La thèse "L'équilibre institutionnel dans L'Union européenne" vise à reconstruire les développements juridiques et jurisprudentiels qui ont défini l'évolution de l'équilibre au sein de l'Union à partir du début du processus d'intégration. L’approche choisie est double : juridique et politique. Juridique, car il s’agit de déterminer quelles sont les possibilités données par l’ordre juridique communautaire aux institutions pour définir l'équilibre interne sur la base des dispositions des traites. Politique, car cette approche permet de replacer le principe dans son environnement général et de prendre en considération des facteurs de contraintes et des comportements que la logique juridique omet parfois. L'étude a été organisée en deux parties principales, en premier lieu par un examen du cadre institutionnel définie par le Traité sur l' Union européenne puis par une analyse des bases juridiques introduites par la dernière révision des traites, susceptibles d'influencer et modifier les relations interinstitutionnelles dans le domaine de l'adoption des actes juridiques et de l'éxécution des actes de l'Union. / The institutional balance can be envisaged in two different ways. As a principle it has been developed and defined by the Court of justice since Meroni jurisprudence, whilst the practise of the institutions in the implementation of the treaties and the treaty changes concerning the institutional framework and the legal basis governing legislative and budgetary procedures defined the institutional balance as a dynamic concept. The thesis is aimed at analysing the evolution of the institutional balance in the practical sphere and it has been organized in two main parts composed respectively of 2 chapters. The results of the study were that the institutional balance is in a permanent state of evolution and this process didn’t come to an end after the entry in to force of the Lisbon treaty. The institutional innovation failed to eliminate the structural tension which characterized the institutional interaction in the past. Despite the fact that the Lisbon Treaty was adopted after fifteen years of debate and reflection on institutional reforms it was found that the juridical instrument provided in order to implement the inter-institutional cooperation in the Lisbon Treaty are not adequate if one considers the high-level interaction they are required to observe to the scope of achieving the objectives of the Treaty.

Frederic Woodman Root was a vocal pedagogue and writer of the late nineteenth century. He wrote over eighteen books on vocal pedagogy, and numerous articles on singing. Since his death, most of his works have fallen into obscurity. The purpose of this document was to codify the vocal pedagogy of Frederic Woodman Root, discussing his particularly thorough methodology, and to bring his methods back into the public eye. His method is broken down into the various components of basic musicianship, the General Principle, the Three Vowel Forms, registers, breathing, and agility. Examples from Root's exercises are included and discussed.

Le principe de l’équilibre institutionnel a été utilisé par la Cour de justice depuis les origines de la construction européenne afin de réguler la répartition des pouvoirs entre les institutions des Communautés européennes puis de l’Union européenne. Cette thèse vise à établir une définition du principe en identifiant ses éléments constitutifs. La détermination de son champ d’application, tant matériel qu’organique, et de ses fonctions dans la jurisprudence permet d’y voir un principe général du droit s’appliquant à l’ensemble des institutions et organes de l’Union dotés d’un pouvoir de décision. Principe structurel, l’équilibre institutionnel garantit les éléments fondamentaux du système institutionnel de l’Union européenne, en particulier l’indépendance organique et la collaboration fonctionnelle des institutions. Il ne constitue pourtant pas un frein à l’évolution du système. Utilisé dans un nombre limité d’affaires, le principe pourrait être exploité de façon plus systématique par la Cour de justice. En tant qu’élément structurant de l’organisation horizontale des pouvoirs, il donne une clé de compréhension du système institutionnel de l’Union et de ses évolutions. Il pourrait s’appliquer à des problématiques nouvelles issues notamment du traité de Lisbonne, telles que la délimitation entre actes législatifs, actes délégués et actes d’exécution. Apte à appréhender l’ensemble des rapports de pouvoir entre institutions, le principe de l’équilibre institutionnel,entendu dans un rapport de compatibilité avec le principe de séparation des pouvoirs, pourrait constituer un fondement théorique du régime politique de l’Union européenne. / The principle of institutional balance has been used by the European Court of Justice in order to solve conflicts between European institutions about the distribution of powers. This dissertation elaborates a legal definition of the principle. This first includes an approach of its scope of application. The study of the functions of institutional balance in the Court’s caselaw allows understanding the normative impact of this principle. It is a general principle of law which applies to all institutions and organs having a role in the decision-making procedures established by the Treaties. As a structural principle, institutional balance is useful to understand the institutional system of the EU as a whole. It could be used by the Court in amore systematic way and applied to new issues of institutional law, brought for instance by the Lisbon Treaty. The new distinction between legislative acts, delegated acts and executive acts offers new grounds for legal hostilities that the principle could help to solve. As a general institutional principle, institutional balance can be compared to the principle of separation of powers and understood as a founding principle of the European Union political regime.

This research aimed to investigate the democratic aspects of procedural negotiation clause recently inserted into the Brazilian legal system by Article 190 of Law n. 13,105, of March 16, 2015 (New Code of Civil Procedure). The rule allows, in certain situations, that the parties negotiate on procedural rules, before or during the process in which demands law allows autocomposição. The rule, in effect, by giving autorregramento of powers between the parties in the development process, eases some publicists aspects of the Brazilian legal system. It is observed, therefore a paradigmatic breakthrough that is inclined to empower parts. Without forgetting its controversial aspects, we intend to analyze the institute as a democratic instrument under the cooperative process. From this perspective, the work is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, we analyze the methodological stages of civil procedure in order to rescue some marginalized traditions throughout modernity to then rethink a new grammar for contemporary jurisdiction. In the second chapter, we point out a correlation between the normative model of deliberative-procedural democracy (Habermas) and the cooperative process and traced the main assumptions of a democratic legal proceedings. Were their assumptions that served to analyze aspects of the general principle of negotiating share in the third chapter of the work. / A presente pesquisa pretendeu investigar os aspectos democráticos da cláusula geral de negociação processual recentemente inserida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pelo artigo 190 da Lei n. 13.105, de 16 de março de 2015 (Novo Código de Processo Civil). A regra permite, em determinadas situações, que as partes negociem sobre regras processuais, antes ou durante o processo, em demandas cujo direito admita autocomposição. A norma, com efeito, ao conferir poderes de autorregramento às partes no desenvolvimento do processo, flexibiliza alguns aspectos publicistas do ordenamento processual brasileiro. Percebe-se, deste modo, um movimento de ruptura paradigmática que se inclina a empoderar as partes. Sem olvidar os seus aspectos controvertidos, pretende-se analisar o instituto enquanto um instrumento democrático no âmbito do processo cooperativo. Nessa perspectiva, o trabalho divide-se em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, analisamos as fases metodológicas do processo civil no intuito de resgatar algumas tradições marginalizadas ao longo da modernidade para, em seguida, repensar uma nova gramática para a jurisdição contemporânea. No segundo capítulo, apontamos uma correlação entre o modelo normativo de democracia deliberativo-procedimental (Habermas) e o processo cooperativo e traçamos os principais pressupostos de um processo jurisdicional democrático. Foram essas as premissas que serviram para analisar os aspectos da cláusula geral de negocia ação no terceiro capítulo do trabalho.

Cette étude traite de la comparaison du régime de la responsabilité délictuelle du fait d’autrui en droit français et en droit chinois.Dans une première partie, plutôt micro-vision, la thèse se consacre à une étude au cas par cas des responsabilités du fait d’autrui dans les deux systèmes juridiques. Il s’agit précisément de la responsabilité du fait des mineurs (la responsabilité des parents en droit français et des tuteurs en droit chinois ainsi que la responsabilité des instituteurs en droit français et des établissements scolaires en droit chinois), de la responsabilité des employeurs du fait des personnes qu’ils emploient dans les deux droits et de la responsabilité générale du fait d’autrui qui est admise particulièrement en droit français, à la différence du droit chinois.La deuxième partie apporte une vision d’ensemble et propose au sein des deux systèmes de droit une étude des rapports internes du régime entre les différentes hypothèses de cette responsabilité ainsi qu’un examen des rapports externes de ce régime avec les responsabilités personnelles de droit commun et les mécanismes d’indemnisation collective.Pourtant, de ce mécanisme appliqué aux deux systèmes, l’analyse révèle un inconvénient commun : une harmonisation du régime fait défaut. A cet égard, sous la condition préalable de ne pas nuire à la particularité de chaque cas de figure, l’étude tente de restaurer une cohérence tant dans les rapports « internes » du régime de responsabilité du fait d’autrui, que dans ses rapports « externes » avec d’autres régimes. / This study is about a comparison of vicarious liability in French juridical system and in Chinese juridical system.In first part of this article, a more micro-vision, it is analyzed case by case of specific vicarious liability in two judicial systems. It is precisely about the acts of minors (the liability of parents in French law and liability of guardians in Chinese law, also the liability of teachers in French law and liability of school in Chinese law), the liability of employers and masters in two juridical systems and the general vicarious liability that is accepted particularly in French law, while the latter is different in Chinese law.The second part of this article concerns a whole vision and proposes a study of internal relations of two systems between different hypotheses of vicarious liability, and also an investigation of external relations of this system with the personal responsibility of “common law” and the mechanisms of collective compensation.However, of this mechanism applied at two systems, analysis reveals a common disadvantage: a lack of harmonization. In this aspect, considering the precondition of avoiding doing harm to particularity of each case of figure, the study tries to restore coherence both “internal” relations in systems of vicarious liability and “external” relations with other systems.

La « compétence ratione temporis » est une expression d’origine jurisprudentielle dont la signification varie selon le contexte dans lequel elle se trouve employée. Telle qu’elle apparaît dans les décisions des juridictions internationales, celle-ci désigne d’abord la durée de l’habilitation à exercer le pouvoir juridictionnel que l’on associe à la durée de validité de l’engagement juridictionnel de l’Etat. La compétence temporelle désigne également le domaine temporel d’exercice du pouvoir de juger, les Etats précisant bien souvent les catégories de litiges ratione temporis pour lesquels ils peuvent être attraits en justice. Sur la base de ce constat, la doctrine ne voit dans la compétence temporelle qu’une notion à contenu variable sans véritable utilité pour l’analyse du droit positif, et préfère parler soit de compétence personnelle dès lors qu’est en cause l’existence du consentement de l’Etat à se soumettre à la juridiction, soit de compétence matérielle pour envisager les catégories de différends dont le tribunal pourra connaître. L’étude de la jurisprudence internationale conduit toutefois à remettre en cause le bien-fondé d’une telle analyse. Si l’on peut voir dans la compétence temporelle un élément d’identification de la sphère de compétence du tribunal, et donc un aspect de sa compétence matérielle, la résolution pratique du problème de la durée de l’habilitation à juger ne peut être comprise en ayant recours au concept de compétence personnelle. Par la manière dont les juridictions appliquent l’engagement juridictionnel ratione temporis, celui-ci n’apparaît pas simplement comme l’acte par lequel les Etats consentent à se soumettre à la juridiction, mais d’abord comme le titre qui fonde l’action des justiciables. En cela, l’explication des solutions retenues par les juridictions internationales ne peut faire l’économie d’un concept propre à la durée de l’habilitation : celui de compétence ratione temporis. / "Jurisdiction ratione temporis" is an expression that derives from case law, the meaning of which varies depending on the context it is used in. As it appears in International court decisions, it is used to mean the time during which the court has the authority to exercise jurisdictional power which also relates to the time during which the State’s consent to jurisdiction is valid. Jurisdiction ratione temporis also means the time period during which the court has the power to judge as the States often specify categories of disputes for which they can be brought to justice as ratione temporis. On this basis, legal doctrine only sees temporal jurisdiction as a variable notion that is not particularly useful in analysing positive law, and prefers to refer to either jurisdiction ratione personae when there is an issue of whether the State has agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the court, or to jurisdiction ratione materiae for categories of disputes for which a court could have jurisdiction. Studies on International case law however call into question the justification of such an analysis. If we can consider that in temporal jurisdiction there is an element of identifying the jurisdictional sphere of the court and therefore an aspect of its jurisdiction ratione materiae, the problem of the time during which a court has jurisdiction cannot be practically solved by referring to the concept of jurisdiction ratione personae. Given the way in which courts apply the title of jurisdiction ratione temporis, this does not appear to be just an act by which the States agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the court but first of all as the very basis of the action. In this, the explanations of the solutions of the International courts cannot ignore a concept that is specific to the duration of authorisation, that of jurisdiction ratione temporis.

Le droit international encadre l’exercice de la diplomatie des États dans une finalité de prévenir l’insécurité et, par extension, les conflits armés. Le droit de la diplomatie préventive reflète ainsi l’idée que la prévention de risques imminents de dommages matériels graves délimite l’objet d’un principe général de droit international. L’affirmation d’un principe est fondée sur l’analyse inductive des conventions majeures conclues en matière de maintien de la sécurité collective de 1899 à 1945. Elle est vérifiée à la lumière de la pratique de leur application par les Membres de la SdN et, depuis 1945, de l’ONU. Le caractère général de ce principe est déduit d’une étude combinée de la jurisprudence d’un nombre de juridictions internationales dans une variété de domaines du droit international. Les efforts individuels et collectifs de prévention des conflits obéissent donc à un régime juridique général qui organise le système contemporain de maintien de la paix internationale. / International law regulates States’ diplomacy for the purpose of preventing insecurity, and, by extension, armed conflicts. Accordingly, the law of preventive diplomacy reflects, in a sense, the idea that prevention of imminent risks of serious material damages defines a general principle of international law. The assertion of such a principle is based on an inductive analysis of the major treaties on collective security concluded between 1899 and 1945. It is verified in light of their application by Member States of the League of Nations and, since 1945, of the United Nations. The general nature of this principle is deduced from a combined study of the jurisprudence of a number of international courts and tribunals in various fields of international law. Those findings support the idea that individual and collective efforts of conflict prevention are subject to the respect of a general legal regime governing the current international system of peace-maintenance and collective security.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-23T13:23:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FranceleMariscoDireito.pdf: 931023 bytes, checksum: 872d764f1267812fa119026d56782011 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-23T13:23:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranceleMariscoDireito.pdf: 931023 bytes, checksum: 872d764f1267812fa119026d56782011 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-22 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de demonstrar a importância da proteção jurídica da imagem do atleta profissional de futebol frente aos avanços tecnológicos que acarretam situações de riscos à personalidade humana, bem como à investigação da possibilidade relativa de disponibilidade desse direito de personalidade. O problema é que a disponibilidade desse direito, através do contrato de licença de uso de imagem, volta-se geralmente apenas para o aspecto econômico da pessoa em si, não para a valorização da pessoa humana. Dessa forma, impõem a pesquisa e a reflexão sobre o direito à imagem, o qual é considerado um direito de personalidade, com vistas à sua integral proteção. A imagem do jogador de futebol, como sendo um excelente apelo à publicidade, ganhou tamanha importância que a sua imagem chega a se relacionar com o próprio contrato de trabalho, sendo muitas vezes confundido com este. Assim, torna-se necessário delinear os contornos essenciais do direito à imagem, ainda mais por ser um direito típico, reconhecido e protegido pela legislação, não se confundindo com outros direitos da personalidade, em face da sua autonomia. Como o direito à imagem é um direito de personalidade, buscou-se, após uma análise dos direitos de personalidade, obter uma nova dimensão desse direito, centrado na pessoa humana e não no patrimônio, a qual compreenderá as soluções para as lesões ao direito à imagem. E, através do fenômeno da repersonalização do direito privado, deve-se ter o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana como valor guia e princípio supremo da ordem jurídica. Portanto, pretende-se que o direito à imagem do atleta profissional de futebol, venha a ser concretamente protegido pela cláusula geral de tutela e promoção da pessoa humana, com um deslocamento conceitual rumo à pessoa concreta do atleta, principalmente quando se fala na disponibilidade relativa do exercício do direito à imagem tão claramente na imagem dos atletas de futebol. / The thesis is developed in order to demonstrate the importance of legal protection of the image of professional football player because of technological advances, which carry to situations of risk to human personality, as well as this work researches the possible availability of this right of personality. The problem is that the availability of that right, through the license agreement for the use of the image, usually is focused only about the economic aspect of the person itself, not valuing the human being. Therefore, it is required a research and a study about the right of the image, which is understood as a right of personality, in regard of its full protection. The image of a football player, as being a good call for advertising, has gained such importance that his image is related to his own employment contract, and not rarely it is mixed up with this. Thus, it is necessary to point out the essential characteristics on the right of the image, especially because this is distinctive right, recognized and protected by law, not being confused with other rights of personality, for its autonomy. As the right of the image a right of personality, the present work has sought, after an analysis of the rights of personality, a new aspect of this right, focusing on the human being and not on the wealth, that includes solutions for the injuries that may happen in the right of the image. And, through the phenomenon of the repersonalization of the private law, one must have the principle of human dignity as a guide value and supreme principle of the law. Consequently, it is intended that the right of the image of the professional football player will become specifically protected by the general principle of the protection and the promotion of the human being, with a conceptual turn towards the concrete person of the athlete, especially when it comes on the relative availability of the exercise of the right of the image so clearly when it regards the football players.

Ein zentrales Thema von Modellversuchen in Verbindung mit der Berufsausbildung ist die Entwicklung und Erprobung neuer Konzepte. Grundlage dafür sollte der konkrete Zustand in der reellen Praxis sein. Die Autorin erstellt in Recherche zahlreicher Quellen einen Überblick zum Kompetenzbegriff (Fach-, Methoden-, Sozial-, Personal-, Handlungskompetenz). Sie meint, dass zur Analyse, Evaluierung sowie zur gezielte Selektion relevanter Informationen eine Strategie zur Kompe-tenzentwicklung erforderlich ist, bei der Lernende einen grundlegenden Fundus an Medienkompetenz besitzen müssen und der Lehrende einen Rollenwandlung vom Wissensvermittler zum Anleiter erfährt. Mit Hilfe spezieller Handlungsanleitungen beantwortet der Lernende Fragen und gewinnt selbstständig Fachinformationen. Der Anleitende beaufsichtigt, kontrolliert und bewertet den Prozess der Informationsgewinnung. Die Ergebnisse werden zusammengefasst und dienen der Beantwortung offener Fragen. Die Autorin geht davon aus, dass methodische Orientierungshilfen sowohl bei deduktiv, als auch bei induktiv angelegter Erkenntnisgewinnung im Unterricht der Berufsausbildung angewandt werden können. Die neuen Informationssysteme zeigen uns dabei neue Wege der Informationsverarbeitung auf. Die Autorin kategorisiert aktuelle digitale Medien. In einer empirischen Erhebung mit Auszubildenden im Bildungsgang zum Gärtner/zur Gärtnerin wird geprüft, in welchem Ausbildungs-jahr welche digitalen Medien zur Fachinformationsgewinnung im handlungsorientierten Unterricht geeignet sind. Die speziellen Handlungsanleitungen der Untersuchung befinden sich im Anhang (Band II) der Publikation. Zusätzlich gibt die Autorin Lehrenden eine Anleitung zur selbstständigen Erstellung von Handlungsanleitungen. Das lebenslangen Lernen beginnt mit der ersten Unterweisung und erfordert eine stetige Qualifikation. Das Erfordernis einer modernen Berufsausbildung ist eine Voraussetzung für die Integration der Lernenden in das spätere Arbeitsleben. Handlungsanleitungen können als methodisch-didaktisches Instrumentarium handlungsorientierten Unterricht bereichern und Kreativität, das Vermögen zur Selbstorganisation und Problemlösung sowie die stetige aufgeschlossenen Auseinandersetzung mit disziplinären und interdisziplinären Novitäten fördern. / In the centre of model-trials in connection with the professional education is the development and test of new conceptions. The basis of these conceptions must be the concrete situation in the real practice. In Investigation of numerous sources the author gives a survey on competence (special -, method -, social -, participating -, action competence). The opinion of the author is, that to the analysis and valuation of the information and the specific selection of relevant information a strategy for the development of competence is necessary. The teacher will obtain the role of an instructor. The learner must have basic knowledge in computer science. With help of special action guides the learner answer the questions and realised the independent procurement of specialized information. The guide supervises, controls and assesses the process of information procurement. The results will be compared and answer to the open questions must be found. In the opinion of the author the deductive and the induction way are possible. The new information systems show us new ways in information processing. The author shows in a temporary categorization different digital media. In an empirical survey with trainees in the course of education to a gardener was assayed, in witch year of education they can work with witch digital media. The target of the survey was the independent procurement of specialized information in a lesson with orientation on praxis. The special action guides of the tests are in the appendix (Volume II) of the publication. Additionally, the author give a instruction for teacher, to develop action guides independently. The livelong learning begins with the first instruction and demands a comprehensive qualification. The demand of a modern professional education is a precondition for the integration into the working live. Action guides, as one of the methodical-didactical instruments, are conductive for development of creativity, for the capability to organised by itself, for the capabil-ity to solve problems and for the continuous analysis with innovations.

The rule-making power of the European Commission, dissertation Mgr. Mgr. Jiří Lenfeld, M.A.; supervisor: doc. JUDr. Richard Král, Ph.D., LL.M. Charles University, Faculty of Law, Department of European Law Prague, March 2013 The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the role of the European Commission in the legislative process of the European Union with the focus on procedures for adoption of legally binding Union acts. The European Commission is one of the main institutions of the European Union. It represents and upholds the interests of the EU as a whole and manages the day-to-day business of implementing EU policies. However, to limit the role of the European Commission to that of an executive body would be misleading. Its role in the EU institutional system is much broader than that. The European Commission is the most important legislator among the EU institutions and is also empowered with an almost exclusive power to submit drafts of EU legal acts. The rule-making power of the European Commission could be seen from two different points of view. In a narrow sense of the word it could be seen as a power conferred on the European Commission by the Treaties to propose drafts and to adopt EU legal acts implementing legally binding Union acts. However, the exercise of the rule-making power may...