Les techniques biologiques actuelles, en particulier celles qui concernent le génie génétique, sont devenues un domaine de discussion philosophique très actif. Elles soulèvent un nombre considérable d’inquiétudes dont le centre problématique réside dans cette interrogation : doit-on laisser à la technique la possibilité d’une fabrication intégrale de l’homme ? Les réponses habituelles avancées se heurtent soit aux problèmes philosophiques de l’essentialisme naturaliste, soit aux limitations des discours utopiques qui prônent l’arrivée du posthumain. Nous tenterons d’emprunter dans cette recherche une perspective différente, impliquant une double démarche conceptuelle : d’une part, une interrogation de l’image de l’homme à l’oeuvre dans les différents projets biotechniques ; d’autre part, la formulation d’une philosophie de la vie capable d’élucider la signification biologique et humaine de ces projets. Nous affirmerons à cet égard que l’image de l’homme-machine élaborée aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles trouve son accomplissement dans les biotechniques actuelles, dans lesquelles l’homme acquiert la condition de locus technicus par excellence. À l’intérieur de cet espace, il s’ouvre la possibilité d’une production technique de l’homme où les capacités normatives de la vie sont mises en question. Nous soutiendrons que les biotechniques s’offrent à l’homme comme une forme d’activité vitale paradoxale, dans la mesure où elles travaillent pour dépasser ou supprimer la polarité dynamique propre au vivant. Il s’agira donc d’analyser– à l’aune de Canguilhem – les fondements de la « fabrique » biotechnique et ses répercussions à l’égard de la valeur biologique de la vie. / Current biological techniques, in particular those concerning genetic engineering have become a veryactive domain of philosophical discussion. These raise a series of significant concerns amongst which thefundamental problem lies in the following issue: should we or should we not allow the technique toassume on its own human improvement in all its dimensions? The customary answers to such matter,encounter with either the philosophical problems of naturalist essentialism, or else, the limitations ofutopian discourses which advocate the virtues of the arrival of the post-human concept. In this research,however, we will attempt to answer through a double conceptual approach. On one hand, a questioningof man’s image, at work in the diverse biotechnical projects; and on the other, the formulation of aphilosophy of life capable of clarifying the human and biological significance of these projects. In thisregard, we will claim that the image of the man-machine outlined in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries isfully accomplished by present ongoing biotechnologies in which man acquires the condition of locustechnicus par excellence. This scenario opens up the possibility of a technical production of man, one inwhich life’s normative capacities are currently questioned. We will affirm that biotechnologies imply avital yet paradoxical form of activity insofar as these work towards surpassing or suppressing thedynamic polarity peculiar to living beings. Therefore, our approach will analyse – from the standpoint ofCanguilhem – the basis of the “biotechnical fabric” of the human body and its repercussions regardingthe biological value of life itself.

Propomos uma investigação simultaneamente histórica e epistemológica dos trabalhos de Georges Canguilhem, buscando alargar e aprofundar nossa compreensão dos critérios que determinam tanto a escolha dos objetos, quanto os métodos de investigação e regras para a escrita da história das ciências. Essa investigação é reforçada por uma reconstrução dos debates intelectuais nos quais Canguilhem esteve envolvido ao longo da sua carreira acadêmica, debates que conduziram a verdadeiras reviravoltas na elaboração do seu pensamento. Assim, essa pesquisa trata da formação acidentada de um pensamento e de uma obra preocupada com a elaboração de uma teoria da História das Ciências a partir da superação da falsa dicotomia entre internalismo e externalismo. / We propose a simultaneously historical and epistemological exploration of Georges Canguilhems work, seeking to broaden and deepen our understanding of the criteria that determine both how objects of study are chosen, and how the investigative methods and rules for writing the history of the sciences are defined. This exploration is further supported by a reconstruction of the intellectual debates in which Canguilhem became involved over the course of his academic career, leading to various twists and turns in his thought. Hence the project involves an inquiry into the eventful formation of a body of thought of key importance to the general theory of the History of Science, seeking to move beyond the dichotomy between internalism and externalism.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio V F Medeiros.pdf: 1799984 bytes, checksum: 5b34a84d20eec5fc0679cffa35962d3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-19 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / This work aimed to make an analytical experience of Georges Canguilhem s historiography of science, guided by some findings obtained by him in the article Le Vivant et son Milieu (1946-1947). Such article narrates the history of a scientific concept, in other words, the historical composition of the variations of use and meaning which characterize the concept of milieu. This concept inaugurated along its overturns and deviations between the XVII and XIX centuries the possibility of elucidation of an organic reaction by the action of a milieu. In consequence, it s important to elucidate not only the historical fecundity of the concept, but the relationships between the milieu, understood as a historically new category of reasoning, and the individuality of the living being. In the consecution of this research, the initial axis of Canguilhem s narrative will be adopted, which follows the sequence of five works: Principles of Philosophy (1644), by Descartes; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1686) and Opticks (1704), by Newton; Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière (1749-1788), by Buffon and Philosophie Zoologique (1809), by Lamarck. The analysis will be concentrated in the first discontinuities of the concept. In Le Vivant et son Milieu , Canguilhem stretches the frame of his analysis until mid-twentieth. Such deployments of the concept, which go further the XIX century, will not appear in the analysis of this research / A dissertação pretende fazer uma experiência analítica da historiografia das ciências de Georges Canguilhem, norteada por algumas conclusões obtidas pelo pensador no artigo O Vivente e seu Meio (1946-1947). O artigo em questão narra a história de um conceito científico, ou mais precisamente, a composição histórica das variações de uso e sentido que caracterizaram o conceito de meio . Esse conceito inaugurou ao longo de suas reviravoltas e descaminhos entre os séculos XVII e XIX a possibilidade da explicação de uma reação orgânica pela ação de um meio . Estará em jogo, consequentemente, não só a fecundidade histórica do conceito, mas as relações filosóficas entre o meio , entendido como uma categoria historicamente inédita do pensamento, e a individualidade do ser vivo. A dissertação adota o eixo narrativo inicial do artigo de Canguilhem, que recupera a sequência de cinco obras: Princípios de Filosofia (1644), de Descartes; Princípios Matemáticos de Filosofia Natural (1686) e Óptica (1704) de Newton; Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière (1749-1788), de Buffon; e Philosophie Zoologique (1809), de Lamarck. Em O Vivente e seu Meio , Canguilhem estende seu recorte histórico até meados do século XX. Nossa análise, porém, concentra-se nas primeiras descontinuidades sofridas pelo conceito. Os desdobramentos do conceito posteriores ao início do século XIX não são objeto de análise na presente dissertação

Propomos uma investigação simultaneamente histórica e epistemológica dos trabalhos de Georges Canguilhem, buscando alargar e aprofundar nossa compreensão dos critérios que determinam tanto a escolha dos objetos, quanto os métodos de investigação e regras para a escrita da história das ciências. Essa investigação é reforçada por uma reconstrução dos debates intelectuais nos quais Canguilhem esteve envolvido ao longo da sua carreira acadêmica, debates que conduziram a verdadeiras reviravoltas na elaboração do seu pensamento. Assim, essa pesquisa trata da formação acidentada de um pensamento e de uma obra preocupada com a elaboração de uma teoria da História das Ciências a partir da superação da falsa dicotomia entre internalismo e externalismo. / We propose a simultaneously historical and epistemological exploration of Georges Canguilhems work, seeking to broaden and deepen our understanding of the criteria that determine both how objects of study are chosen, and how the investigative methods and rules for writing the history of the sciences are defined. This exploration is further supported by a reconstruction of the intellectual debates in which Canguilhem became involved over the course of his academic career, leading to various twists and turns in his thought. Hence the project involves an inquiry into the eventful formation of a body of thought of key importance to the general theory of the History of Science, seeking to move beyond the dichotomy between internalism and externalism.

Cette recherche se donne comme défi de retracer les enjeux normatifs liés au développement du sous-domaine de l’intelligence artificielle appelé machine learning. Bien que celui-ci connaisse un impressionnant regain d’intérêt depuis le début du XXIe siècle, et ce à travers un nombre croissant d’activités sociales, son émergence remonte au moins à la première moitié du XXe siècle. En effet, l’idée de concevoir des machines capables de modéliser l’apprentissage organique est largement concomitante au projet cybernétique de fonder une science du contrôle et de la communication. A force de modéliser l’apprentissage, il devient progressivement possible d’envisager à partir des années 1940 et 50 que les machines elles-mêmes seraient capables d’apprendre. C’est par l’observation des comportements des machines qu’une formalisation algorithmique de l’apprentissage s’impose. A partir de cette mise en scène, nous chercherons à montrer en quoi l’apprentissage algorithmique n’est pas nécessairement une question d’automatisation de l’apprentissage et que le comportement permet, au contraire, de problématiser la normativité des algorithmes apprenants en ce qu’ils participent activement à certaines activités sociales (travail, enseignement, guerre, etc.). Il s’agira, à partir des philosophies de Georges Canguilhem et Gilbert Simondon, de montrer en quoi les effets normatifs induits par l’apprentissage algorithmique, comme mode de gouvernement au sein d’activités sociales données, peuvent se comprendre à l’aune du concept de "répertoire de comportements potentiels". / Doctorat en Philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la genèse de l'œuvre canguilhemienne la plus ambitieuse, l' « Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal el le pathologique ». Le premier chapitre, Esprit, présente la philosophie canguilhemienne de jeunesse, très marquée par l'approche réflexive d'Alain, comme un mélange de rationalisme cartésien et kantien fortement teinté de spiritualisme duquel l'expérience de la guerre et la décision d'entreprendre les études médicales éloignent peu à peu Canguilhem. Le deuxième chapitre, Vie, montre que la pratique de la Résistance et de la médecine, ainsi qu'une réinterprétation du vitalisme bergsonien attirent l'attention de l'auteur vers la vie. Elle hérite de ces pouvoirs que la philosophie réflexive conférait à l'esprit, lequel, s'émancipant d'un rationalisme exorbitant, réintègre ses fonctions sensibles et affectives. Dans cette perspective anthropologique, nous présentons la notion canguilhemienne de normativité biologique. Le troisième chapitre, Homme, l'interprète comme une réponse à la notion de normalité comtienne confiant sur une psychologie non naturaliste, que Canguilhem apprend en suivant le cours « Psychologie pathologique » de Lagache, et s'appuyant sur la Wertphilosophie allemande et l'axiologie dupréelienne, desquelles il s'occupe dans son propre cours « Les normes et le normal ». Le détour canguilhemien à travers les sciences de la vie nous apparaît comme un exercice métaphysique visant à regagner la sensibilité à une subjectivité transcendantale. Cette réflexion sur la maladie se révèle être une médiation sur le mal, entendu non pas comme un être inexistant ou méchant mais comme un nom de la dialectique évolutive humaine. / This thesis aims to analyze the genesis of Georges Canguilhem's most ambitious work, the “Essais sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique”. The first chapter, Esprit, presents Canguilhem's juvenile philosophy, heavily influenced by Alain's reflexive approach, as a spiritualistic mixture of Cartesian and Kantian Rationalism from which the experience of war and the decision to study medicine progressively drive Canguilhem away. The second chapter, Vie, shows how the practice of Resistance and medicine, together with a reinterpretation of Bergson's vitalism, draw the author's attention towards life. Life inherits the powers that reflexive philosophy assigned to the spirit while the spirit, divesting an exorbitant Rationalism, reintegrates its sensible and affective functions. Under this anthropological point of view, Canguilhem's notion of biological normativity is presented. The third chapter, Homme, considers it as an answer Lo Comte's notion of normality, based on a non-naturalistic psychology, which Canguilhem learns attending Lagache's course “Psychologie pathologique”, as well as on German Wertphilosophie and Dupréel's Axiologie, which the author deals with in his course “Les normes et le normal”. Canguilhem's detour via life sciences appears as a Metaphysical exercise intending to regain sensitivity to transcendental subjectivity. This reflection on disease reveals itself to be a meditation on evil, considered not as a non-existent or malevolent being but as a form of human evolutionary dialectic.

This thesis focuses on the trajectory of the biomedical concept of virulence from 1880 until the present. Following the concept across disciplinary boundaries, from a longue durée history perspective, it explores how virulence was shaped through two distinct, although sometimes overlapping, “styles of reasoning”. Located at the intersection of several distinct research domains in biology and medicine, the concept of virulence provides, in addition, a window into the complex and changing relations between evolutionary biology and the health sciences (broadly construed) over the past two centuries. Moving back and forth between field experiments and the laboratory, this work examines, through the lens of historical epistemology, the emergence of what I call the molecular and the ecological styles, and their respective conceptual practices. It focuses on the ways in which these styles operationalize the distinction between virulent or avirulent organisms in sometimes opposite sense: Whereas in the molecular (or endogenous) style the expression of virulence is explained by properties of internal structures of the infectious agent (e.g. polysaccharide capsule, virulence gene, or pathogenicity island), the concept of virulence in the ecological (or exogenous) style reflects, in contrast, either a lack of adaptation between two species (avirulence hypothesis) or the existence of one or more ecological compromises between, say, the mode of transmission of a pathogen and its host’s recovery rate (trade-off model). Both styles can be said to originate in the medical bacteriology of the late-nineteenth century, but while the former grew mostly out of the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in Europe, the latter was primarily shaped by Theobald Smith in the United States. Nearly a century later, the introduction of the category of emerging infectious disease within public health discourses in the mid-1990s facilitated a rapprochement between the two styles that had, so far, remained apart. Employing the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic as an example in which to illustrate the trajectory of the molecular and the ecological approaches, the diversity of explanatory schemes developed to account for the pandemic’s exceptional virulence points toward an unresolved, and yet productive, epistemic tension between the two styles, on the one hand, and the intrinsic polarity of the concept of virulence itself, on the other.

Ma recherche a pour but de faire le point sur les derniers développements de l’historical epistemology, modalité d’enquête de la connaissance qui a émergée au cours du XX siècle au sein de l’épistémologie française et qui reste actuellement active dans une variété de formes. En dépit de son succès auprès de nombreux auteurs contemporains, l’épistémologie historique ne bénéficie encore d’aucune systématisation ni d’aucune liste d’auteurs et d’ouvrages canoniques. Mon travail de thèse se propose de traiter directement la question même de la légitimité et de l’originalité de ce type d’épistémologie en discutant sa nature, sa méthodologie et son unité. En analysant les ouvrages les plus importants dans ce domaine, j’accorderai un rôle central d’un coté à Michel Foucault et de l’autre à Ian Hacking, qui, à maintes égards, ont entretenu des rapports complexes, controversés, et pourtant révélateurs, avec l’épistémologie historique. Les deux phases de l’épistémologie historique, l’une « originaire » et l’autre « contemporaine », seront analysées dans un rapport biunivoque, dans un souci de clarification réciproque. Le développement à l’étranger de l’épistémologie historique dans sa phase contemporaine a créé une sorte de vide et une perte d’intérêt étonnante dans son lieu de naissance. La reconnexion de ce type d’épistémologie au cadre philosophique originel de son émergence représente l’occasion de ré-ouvrir le débat en France. / What is historical epistemology? Why does this field, despite its current proliferation,seem to be permanently haunted by questions relative to its nature, limits and ultimatetasks? What kind of historicization is at stake in this sort of inquiry? What is the relationbetween contemporary historical epistemology, as it is practiced by a growing number ofEnglish-speaking historians and philosophers of science, and the French “tradition” ofépistémologie historique? To address these questions, my research aims to provide arecursive analysis demonstrating how the two phases of historical epistemology, the“classical” and the “contemporary”, can clarify each other. In this process, the“archaeological method” of Michel Foucault, which draws on and transforms fundamentalinsights by Gaston Bachelard and Georges Canguilhem, will be shown to exert an enduringinfluence on the field, especially through Ian Hacking and his philosophical cum historicalanalyses of probability. / Che cos’è l’epistemologia storica? Perchè questo campo, nonostante la sua proliferazione attuale, sembra essere permanentemente minacciato da questioni relative alla sua natura, ai suoi limiti e ai suoi obiettivi ultimi? Che tipo di storicizzazione caratterizza questo tipo di indagine? Qual è la relazione tra l’epistemologia storica contemporanea, come è praticata da un numero crescente di storici e filosofi della scienza di lingua inglese, e la tradizione francese dell’épistémologie historique? Per affrontare tali questioni, la mia ricerca intende fornire un’analisi ricorsiva che dimostri come le due fasi dell’epistemologia storica, quella “classica” e quella “contemporanea”, possono chiarificarsi reciprocamente. In questo processo, il “metodo archeologico” di Foucault, che trae spunto da e trasforma intuizioni fondamentali di Gaston Bachelard e Georges Canguilhem, sarà mostrato nella sua influenza su questo campo di indagine, specialmente attraverso Ian Hacking e le sue analisi storico-filosofiche della probabilità.

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Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 3 Publico-271a.pdf: 760175 bytes, checksum: 76726b9e647b22ad12857a6923c40f39 (MD5) Publico-271b.pdf: 1825657 bytes, checksum: 1297d315e50c3106d6603f181e47def1 (MD5) Publico-271c.pdf: 638856 bytes, checksum: 74b06edb83770e11e18ce12162406267 (MD5) / O presente estudo buscou compreender a percepção que os moradores de um condomínio no município de São Paulo possuem do estresse e condições de vida, com objetivo de estabelecer uma reflexão crítica baseada em uma proposta etnoepidemiológica. Empreendemos pesquisa descritiva no condomínio residencial “Projeto Viver Celso Garcia CPV”, localizado no bairro do Belenzinho, zona leste da capital paulista, tendo aportes da antropologia (etnografia) e epidemiologia descritiva como principal meio para melhor compreensão de nosso objeto de estudo. As entrevistas permitiram complementar a coleta de dados. Entrevistamos 16 moradores e um informante-chave não residente, por meio de formulário adaptado a partir de Peluso & Blay (2008), Lipp (1999), Holmes & Rahe (1976) e Cohen et al (1983). As entrevistas foram realizadas durante o segundo semestre de 2009 e a análise e tratamento no primeiro semestre de 2010. As respostas foram categorizadas interpretadas com base na adaptação da técnica de “Análise de Conteúdo” de Pondé et al 2009) e Minayo (2007). A etnografia foi fundamentada nos conceitos de Georges Canguilhem em sua obra “O Normal e Patológico” (2009) e os dados epidemiológicos foram pesquisados nos bancos de dados a partir do SIAB - Sistema de Informações da Atenção Básica. A abordagem etnoepidemiológica possibilitou encontrar, no caráter polissêmico e multifacetado do estresse, uma predominância de sensações polarizadas entre os descritores “frustrantes e gratificantes”, evidenciando enfrentamentos diferenciados dependentes dos modos de andar a vida. Permitiu também perceber estresse enquanto “fidelidades ou infidelidades” associadas à relação totalidade orgânica individual-meio de acordo com a produção de normas individuais ou coletivas que modulam os modos de andar a vida, segundo conceitos de Georges Canguilhem. O estudo mostrou-se adequado como recurso para compreensão da capacidade e necessidade de produção de normas em sistemas complexos como os que estão envolvidos na síndrome geral de adaptação e as desordens adaptativas nas condições urbanas de morar e viver. / This study investigated the perception that the residents of a condominium in the city of Sao Paulo have about their stress and life conditions, with the goal of establishing a critical reflection based on a ethnoepidemiologic proposal. We employed descriptive research on residential condominium called "Projeto Viver Celso Garcia – CPV” in the district of Belenzinho, east of the state capital, with contributions of anthropology (ethnography) and descriptive epidemiology as the main means for better understanding our object of study. The interviews allowed us to complement additional data collection; held with 16 residents and a key non-resident informant, using a questionnaire adapted from Peluso & Blay (2008), Lipp (1999), Holmes & Rahe ( 1976) and Sheldon Cohen et al (1983). The interviews were conducted during the second half of 2009 and the analysis and treatment in the first half of 2010. The responses were categorized and interpreted based on adapting the technique of "content analysis" in Pondé et al (2009) and Minayo (2007). The ethnography was based on the concepts of Georges Canguilhem in his book "The Normal and Pathological" (2009) and epidemiological data were based on research to databases from the SIAB - Information System of Primary Care. The approach allowed ethnoepidemiologic find in the multifaceted and ambiguous character of stress, a predominance of polarized feelings among the descriptors "frustrating and gratifying" showing different ways dependent on the ways of walking life. It also allowed us to see the stress as "faithfulness or unfaithfulness" associated with “individual organic whole – environment” according to the production of individual or collective norms that modulate ways of walking life following ideas of Georges Canguilhem. The study was suitable as a resource for better understanding of the need for capacity and production of norms in complex systems such as those which are involved on the general adaptation syndrome and adaptive disorders in urban conditions of living as well. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Farmer suicide is at crisis levels in the United States and India. This crisis is both a problem of experiential knowledge within infrastructure as well as a problem of discourse power. I argue that the logical abstraction required to conceptualize and evaluate farmer suicide cannot be separated from the overall experience of farmer suicide. Rather than existing as distinctly separate phenomena, these elements are co-constitutive. Despite the Centers' for Disease Control identification and designation of farmer suicide as complex, statistically relevant, and elevated, nearly all the policy efforts addressing farmer suicide focus on narrow economic impact and narrow economic relief. While these economic vectors are important, the problem is multifaceted and requires a broadening of policy discourse to include additional factors (e.g. philosophical, existential, psychological, etc.). Using Hannah Arendt's work on politics and the human condition, I connect the conditionality of homo faber (human fabricator/maker), animal laborans (laboring animal), and vita activa (active life) with farmer struggle and suicide. Through the work of Georges Canguilhem and Achille Mbembe, I critique and analyze the predominant discourse and framing of suicide as a disease. Last, but not least, I propose decolonial theory and degrowth theory as viable critical pathways to shift the scale of farming infrastructure towards a more equitable and just future.