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Jag vill i den här uppsatsen lyfta fram olika berättartekniska aspekter i romanen, och visa hur dessa samverkar med varandra samt ger extra dimensioner till idéinnehållet. För att uppnå det vill jag använda mig av flera ingångar – såväl narratologiska som retoriska – för att på det viset framhäva flera olika effekter.

In this paper I study the Austrian author Ingeborg Bachmann’s novel Malina (1971) from the perspective of Gérard Genette’s narrative theory and his notions of tense, mood and voice. In dialogue with earlier research on Malina I reflect over the last scene in the novel, what really happens there and how it matters for the rest of the novel. I give an account of feminist theories with focus on the annihilation of the female voice, the memory as theatre and the folklore tale as flight. The result is a more distinct perception of Bachmann’s skill, closeness and awareness as a writer and her use of Malina as contribution to the feminist debate and as a tool to find a place in the patriarchal world of intellectual, postwar Vienna. / I min uppsats har jag undersökt hur Ingeborg Bachmanns roman Malina är uppbyggd ur ett berättartekniskt perspektiv med hjälp av Gérard Genettes begrepp tempus, modus och röst. I diskussion med tidigare forskning har jag reflekterat över vad det är som sker i romanens slutscen och vad det har för betydelse för resten av verket. Jag har redogjort för tidigare forskning som med feministisk grund studerar förintandet av den kvinnliga rösten, minnet som teater och sagan som flykt. Resultaten är en tydligare bild av Bachmanns tekniska skicklighet, täthet och medvetenhet som författare och hur hon dels använder Malina som ett inlägg i den feministiska debatten och dels använder den som ett verktyg för att själv kunna verka i det intellektuella, men patriarkala efterkrigstidens Wien.

Sur la base des travaux de Gérard Genette, en particulier Figures III, uneanalyse narratologique du roman L’Élégance du hérisson (2006) de l’auteur MurielBarbery a été effectuée afin de comprendre les liens qu’il y a entre les spécificités dumode narratif et leurs effets sur l’espace du récit, soit « le bocal à poissons », unemétaphore importante du roman. Ultimement nous répondons à la question suivante :En quoi la narration dans le roman L’Élégance du hérisson permet-elle de bien rendrela métaphore du « bocal à poissons »? / Based on Gérard Genette’s work, particularly Figures III, anarratological analysis of Muriel Barbery’s L’Élégance du hérisson (2006) is conductedin order to understand the links between the specificities of the narrative mode andtheir effects on the space of the story, the "fish bowl". Ultimately, we answer thisquestion: In which way the narrative in the novel L’Élégance du hérisson allows toproperly render the metaphor of the "fish bowl".

Cette thèse étudie la relation intertextuelle entre dix œuvres fictionnelles de trois auteurs français et la Bible. Il s'agit de montrer, en s'appuyant sur les catégories de Gérard Genette, comment la Bible est réécrite par Paul Claudel, André Gide et Albert Camus. Le degré de l'hypertextualité dans les œuvres étudiées va d'une réécriture massive à l'emploi des citations implicites. Chacun des textes fictionnels est aussi en relation paratextuelle avec le récit biblique : ce sont des textes narratifs ou dramatiques dont le titre déjà fait allusion aux Écritures. On examine trois formes du rapport au texte biblique et au christianisme : l'un est celui d'un catholique pratiquant, le deuxième celui d'un incroyant d'origine protestante et le troisième celui d'un incroyant d'origine catholique. La Bible réécrite par Claudel met en scène un christianisme affirmatif alors que les réécritures de Gide et de Camus prennent le contrepied de la religion chrétienne. / The focus of this study is on textual links between ten fictional works by three French writers and the Bible. The text-orientated study illuminates how palimpsestuous writing has been actualised in the works of Paul Claudel, André Gide and Albert Camus. In this dissertation, the biblical hypotext, an earlier text that the author's text imitates or transforms, is considered one of the most significant features in their works, opening up whole new interpretations of their stories. Some of the works are more hypertextual than others but all are in a paratextual relation to a biblical story: their titles build the first link to the writings of the Bible. Each author featured in this study has a very different relation to Christianity: Paul Claudel is a practicing Catholic; André Gide who comes from a Protestant background is anti-religion; Albert Camus is an agnostic from a Catholic background. The case of Claudel is interesting: in his oeuvre, the biblical re-writing integrates the Catholic dogma and the influence of Saint Thomas. The writing of Gide proves the influence of the French Protestantism of his era; whereas Camus' interpretation of the biblical text is a consequence of a personal and selective reading containing reflections of Saint Augustine's notions.

My thesis attempts to answer the question of how narrative time is portrayed in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight (2005). To examine this, I have chosen to utilize Gérard Genette’s use of the concepts order, duration, and frequency. These concepts are mainly taken from Genette’s Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method (1980). In order to develop the discussion about time and narrative I also incorporate Martin Hägglund’s Dying for time: Proust, Woolf, Nabokov and About Time: Narrative, Fiction and the Philosophy of Time by Mark Currie. The analysis establishes that Meyer uses all three, order, duration, and frequency, in order to convey a very specific narrative. The order of the story shows how the character of Alice, who can see the future, has a very conditional relationship with time. Through the duration, we learn how the love interest, Edward Cullen, is highly prioritized in the main character and narrator’s eyes. This is also shown in the frequency, where the first-person narrator highly affects the passage of events by repeating specific actions. Twilight, in other words, uses many different ways to depict a distinct relationship with time

O Livro das mil e uma noites, traduzido por Richard Francis Burton do árabe para o inglês, no séc. XIX, causou um forte impacto na sociedade vitoriana por seu conteúdo erótico. Ao tentar superar as traduções de seus antecessores, Burton reuniu diversos manuscritos e versões impressas, para tentar abarcar o máximo possível de contos, além de acrescentar abundantes notas de rodapé acerca dos costumes da sociedade árabe dos países por onde ele viajou como representante do governo britânico. Sua tradução, constante na biblioteca pessoal de Jorge Luis Borges, inspirou um considerável número de contos desse autor. No âmbito da literatura comparada, as Noites representam um importante hipotexto para a obra borgeana, que reutilizou seus temas, argumentos, imitou seu estilo. Analisar as formas de transcendência textual na obra do autor argentino, através das classificações de Gérard Genette, possibilita uma interpretação das suas relações inter e hipertextual com os contos árabes. Genette procura delimitar com mais precisão termos como paródia, charge, pastiche, sátira, por exemplo, que continuamente são confundidos numa análise mais geral. A obra borgeana tem sido muito genericamente taxada de paródica, mas suas relações intertextuais são muito mais complexas, não apenas com as Mil e uma Noites, mas com todos os autores por ele transformados. Além disso, Borges é o criador de uma nova linguagem, de certos gêneros: como o conto ensaístico e a pseudo-tradução, elencados por Genette, que tem como fonte as Noites. Borges reutiliza o tradicional conto árabe modernizando-o e adaptando-o ao seu próprio estilo e aos tempos modernos, criando formas inteiramente novas de narrativa. / The book of the Thousands Nights and a Night, translated by Richard Francis Burton from Arabic into English, in the century. XIX, caused a strong impact on Victorian society for its erotic content. In trying to overcome the translations of his predecessors, Burton met several manuscripts and printed versions, trying to cover as much of tales, while adding abundant footnotes about the customs of Arab society of the countries through which he traveled as a representative of the British government . His translation, the constant personal library of Jorge Luis Borges, inspired a considerable number of short stories by this author. In the context of comparative literature, the Nights represent an important hypotext to work Borges, who reused their themes, arguments, imitated his style. Analyze textual forms of transcendence in the work of the Argentine author, through the ratings Gérard Genette, provides an interpretation of their relationship with the inter-and hypertextual Arab tales. Genette seeks to define more precisely terms like parody, caricature, pastiche, satire, for example, are continually confounded a more general analysis. Borges\'s work has been very generically labeled as parody, but their intertextual relationships are much more complex, not only with the Thousand and One Nights, but with all the authors he transformed. Moreover, Borges is the creator of a new language, certain genres: the short story as essayistic and pseudo-translation, listed by Genette, whose source the Nights. Borges reuses the traditional Arabic tale modernizing it and adapting it to their own style and modern times, creating entirely new ways of storytelling.

O Livro das mil e uma noites, traduzido por Richard Francis Burton do árabe para o inglês, no séc. XIX, causou um forte impacto na sociedade vitoriana por seu conteúdo erótico. Ao tentar superar as traduções de seus antecessores, Burton reuniu diversos manuscritos e versões impressas, para tentar abarcar o máximo possível de contos, além de acrescentar abundantes notas de rodapé acerca dos costumes da sociedade árabe dos países por onde ele viajou como representante do governo britânico. Sua tradução, constante na biblioteca pessoal de Jorge Luis Borges, inspirou um considerável número de contos desse autor. No âmbito da literatura comparada, as Noites representam um importante hipotexto para a obra borgeana, que reutilizou seus temas, argumentos, imitou seu estilo. Analisar as formas de transcendência textual na obra do autor argentino, através das classificações de Gérard Genette, possibilita uma interpretação das suas relações inter e hipertextual com os contos árabes. Genette procura delimitar com mais precisão termos como paródia, charge, pastiche, sátira, por exemplo, que continuamente são confundidos numa análise mais geral. A obra borgeana tem sido muito genericamente taxada de paródica, mas suas relações intertextuais são muito mais complexas, não apenas com as Mil e uma Noites, mas com todos os autores por ele transformados. Além disso, Borges é o criador de uma nova linguagem, de certos gêneros: como o conto ensaístico e a pseudo-tradução, elencados por Genette, que tem como fonte as Noites. Borges reutiliza o tradicional conto árabe modernizando-o e adaptando-o ao seu próprio estilo e aos tempos modernos, criando formas inteiramente novas de narrativa. / The book of the Thousands Nights and a Night, translated by Richard Francis Burton from Arabic into English, in the century. XIX, caused a strong impact on Victorian society for its erotic content. In trying to overcome the translations of his predecessors, Burton met several manuscripts and printed versions, trying to cover as much of tales, while adding abundant footnotes about the customs of Arab society of the countries through which he traveled as a representative of the British government . His translation, the constant personal library of Jorge Luis Borges, inspired a considerable number of short stories by this author. In the context of comparative literature, the Nights represent an important hypotext to work Borges, who reused their themes, arguments, imitated his style. Analyze textual forms of transcendence in the work of the Argentine author, through the ratings Gérard Genette, provides an interpretation of their relationship with the inter-and hypertextual Arab tales. Genette seeks to define more precisely terms like parody, caricature, pastiche, satire, for example, are continually confounded a more general analysis. Borges\'s work has been very generically labeled as parody, but their intertextual relationships are much more complex, not only with the Thousand and One Nights, but with all the authors he transformed. Moreover, Borges is the creator of a new language, certain genres: the short story as essayistic and pseudo-translation, listed by Genette, whose source the Nights. Borges reuses the traditional Arabic tale modernizing it and adapting it to their own style and modern times, creating entirely new ways of storytelling.

La construction des personnages et de représentations du pouvoir, ainsi que la mise en place d’une écriture métafictionnelle dans sept romans mexicains publiés dans les années 90 sont les thèmes centraux de cette étude. Pour notre analyse de El disparo de argón, Huatulqueños, La lotería de San Jorge, Una de dos, Salón de belleza, Un asesino solitario et En busca de Klingsor, nous nous sommes inspiré des théories de Roland Barthes et de Philippe Hamon concernant l’étude sémiologique des personnages, ainsi que des modes de représentation narrative décrits par Gérard Genette. Nous sommes également parti des idées ce même auteur sur l’écriture métafictionnelle, ainsi que des travaux de Linda Hutcheon et de Patricia Waugh sur la question. Notre analyse montre que narrateurs, personnages et décors sont construits à l’aide de figures telles que l’hyperbole ou la comparaison. Le paysage peut agir comme un personnage de plus, et engendrer des espaces métaphysiques reflétant l’histoire. Pour ce qui est du rapport au pouvoir, l’on distinguera deux types de personnages : des êtres vulnérables, d’une part, possédant le pouvoir de manière éphémère ; et des puissances invisibles et inhumaines, de l’autre, surveillant et régissant les destinées des personnages. Tandis que les premiers partagent des caractéristiques physiques et des comportements plus ou moins similaires, les puissances invisibles correspondent à des figures telles que le Destin, le Hasard, Dieu ou encore le Diable. Les représentations du pouvoir remplissent toutes une même série de fonctions. Chacun des sept romans envisagés par cette étude déploie des moyens visant à souligner la nature réflexive de l’écriture chez le narrateur. L’analyse des mises en abyme, des métalepses et de la transtextualité au sein du récit permet de mettre au jour et d’évaluer de manière systématique la présence effective de la métafiction. / This essay presents an analysis of the construction of characters, the representations of power and the development of metafictional writing through a discussion of seven Mexican novels published in the nineties. The essay utilizes the theoretical advances of Roland Barthes and Philippe Hamon in regards to semiological analysis of characters and Gérard Genette’s modes of narrative representation to analyze El disparo de argón, Huatulqueños, La lotería de San Jorge, Una de dos, Salón de belleza, Un asesino solitario y En busca de Klingsor. Metafictional writing was looked at using the theoretical lens of not only Genette, but also Linda Hutcheon and Patricia Waugh. In conclusion, narrators, characters and setting are constructed by means of techniques like hyperbole or comparison. In addition, landscape comes to function as another character in the story, creating a metaphysical space that reflects history. When speaking of power, there are two identifiable types of characters: vulnerable creatures with an ephemeral authority and invisible, inhumane powers that patrol and decide characters’ destinies. The first group eventually acquires the same physical characteristics and attitudes, while the invisible powers correspond to figures like Fate, Chance, God or the Devil. The representations of power fulfill a series of similar roles. Each of the seven novels studied in this essay uses techniques which emphasize the narrator’s own awareness of the act of writing. The analysis of the mise en abyme, metalepsis and transtextuality in the narrative allows for a systematic determination and evaluation of the effectiveness of metafiction.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka berättarna och narraterna i Rick Riordans The Lightning Thief (2005) och The Lost Hero (2010), samt att se vilka implikationer de har på berättandet i sig självt. Uppsatsen fokuserar på en komparativ undersökning av romanerna i fråga, och gör allt detta från en narratologisk utgångspunkt. Det narratologiska perspektivet kommer framför allt ifrån Gérard Genettes Narrative discourse och hans termer extra-, intra-, hetero- och homodiegetiskt berättande. Studien av narraten gör detsamma men med Gerald Prince artikel ”Introduction to the Study of the Narratee” i Reader-response criticism: from formalism to post-structuralism. För ett bredare perspektiv på flera, både nyare och äldre, narratologiska studier använder uppsatsen också Manfred Jahns ”Narratology 2.1: A Guide to the Theory of Narrative”. Genom analysen kan man utläsa att The Lightning Thief antar ett homo- och extradiegetiskt berättande med en specifik grupp av narrater. Detta kontrasteras med The Lost Heros hetero- och extradiegetiska berättande med en grundnarrat utan uppenbara kännetecken. I förlängningen kan man också upptäcka att det finns en skillnad mellan berättarens och narratens förhållande till en verklig läsare och hur, speciellt i The Lightning Thief, läsaren är tvingad att fundera på hur den relaterar till både narraten och berättaren. / This paper aims to study the narrators and the narratees in Rick Riordan's The Lightning Thief (2005) and The Lost Hero (2010), and to see what implications they have on the narrative itself. The paper focuses on a comparative examination of the novels in question and does all this from a narratological standpoint. The narratological perspective first and foremost comes from Gérard Genette's Narrative discourse and his terms extra-, intra-, hetero-, and homodiegetic narrative. The study of the narratee does the same but with Gerald Prince's article "Introduction to the Study of the Narratee" in Reader-response criticism: from formalism to post-structuralism. For a wider perspective of several, both new and old, narratological studies the paper also uses Manfred Jahn's "Narratology 2.1: A Guide to the Theory of Narrative". Through the analysis, one can gather that The Lightning Thief takes on a homo- and extradiegetic narrative with a specific group of narratees. This is contrasted with The Lost Hero's hetero- and extradiegetic narrative with a "zero-degree narratee" that has no apparent characteristics. By extension, one can also notice that a difference lies with the narrator's and narratee's relationship to an actual reader and how, especially in The Lightning Thief, the reader is forced to figure out how it relates to both the narratee and the narrator.