptions of climate-based and gambling-related influences on the empowerment, work attitudes and well-being of employees, as a function of their occupational level. The interviews of the present research program implied that employees in different organisational positions might respond differently to both the external and internal environmental factors of the organisation.

本文試圖將澳門博彩產業的發展分為三個不同時期，包括︰1849年至1999年的澳葡政府時期、1999年至2009的開放賭牌與澳門政府介入的澳門特區政府時期，以及2009年後，北京政府對澳門產業重新定位的珠三角經濟區時期。分析澳門回歸中國後，殖民地的角色改變、國內外的環境與需求的變化下，政府、企業、學術單位等的三個角色，在不同的時期下是如何的合作以及互動。 本文假設，在1999年後，澳門政府的角色明顯轉變，國家透過大量的政策工具，使澳門的博彩業快速轉型為全面性的旅遊博彩業，澳門政府扮演著「主導者」跟「執行者」的角色。而2009年後，北京政府對澳門產業有了新的定位，北京政府便回到國家「主導者」的角色，而澳門政府則成了地方「執行者」。 但本文認為，由於2009年後，北京政府擔任產業「主導者」，卻與過去「一國兩制」下的國家角色有矛盾；加上跨國資本階層力量遠大於澳門政府力量，而且過去的營利模式與政府的產業方向有衝突，導致2009年後，國家機器的角色失靈，澳門博彩業並不如理想中的發展。直到2012年，北京政府在國內的反貪腐行動，卻間接把澳門產業發展拉回正軌。 最後本文假設，1999年後在澳門政府的引導之下，澳門博彩業成功跨出國際市場，加速全球資金、人才、技術等在澳門的流動，使博彩業走向全球化；同時間，澳門政府在本地利用國家政策，促使跨國企業、學術單位、賭場三者，在澳門形成了在地化的知識網絡，使澳門博彩業幾年之間在技術上快速創新升級。而到了2009年後，澳門的在地知識網絡，也隨著國家對產業的需求而轉變。

Thesis deals with tax haven topic taking part in the gaming industry, international tax planning and tax losses related. In the theoretical section, definitions and anti-tax evasion strategies are introduced; and overview of particular countries solution with its features is outlined. The application section quantifies effect of these particular features on increase/decrease of tax residents count using statistical methods. Findings consist also of recommendations for tax code improvement and gaming law enhancements for Ministry of Finance in Czech Republic.

With the exception of horse racing, any form of gambling was criminalised in South Africa until the dawn of constitutional democracy in 1994. In the same year, the Lotteries and Gambling Board Act, 1993, came into force decriminalising, amongst others, casinos and gambling games within the Republic. This Act has since been repealed and gambling is governed by the National Gambling Act, 2004, as well as by provincial gambling laws. Interactive / online gambling is illegal pending authorisation by a national legislation. Such legislation, the National Gambling Amendment Act, 2008, seeking to regulate interactive gambling awaits proclamation of the date of its commencement by the President. The National Gambling Policy, 2016, dashes any hope of regulation of interactive gambling, however, as it seeks to embargo the introduction of (new) forms of gambling, including but not limited to interactive gambling. The scourge of problem gambling and the protection of traditional forms of gambling, that is, casinos, are the main reasons for advocating for the continued prohibition of interactive gambling. Problem gambling is not unique to interactive gambling, but affects all modes of gambling. South Africa is among countries with a high rate of problem gambling. It is feared that interactive gambling will exacerbate the scourge of problem gambling as gamblers with access to the internet will now have unlimited gambling opportunities around the clock. On the other hand, interactive gambling offers practical solutions to the implementation of harm minimisation strategies to deal with problem gambling such as limitations on gambling deposits, losses and time. Prohibition of interactive gambling is difficult to enforce and deprives the country of an opportunity to control, through licensing, this mode of gambling and possible benefit from taxation and licensing fees. It further exposes gamblers – who despite prohibition choose this mode of gambling – to unregulated and illegal gambling websites. This thesis attempts to provide safeguards for regulation of interactive gambling and to embrace the benefits of the technological development that makes interactive gambling a reality. The United Kingdom (UK) is a prime example of a country that has successfully legalised and licensed interactive gambling in its jurisdiction. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. D.