Datum: 2024-05-29  Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 hp  Institution: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Universitet  Författare: Valeria Calles    Selma Migchelsen     Emilia Shafipour            (00/08/30)         (01/09/05)                    (02/10/27) Titel: Skillnader i Ledarskapsstilar mellan Manliga och Kvinnliga Ledare inom Organisationer: En kvalitativ studie som kartlägger ledares självuppfattningar Handledare: Konstantin Lampou  Nyckelord: Ledarskapsstilar, autokratiskt ledarskap, demokratiskt ledarskap, könsstereotyper gällande ledarskapsstilar  Forskningsfråga: Hur skiljer sig ledarskapsstilar mellan könen inom organisationer? Syfte: Syftet med vårt projekt är att undersöka om det finns några skillnader mellan kvinnliga och manliga ledare, utifrån ledarnas egna perspektiv och uppfattningar. Vi vill ta reda på om det finns vissa ledarskapsstilar som är vanligare hos män än hos kvinnor och vice versa.  Metod: En kvalitativ studie har utförts där en abduktiv ansats har använts. För att samla in empiri har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts via Zoom och därefter har sekundärkällor och vetenskapliga artiklar använts för att stärka studiens empiri och slutsats.  Slutsats: Slutsatsen som går att dra efter att ha undersökt ledarskapet mellan fem kvinnor och fem män är att det inte finns stora skillnader mellan kvinnligt och manligt ledarskap. Vår forskning har visat att både män och kvinnor generellt föredrar den demokratiska ledarskapsstilen mer än den autokratiska, men både männen och kvinnorna hade åtminstone en autokratisk egenskap. Detta visar att den autokratiska ledarskapsstilen inte är tillhörande det manliga könet och att den demokratiska ledarskapsstilen inte är tillhörande det kvinnliga könet. / Date: 2024-05-29  Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 hp  Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University  Authors: Valeria Calles       Selma Migchelsen        Emilia Shafipour         (00/08/30)                (01/09/05)                 (02/10/27) Title: Differences in Leadership Styles between Male and Female Leaders in Organizations: A qualitative study that identifies leaders self-perceptions  Supervisor: Konstantin Lampou  Keywords: Leadership styles, autocratic leadership, democratic leadership, gender stereotypes on leadership style Research question: How do the leadership styles differ between genders within organizations?   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are any differences between female and male leaders, based on the leaders' own perspectives and perceptions. We want to find out if there are certain leadership styles that are more common in men than in women and vice versa. Method: A qualitative study has been made by using an abductive approach. In order to collect empirical data, semi-structured interviews have been conducted via Zoom. Secondary sources and scientific articles have been used to strengthen the study's empirical data and conclusion. Conclusion: The conclusion that can be drawn after examining the leadership between five women and five men is that there are no major differences between female and male leadership. Our research has shown that both men and women generally prefer the democratic leadership style more than the autocratic, but both men and women had at least one autocratic trait. This shows that the autocratic leadership style does not belong to the male gender and that the democratic leadership style does not belong to the female gender.

Since the first democratic election in 1994, the South African labour force has undergone various changes. As a result, a number of laws were implemented, which helped ensure the diverse nature of the South African labour force. Within a diverse workforce, stereotypes are more likely to occur, which is also the focus of the present study. This study explored not only the meaning and origin of stereotypes but also the prevalent stereotypes and the manner in which employees experience these within the South African mining industry. A qualitative research design from a combined phenomenological and hermeneutic approach was used for the purpose of this study by following a case-study strategy. A combination of both purposive and convenience sampling was used and participants’ responses were obtained by making use of semi-structured interviews. The population consisted of participants (N = 15) from different departments within a particular organisation in the mining industry in South Africa. The representation of the population was diverse and included male, female, various age groups, and different racial groups. Interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Themes, sub-themes, and characteristics were extracted from the data and direct quotations of participants’ responses were analysed to support the findings. It was found that participants of this study are aware of and understand the meaning of stereotypes. Generalisation was the most prominent theme that was evident when asking participants about the meaning of stereotype. During the study it became clear that stereotypes exist within the mining industry and that individuals do entertain stereotypes of other individuals employed in this industry (out-groups), and also about themselves (in-group). The most prominent in-group stereotypes that individuals experienced are racially oriented. These stereotypes were experienced by White individuals, Black individuals and Coloured individuals, and it was mostly negative. The most prominent out-group stereotypes that individuals hold of others in their workplace were found to be occupational stereotypes. During the present study most stereotypes turned out to be negative in nature. Findings of this study also indicated that employees experience stereotypes on three levels, namely emotional, cognitive and behavioural. Participants of this study experienced stereotypes mostly on an emotional level. The study’s findings did show various origins of stereotypes and participants indicated that it originated mostly from secondary exposure. In these instances influences can be a result of factors such as affirmative action, apartheid, social interaction and upbringing. To conclude the study, recommendations were made for future research and practice in an industry with a diverse workforce. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Since the first democratic election in 1994, the South African labour force has undergone various changes. As a result, a number of laws were implemented, which helped ensure the diverse nature of the South African labour force. Within a diverse workforce, stereotypes are more likely to occur, which is also the focus of the present study. This study explored not only the meaning and origin of stereotypes but also the prevalent stereotypes and the manner in which employees experience these within the South African mining industry. A qualitative research design from a combined phenomenological and hermeneutic approach was used for the purpose of this study by following a case-study strategy. A combination of both purposive and convenience sampling was used and participants’ responses were obtained by making use of semi-structured interviews. The population consisted of participants (N = 15) from different departments within a particular organisation in the mining industry in South Africa. The representation of the population was diverse and included male, female, various age groups, and different racial groups. Interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Themes, sub-themes, and characteristics were extracted from the data and direct quotations of participants’ responses were analysed to support the findings. It was found that participants of this study are aware of and understand the meaning of stereotypes. Generalisation was the most prominent theme that was evident when asking participants about the meaning of stereotype. During the study it became clear that stereotypes exist within the mining industry and that individuals do entertain stereotypes of other individuals employed in this industry (out-groups), and also about themselves (in-group). The most prominent in-group stereotypes that individuals experienced are racially oriented. These stereotypes were experienced by White individuals, Black individuals and Coloured individuals, and it was mostly negative. The most prominent out-group stereotypes that individuals hold of others in their workplace were found to be occupational stereotypes. During the present study most stereotypes turned out to be negative in nature. Findings of this study also indicated that employees experience stereotypes on three levels, namely emotional, cognitive and behavioural. Participants of this study experienced stereotypes mostly on an emotional level. The study’s findings did show various origins of stereotypes and participants indicated that it originated mostly from secondary exposure. In these instances influences can be a result of factors such as affirmative action, apartheid, social interaction and upbringing. To conclude the study, recommendations were made for future research and practice in an industry with a diverse workforce. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine how male and female celebrities are represented on the 24 covers of e+, a weekly entertainment magazine that was published by Dubai-based Al Nisr Publishing. This cross-sectional, exploratory study used a qualitative visual semiotic analysis and quantitative content analysis to examine how male and female celebrities are constructed and represented on covers published between October 2010 and September 2011. In addition, the study explored whether the myths and ideologies found on the covers made an impression on the perceptions and tastes of teenagers living in the UAE. A subsequent self-administered questionnaire was completed by 30 teenagers living in the UAE aged between 16 and 19 with the purpose of determining how teenagers experienced representations of celebrities. Furthermore, to gain a deeper understanding of how teenagers experienced celebrity culture, three focus-group interviews, each comprising of six participants, are conducted. The study found that both male and female celebrities were represented in gender stereotypical roles. Results showed that male celebrities were represented as active, strong, decisive and dominant. Male celebrities were associated with success, fast cars and dangerous weapons. On the other hand, female celebrities were predominantly represented as submissive. The representations of female celebrities focused on beauty and fashion. The survey and focus-group results revealed that celebrity culture does have an influence on teenagers. Participants reported that they bought products that they saw celebrities wearing or using, emulated the celebrities’ behaviour and copied hairstyles and make-up looks. However, the study found that, in addition to celebrity culture, teenagers’ perceptions are also shaped by their peers, parents and other people they interact with such as teachers. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication Science)

This study investigated the relationships between diverse variables and secondary school pupils' Mathematics achievement. It also dealt with the relative contribution of each variable to Mathematics achievement and the significance of differences in Mathematics achievements when pupils' gender and home background as well as teachers' experience, gender, education, in-service education, homework assignment and testing frequency are taken into account. A questionnaire was administered on 163 standard 8 pupils. I The most important findings of this study were: {1) There was a significant relationship between pupil variables and Mathematics achievement. (2) Pupil variables, particularly self-concept, contributed significantly towards the variance in Mathematics achievement. (3) Pupils who wrote tests often (more than once per term) achieved significantly less than students who wrote tests less often / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

<p style="text-align: justify;">U radu se, primenom feminističke književne kritike, analiziraju rodni stereotipi u svih četrnaest romana iz lektire za drugi ciklus obrazovanja. Pokazuje se da su rodni stereotipi prisutni u različitim aspektima ovih romana, kao &scaron;to su zastupljenost i konstrukcija likova, sadržaj i način oblikovanja priče. Takođe, predstavljaju se metodički modeli nastavnih interpretacija ovih romana, koji uvažavaju rodnu perspektivu. Primena ovih modela omogućava da učenice i učenici prepoznaju rodne stereotipe, razumeju njihovu funkciju i zauzmu kritički odnos prema njima.</p> / <p style="text-align: justify;">The dissertation analyzes gender stereotypes by applying feminist literary criticism in all fourteen novels included in the second cycle of the primary education curriculum. It is indicated that gender stereotypes are present in various aspects of the novels, such as characters&rsquo; presence and construction, content and method of creating stories. Furthermore, the methodical models of educational interpretations of these novels, which respect the gender perspective, are also presented. The application of these models allows pupils to recognize gender stereotypes, understand their function and take a critical attitude towards them.</p>

The aim of the diploma thesis What do the girls want? The reflection of their world in the magazines Super Dívka and BravoGirl! is to analyze the representation of lifestyle in the magazines for girls and the evolution of this representation within fifteen years. For the needs of this work, the individual theoretical concepts have been discussed, in order to better understand the problematics of media representation of reality. We defined notions such as social and media construction of reality, theory of representation, gender, stereotypes, myths and ideology. Other chapters are dedicated to the notion of lifestyle from its sociological and media perspective, to the girls' magazines themselves and to their up to now researches. These researches are concerned especially with the problematics of consolidation of gender stereotypes in the society through proposed patterns of behaviour and creation of norms of femininity. At the same time, they consider the magazines to be the holders of ideology in consumer and patriarchal society. For the needs of this thesis, the mixed analytical method has been used. The content analysis quantitatively classifies thematic agenda of magazines and semiotic analysis follows denotative and connotative level of signs and their meanings for the representation of...

Theoretical part of this thesis is about women's magazines in the Czechoslovakia and in the Czech republic. The introductory chapters are about its characteristics, division and historical development. It describes current state in the Czech magazine's market, stratification of women's magazines, it also describes broadly media influence and apply these theoretical knowledge to women's magazines. The important chapter is chapter Media and Gender, which explains the term gender, compares men's and women's magazines and presents criticism of women's magazines from gender point of view. Methodological part is insight into the choice of method and choice of samples. This part contains also basic characteristic of reasearched magazines. Research part describes the representation of successful woman according to women's magazines, what is the difference in each magazine and it also shows the changes of view of successful woman in reserched period.

La mixité à l’école est souvent considérée comme un moyen privilégié pour tendre vers une meilleure égalité entre les filles et les garçons. Si les différents dispositifs institutionnels encourageant sa mise en oeuvre ont contribué à une égalité de droits, ils n’ont pas abouti pour autant à une égalité dans les faits. La recherche analyse finement les formes concrètes que peut prendre la mixité dans l’éducation physique et sportive (EPS) dans le second degré où certaines inégalités entre les filles et les garçons sont encore souvent considérées comme « naturelles ». Allant à l’encontre de cette idée reçue, la thèse montre que si la mixité n’est pas, a priori, un obstacle à une meilleure égalité entre les sexes, les choix pédagogiques pouvant y être associés sont susceptibles de mettre en difficulté une partie des filles. Méthodologiquement, le travail s’appuie sur plusieurs dispositifs articulés entre eux : une observation ethnographique de 200 heures d’enseignement ; une vingtaine d’entretiens avec des professeurs d’EPS ; l’analyse secondaire de deux enquêtes nationales ayant permis d’interroger par questionnaire 1 954 élèves et 1 317 enseignants du second degré. La recherche montre, entre autres, que les formes de regroupements choisis, les contenus d’enseignement privilégiés (à forte connotation masculine), les interactions entre le professeur et les élèves sont autant d’éléments susceptibles d’entretenir une inégalité de traitement des filles et des garçons. En somme, le travail souligne que la mise en oeuvre de la mixité en EPS ne peut faire l’économie d’une réflexion approfondie permettant l’élaboration de dispositifs pédagogiques autorisant une réelle prise en considération des différences entre filles et garçons (que celles-ci soient d’ordre biologique ou culturel). / Coeducation is often considered an ideal way to foster equality between girls and boys. Although, in theory, various institutional initiatives encouraging coeducation have contributed to fostering equal rights, they do not always lead to equal opportunities in practice. This study focuses on the tangible aspects of coeducation at secondary school level in the specific fields of physical education (PE) and sport, where some inequality between girls and boys is still often considered ―normal‖. Countering this preconceived notion, the thesis demonstrates that whilst coeducation does not initially stand in the way of greater gender equality, the educational strategies that may be associated with it are likely to put some girls at a disadvantage. In terms of methodology, the research is based on a combination of several studies, including ethnographic observation of 200 teaching hours; some twenty interviews with PE and sports teachers; and secondary analysis of two national surveys based on questionnaires completed by 1,954 secondary school pupils and 1,317 secondary school teachers. The study shows, among other things, that the type of group activity and educational content chosen (which is often male-oriented), as well as the way teachers and pupils interact, are all factors that are likely to promote disparities in the way girls and boys are treated. Finally, the work underlines that teaching PE and sport in a coeducational environment cannot be done without careful consideration of the differences between girls and boys, and the development of educational strategies that take these differences into account (be they biological or cultural).

Cette étude porte un regard croisé sur les droits pénaux français et libanais concernant le statut de la femme. Il s’agit de voir l’évolution divergente des deux États qui, à une époque donnée, avaient des dispositions pénales comparables discriminant les femmes et leur accordant un statut inférieur à celui des hommes. En dépit des réformes juridiques et des droits « acquis » par les femmes, elles continuent à être les premières victimes des violences et discriminations ; certains droits qui leur sont reconnus sont, souvent, remis en question et des inégalités persistent en droit et en fait. Cette étude propose de se pencher sur l’analyse du droit pénal dans sa globalité sous une perspective de genre pour dévoiler les origines des inégalités entre les sexes et l’interaction entre le droit et le genre. Ces éléments permettront de comprendre les raisons de l’évolution limitée du statut de la femme en droits pénaux français et libanais et de réfléchir sur la manière dont le droit pénal libanais pourrait être réformé et le droit pénal français pourrait poursuivre effectivement son évolution par la prise en considération du concept de genre. L’objectif consiste à consolider les droits des femmes et leur statut aux niveaux juridique et pratique et, plus généralement, à atteindre une réelle égalité entre les sexes par l’acceptation des différences existant entre les femmes et les hommes comme étant une source de richesse et non d’inégalités / This study takes a cross-look at French and Lebanese criminal law on the subject of the status of women. It is a question of seeing the divergent evolution between the two States, which at one time had comparable penal provisions discriminating women and granting them a status inferior to that of men. Despite reforms and "acquired" rights, women continue to be the first victims of violence, discrimination, and certain recognized rights are often questioned, inequalities persist in law and in fact. This study proposes to look at the analysis of criminal law from a gender perspective to understand the origins of inequalities, to consider the interaction between law and gender. These elements will help to understand the reasons for the limited evolution of the status of women in French and Lebanese criminal law, to reflect on how the Lebanese criminal law could be reformed and French criminal law could effectively continue its evolution by taking in consideration the concept of gender. The aim is to consolidate women's rights and their status at the legal and practical level and, more generally, to achieve gender equality by accepting differences between women and men as means of wealth and not a source of inequality