Orientador: Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T01:52:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peyerl_Drielli_D.pdf: 7251914 bytes, checksum: 245cf8738eb2736951a90dc804a4deec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Em 1864, um acontecimento singular e oficial iniciou e transformou o rumo das pesquisas relacionadas ao petróleo no Brasil: o Decreto n° 3.352-A, no qual, pela primeira vez, cita-se a palavra petróleo no corpo de um texto da Legislação Brasileira. Correlacionado a esse acontecimento, tem-se a criação da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto em 1875, onde o ensino de Geociências no país começa a ser sistematicamente praticado. Embora formalmente titulados como engenheiros de minas, muitos atuaram na realidade como geólogos antes da existência de um curso específico de Geologia. Nos desdobramentos de busca e exploração de petróleo no Brasil durante o do século XX tivemos iniciativas particulares e governamentais (Comissão Geográfica e Geológica de São Paulo, Comissão White, Serviço Geológico e Mineralógico do Brasil) que contribuíram para a pesquisa e futuramente para a prospecção do petróleo no país. Em 1938, cria-se o Conselho Nacional do Petróleo ¿ CNP com o intuito de regulamentar e encontrar petróleo no território brasileiro. No ano seguinte descobre-se a primeira jazida de petróleo na região de Lobato, na Bahia, modificando-se a política do petróleo no Brasil. A descoberta de petróleo serviu como impulso para a indústria e para as atividades que dele dependiam. Enquanto isso, um dos problemas enfrentados pelo CNP foi a falta de pessoal qualificado para as demandas técnicas e de conhecimento geológico sobre o território brasileiro. Em 1954, a Petrobras (1953) iniciou suas atividades a partir do acervo recebido do antigo CNP, com o objetivo de executar tarefas no setor de exploração de petróleo no território. Algumas características do CNP permaneceram na empresa, principalmente em relação à pressão política e nacionalista que buscava consolidar o Brasil como um país rico em petróleo. Nesse processo, tanto o CNP como a Petrobras investiram na elaboração de cursos de aperfeiçoamento e profissionalização de sua própria equipe de trabalho. Inclusive formando profissionais na área de Geologia e Engenharia do Petróleo. Além dela, outras sociedades científicas e convênios com universidades, contribuíram para a formação e constituição das Geociências no Brasil num outro patamar de institucionalização e profissionalização. Assim, esta tese tem por objetivo investigar e compreender o papel do CNP e principalmente da Petrobras na construção e formação de cursos na área de Geociências, como parte do processo histórico de busca e exploração pelo petróleo iniciado aqui em 1864 e finalizando-se em 1968 com a descoberta do primeiro poço offshore, quando também, a Petrobras investe massivamente nas pesquisas para exploração de petróleo no mar. A principal fonte da presente pesquisa concentra-se no Acervo pessoal do paleontólogo Frederico Waldemar Lange (1911-1988), que se encontra sob a guarda e conservação do Laboratório de Estratigrafia e Paleontologia da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG) / Abstract: In 1864, an event that was both unique and official started and transformed the direction of Brazil¿s researches related to oil: the Decree n° 3.352-A where, for the first time, the word "oil" can be found in a text on the Brazilian Law. Correlated to this event, the Ouro Preto Mining School was founded in 1875, where the teaching of Geosciences begins to be systematically practiced. Although formally titled as mining engineer, many in fact acted as geologists before the existence of a specific course of Geology. In the development for search and exploitation of oil in Brazil during the twentieth century we had private and government initiatives (Comissão Geográfica e Geológica de São Paulo, Comissão White, Serviço Geológico e Mineralógico do Brasil) that contributed to research and future prospecting for oil in the country. In 1938, the National Petroleum Council (Conselho Nacional do Petróleo ¿ CNP) is created, in order to find and control oil in the Brazilian territory. In the following year the first petroleum deposits is found at the region of Lobato, Bahia, changing the oil policy in Brazil. The discovery of oil served as impetus for the industry and for activities which depend upon it. Meanwhile, one of the problems faced by CNP was the lack of qualified personnel to the technical demands and geological knowledge of the Brazilian territory. In 1954, Petrobras (1953) began operations from assets received from the old CNP, in order to perform tasks in the oil exploration industry in the territory. Some characteristics from CNP remained at Petrobras, especially the political and nationalist pressure that sought to consolidate Brazil as an oil-rich country. In this process, both CNP and Petrobras invested in the development of training courses and professionalization in their own team, mainly training professionals in the field of Geology and Petroleum Engineering. Besides Petrobras and CNP, other scientific societies and agreements with universities contributed to the formation and constitution of Geosciences in Brazil in another level of institutionalization and professionalization. Thus, this thesis aims to investigate and understand the role of CNP and especially of Petrobras in the construction and shaping of courses in the area of Geosciences, as part of the historical process of search and exploration for oil that began here in 1864 and ended in 1968 with the discovery of the first well-offshore, thus the Petrobras invests massively in research for oil exploration in the sea. The main source of this research is from the personal files of paleontologist Frederico Waldemar Lange (1911-1988), avaible for inspection at the Paleontology and Stratigraphy Laboratory of the State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG) / Doutorado / Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra / Doutora em Ciências

Orientador: Pedro Wagner Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T09:05:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trepador_GlaucoRodrigoRibeiro_M.pdf: 2020228 bytes, checksum: 2f29ae3267e178110ee6eda1fed040af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Houve uma intervenção em escola pública de município do interior paulista para alunos aprenderem origem e fluxos da areia. A pergunta que orientou a pesquisa foi: como mudanças no currículo podem contribuir para melhorar a aprendizagem dos alunos e capacitar professores? Professores de Física e Química colaboraram para ensinar conteúdos de Geociências a alunos de ensino médio por meio de inovação curricular articulada pelo ciclo da areia. A pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar o que é inovador na prática do professor e descrever a aprendizagem de dinâmicas de transformação de energia. Adota-se abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa com traços de pesquisa participante. Dados foram coletados por meio de gravações de áudio e vídeo, respostas em roteiro e diário de bordo. Esses elementos foram aproximados de indicadores de eficiência das aulas e de integração do conhecimento, para aclarar mudanças ocorridas na metodologia de ensino (prática docente, conteúdo e sequência de temas) e medir o aprendizado dos alunos. Destacaram-se relações dos processos de erosão, transporte e deposição de grãos de areia com as variáveis envolvidas nas dinâmicas de transformação e transferência de energia do fluxo d'água. Os alunos fizeram ligações parciais, construíram relações completas sobre componentes dinâmicos e a ideia de energia ao observar, interpretar e discutir o ciclo da areia. Isso propiciou integração de conhecimento do conceito de energia e estabeleceu nexos deste conceito com fatos cotidianos, bem como relações de ciência, tecnologia e sociedade. Aulas de Física passaram de ineficientes para estágios de instrução eficiente. Notou-se mudança na atitude do professor, bem como maior satisfação e motivação dos alunos. A pesquisa mostrou que aproximar conceitos de Física com noções de Geociências e Química contribuiu para melhorar o aprendizado. Isso incluiu explorar atividades práticas de laboratório (modelo científico) e de campo para ensinar dinâmicas de transformação de energia / Abstract: There was an intervention in public school in the county of São Paulo State for students to learn the origin and flows of sand. The questions which guided the research were: how changes in the curriculum can help improve students' learning and empower teachers? Professor of physics and chemistry collaborated to teach high school students the contents of geosciences through curriculum innovation articulated by means of cycle of sand. The work identifies what is innovative in the teacher's practice and describes the learning of the energy transformation dynamics. It was adopted research qualitative investigation approach with aspects participant research. Data were collected through audio and video recordings, written responses and logbook. These elements were interpreted by means of keys: efficiency lessons and integrated knowledge, to illuminate changes in the methodology of teaching (practice, content and sequence of themes of teaching) and measure student learning. Stood out relationships processes of erosion, transport and deposition of sand grains with variables involved in the dynamics of transformation and energy transfer of water flow. Students made partial links, built complete relationship about dynamic components of the concept of energy by means of observing, interpreting and discussing the cycle of sand. This provided integrated knowledge of the concept of energy and established linkages with everyday facts, as well as relations of science, technology and society. Physics lessons went from inefficient to efficient instructions stages. There was a changing in the attitude of the teacher, as well as greater satisfaction and motivation of students. Research has shown that approximating physical concepts with notions of geosciences and chemistry help to improve learning. Teaching activities include exploring laboratory (scientific model) and field practices to teach transformation energy dynamics / Mestrado / Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra / Mestre em Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra

Orientador: Henrique Cesar da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T00:30:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_CristianeOliveirade_M.pdf: 4281977 bytes, checksum: b5c1e7d5c90fe9d95ab0cc7b75beab57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Entender o funcionamento de nosso planeta em sua complexibilidade, em diferentes processos e acoplamentos entre eles, tem sido um desafio para cientistas em todo mundo em diversas áreas. Estender este conhecimento, a perspectiva da sua complexidade, à escola e aos alunos é um desafio ainda maior, já que passa pela estrutura curricular, produção de materiais didáticos, avaliação e mediação docente. Isso certamente também se relaciona com questões ambientais. Discursos sobre ambiente são produzidos por diversas ciências, com seus arquivos e suas condições de produção, mas também por outras vozes e em outras instâncias e instituições. Discursos esses que significam e re-significam as relações homem/natureza, ciências humanas/ciência naturais, homem/ambiente, relações entre sociedade, ciência, tecnologia e ambiente. Dentre as questões atualmente mais discutidas em torno da temática ambiental estão aquelas relacionadas ao aquecimento global e às mudanças climáticas, envolvidas em controvérsias sobre a ação antrópica e, principalmente no que diz respeito ao aumento do CO2 atmosférico e sua possível relação com possíveis mudanças no clima da Terra. Alguns desses discursos que significam o ambiente de diferentes maneiras chegam à escola, participam da produção de discursos escolares. Outros não. Entre os sentidos e conhecimentos que fazem parte dessas questões, estão aqueles relacionados ao ciclo do carbono. Buscamos analisar possíveis efeitos de sentidos sobre esse tema cuja circulação passa pela escola, e em cuja circulação sócio-histórica mais ampla, a escola tem um papel. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar diferentes textualizações do ciclo do carbono, ou seja, materiais que nos permitem produzir sentidos sobre esse assunto, tanto na forma de imagens quanto na forma verbal escrita, enquanto definições encontradas em livros didáticos. Materiais que circulam em escolas. Além desses materiais, foram analisadas questões do ENEM que tratam especificamente desse tema, como uma das formas pelas quais determinados sentidos sobre o ciclo do carbono chegam à escola. A perspectiva teórico-metodológica foi baseada na Análise de Discurso de origem francesa que nos permite observar os efeitos de sentidos produzidos pelos diferentes discursos sobre o ciclo do carbono. Bem, como em aspectos da epistemologia das geociências, de onde derivamos as categorias de análise. Acreditamos que nosso trabalho contribui para a compreender e para ressaltar o papel de conhecimentos e da perspectiva epistemológica das geociências nas escolas, trazendo à reflexão a utilização de concepções que possibilitem aos alunos desenvolver um entendimento do sistema terrestre / Abstract: Understand the workings of our planet in its complexity, in different processes and linkages between them, has been a challenge for scientists around the world in several areas. Extending this knowledge, the prospect of their complexity, the school and students is an even greater challenge, as is the curriculum structure, production of teaching materials, teacher evaluation and mediation. This certainly relates to environmental issues. Discourses on the environment are produced by various sciences, with their files and their conditions of production, but also by other voices and other bodies and institutions. Mean that these discourses and re-signify the man / nature, human sciences / natural science, human / environment relationships between society, science, technology and environment. Among the currently most discussed issues around the environmental issues are those related to global warming and climate change, involved in controversies about human action and especially with regard to increasing atmospheric CO2 and its relation to possible changes in climate Earth. Some of these speeches that mean the environment in different ways come to school, participate in the school production of speech. Others do not. Between the senses and knowledge that are part of these issues are those related to the carbon cycle. We seek to analyze possible effects of meaning on the subject on which traffic passes through the school, whose circulation and broader socio-historical, the school has a role. This work aims to analyze different textualizações of the carbon cycle, ie, materials that allow us to make sense of this, both as images and written in verb form, while definitions found in textbooks. Materials that circulate in schools. In addition to these materials were analyzed ENEM issues that specifically this issue as one of the ways in which certain meanings about the carbon cycle to school arrive. The theoretical-methodological approach was based on Discourse Analysis of French origin that allows us to observe the effects of meaning produced by the different discourses on the carbon cycle. Well, as aspects of the epistemology of geosciences, from which we derive the categories of analysis. We believe our work helps to understand and to highlight the role of knowledge and epistemological perspective of the geosciences in schools, bringing to reflect the use of concepts that enable students to develop an understanding of the Earth system / Mestrado / Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra / Mestre em Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra

Orientador: Maria Margaret Lopes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:15:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sousa_CidovalMoraisde_D.pdf: 10721247 bytes, checksum: 90f1b8a9c7fd1dbc3953a71290e8ca0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O presente trabalho investiga e discute aspectos da construção de um diálogo envolvendo atores de campos bastante distintos, numa televisão de natureza pública e regional, em tomo de um projeto singular: a comunicação pública da ciência como ferramenta de cidadania. O foco de nossa atenção se volta para um modelo de tomada de decisões sobre a construção de notícias geocientíficas, particularmente as relacionadas ao meio ambiente. Procura-se, de um lado, analisar as particularidades do modelo, e, de outro, discutir as dimensões dessa proposta e suas contribuições para o agendamento de questões críticas para a construção de uma sociedade sustentável, cidadã. O estudo concentra-se, principalmente, na reunião de pauta aberta à participação da comunidade. A experiência, pioneira em emissoras do Vale do Paraíba paulista, oferece argumentos não só para uma crítica da práxis jornalística, mas, também, para que se repense, particularmente no campo das Geociências, estratégias mais eficientes e cidadãs de comunicação pública das Ciências. Busca-se, por um lado, identificar os atores que participaram das reuniões, as estratégias utilizadas para "vender" suas idéias e/ou sugestões, e o perfil das sugestões apresentadas; e, por outro, refletir sobre o encaminhamento das discussões, as negociações de enfoque e como, depois de cada reunião, os jornalistas trabalhavam com o material recolhido. Tenta-se, ao longo do trabalho, responder a três questões fundamentais: em que medida modelos estratégicos como a pauta cidadã, democráticos, contribuem para agenciar conteúdos jornalísticos de natureza geocientíficos na televisão? Que tipo de contribuição atores estranhos ao mundo do jornalismo (comunidade) agenciam, particularmente em relação à questão ambiental (visão de valores-notícia, leituras de mundo e natureza)? E, por fim, a pauta cidadã gera compromissos, fideliza audiência? Observamos, entre outras coisas, que a comunidade quando convocada a participar de projetos como a pauta cidadã, sente-se valorizada, tem contribuições significativas a oferecer, particularmente sobre conteúdos de natureza ambiental; no entanto, os valoresnotícia presentes nas sugestões não diferem muito dos valores dominantes da mídia, assim como a visão de ambiente é uma visão fragmentada, restrita aos problemas locais, imediatista, mas que, paradoxalmente, contempla, em grande medida, a temática da sustentabilidade. A pauta cidadã agenda pelo menos três grandes debates: os riscos da abertura das arenas de decisões para cientistas e jornalistas; qual o papel do cientista e do divulgador nesse tipo de ambiente; e que tipo de agenda de ciência e comunicação a comunidade constrói / Abstract: The present work investigates and discusses the aspects of the construction of a dialogue involving actors from very distinct fields in a television of regional and public nature, regarding a singular project: the public communication of the science as a citizenship tool. The focus of our attention is a model of decision-taking about the construction of geoscientific news, particularly related to the environment. On one side, we analyze the particularities of the model, and, on the other, we discuss the size of that proposal and its contribution for the schedule of critical questions for the construction of a sustainable citizen society. The study concentrates mainly in guidelines meetings open for the participation of the community. The pioneering experience in broadcasting in Vale do Paraíba (São Paulo) offers arguments not only for the criticism of journalism but also to reconsider more efficient and citizen strategies of public communication of Science, mainly in the Geosciences field. On one side, our aim is to identify the actors who had participated in the meetings, the strategies used to "sell" their ideas and/or suggestions, and the profile of the presented suggestions, and, on the other side, to think over the guiding of the discussions, the aim of the negotiations and how the journalists worked with the material collected after each meeting. During the work, we try to answer to three essential questions: in what extent do strategic models as the citizen guidelines, as well as the democratic ones, contribute to schedule journalism contents of geoscientific nature on television? What type of contribution do the actors not familiar with the journalism world (community) give, mainlyas regards the environment issue (view of the values/news, world reading and nature?) And finally, do the citizen guidelines create commitments, turn audience faithful? We have observed, among other things, that the community, when called to participate in projects like the citizen guidelines, shows appreciation, has significant contributions to offer, mainly regarding contents of environment nature, however, the values/news presented in the suggestions do not differ very much from the dominant values of media, as the view of environment is a fragmented one, of an immediate kind, restricted to the local problems, but that paradoxically sees the thematic of the sustainability in a large way. The citizen guidelines arise at least three great issues: the risks of the opening of the arenas of the decisions for the scientists and journalists, what the scientist and the broadcaster role in this kind of environment is; and what type of science and communication agenda the community builds / Doutorado / Educação Aplicada as Geociencias / Doutor em Ciências

Iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) mineral plays an important role in a variety of atmospheric, terrestrial and technological settings. Molecular resolution of reactions involving these minerals is thereby required to develop a fundamental understanding of their contributions in processes taking place in the atmosphere, Earth’s upper crust as well as the hydrosphere. This study resolves interactions involving four different types of synthetic FeOOH particles with distinct and well-defined surfaces, namely lath- and rod-shaped lepidocrocite (γ), goethite (α) and akaganéite (β). The surface and bulk reactivities of these particles are controlled by their distinct structures. When exposed to ambient atmospheric or aqueous conditions their surfaces are populated with different types of (hydr)oxo functional groups acting as reaction centers. These sites consist of hydroxyl groups that can be singly- (≡FeOH, -OH), doubly- (≡Fe2OH, μ-OH), or triply-coordinated (≡Fe3OH, μ3-OH) with underlying Fe atoms. Moreover, these sites exhibit different types, densities, distributions, as well as hydrogen bonding patterns on different crystal planes for each mineral. Knowledge of the types and distributions of hydroxyl groups on minerals with different surface structures is fundamental for building a molecular-scale understanding of processes taking place at FeOOH particle surfaces. In this thesis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to resolve the interactions between (hydr)oxo groups of FeOOH particles with (in)organic acids, salts, water vapor as well as carbon dioxide. The focus on such compounds was justified by their importance in natural environments. This thesis is based on 9 articles and manuscripts that can be found in the appendices. FTIR spectroscopic signatures of hydroxyl groups in the bulk of well crystallized FeOOH minerals were characterized for structural differences and thermal stabilities. Those of akaganéite were particularly resolved for the variable bond strength of bulk hydroxyls induced by the incorporation of HCl through nanostructured channels at the terminations of the particles. FTIR bands of hydroxyl groups at all particle surfaces were monitored for responses to thermal gradients and proton loadings, providing experimental validation to previous theoretical accounts on surface site reactivity. This site reactivity was resolved further in the fluoride (F-) and phosphate (PO43-) ions adsorption study to follow the site selectivity for ligand-exchange reactions. These efforts showed that singly-coordinated groups are the primary adsorption centers for ligands, doubly-coordinated groups can only be exchanged at substantially higher ligand loadings, while triply coordinated groups are largely resilient to any ligand-exchange reaction. These findings helped consolidate fundamental knowledge that can be used in investigating sorption processes involving atmospherically and geochemically important gases. The latter parts of this thesis were therefore focused on water vapor and carbon dioxide interactions with these FeOOH particles. These efforts showed how surface structure and speciation affect sorption loadings and configurations, as well as how water diffused into and through the akaganéite bulk. Hydrogen bonding is one of the most important forms of interactions between gas phase and minerals. It plays a crucial role in the formation of thin water films and in stabilizing surface (bi)carbonate species. The affinity of surface hydroxyl groups for water and carbon dioxide is strongly dependent on their abilities to form hydrogen bonds. These are controlled by coordination number and site accessibility/steric constraints. In agreement with the aforementioned ligand-exchange studies, surfaces dominated by singly coordinated groups have stronger ability to accumulate water layers than the ones terminated by groups of larger coordination number. Collectively, these efforts consolidate further the concept for structure-controlled reactivities in iron oxyhydroxides, and pave the way for new studies along such lines.

Latin America has pioneered the concept of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) as a strategy to improve the management of ecosystem services. Ecuador is not an exception, where many PES schemes have been implemented to protect the tropical mountain ecosystem “páramo” and the water resources these areas are generating for downstream societies. A successful PES scheme needs to achieve both targeted bio-physical objectives and at the same time benefit local conditions while not risking to sacrifice the local demand for ecosystem services. This balance is explored here in a case study focusing on the Río Grande watershed in the highlands in the northern parts of Ecuador by exemplifying community participation in the public PES scheme Socio Bosque (PSB) starting in 2009. The water resource distribution (precipitation, discharge, actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration) in the watershed was evaluated over the last decades. The local perception of the PSB and its impacts on local and regional water resources were also studied and characterized. The results showed that the annual discharge in the Río Grande watershed has decreased significantly from 1967-2014 and that the annual discharge was significantly lower between 1997-2015 compared to 1979-1997. Since precipitation did not decrease significantly during this period, the changes of the annual discharge are more likely depended on factors controlling the seasonal distribution of discharge and evapotranspiration in the watershed. For example, large scale land use changes coupled with a significantly warmer climate in the region could be a possible driver. Of course, this would not exclude other important factors such as changes in water demand and the supply of freshwater from the Río Grande watershed to downstream societies. The results of this case study showed that it is likely too early to see any impacts in the water balance components as a direct response to the implemented PSB scheme. Clearly, this motivates a need for continued evaluation of the local perception and the water resources to ensure that the need and demand for ecosystem services in a long-term perspective are maintained. / Latinoamérica ha sido pionera en el concepto de Pago por Servicios Ecosistémicos (PSE o PES en lassiglas en inglés) como estrategia para mejorar la gestión de servicios ecosistémicos. En Ecuador, se han implementado muchos PSE para proteger el ecosistema montañoso tropical de El Páramo así como los recursos acuíferos que dichas áreas generan para las sociedades que habitan cuenca abajo. Un esquema de PSE exitoso requiere alcanzar los objetivos biofísicos y respetar las necesidades locales de servicios ambientales. Este equilibrio se ha analizado tomando como objeto de estudio la cuenca hidrográfica del Río Grande en las tierras altas del norte de Ecuador y la participación comunitaria en el programa de PSE denominado Socio Bosque (PSB) iniciado en 2009. Se estudiaron la distribución del agua (precipitación, descarga del agua, evapotranspiración actual y evapotranspiración potencial) en la cuenca hidrográfica durante las últimas décadas. También se estudiaron los impactos locales y regionales del PSB en los recursos hídricos y los percepción local con respecto a la implementación de PSB. Los resultados muestran que la descarga anual de la cuenca hidrográfica ha decrecido significativamente durante el período comprendido entre 1967 y 2014, particularmente, señalan un decrecimiento considerablemente mayor entre 1997 y 2015 con respecto al período 1979-1997. La precipitación no se redujo durante el período estudiado y, en consecuencia, los cambios en la descarga anual dependen presumiblemente de factores que controlan la distribución estacional de la descarga y la evapotranspiración en la cuenca. Como ejemplo, los intensos cambios en el uso del suelo junto a un clima regional marcadamente más cálido pueden ser dos condicionantes del fenómeno. Esto no excluye otros factores como los cambios en la demanda y abastecimiento de agua potable en la cuenca del Río Grande en las comunidades que se encuentran distribuidas a lo largo del río. Los resultados muestran que es aún temprano para observar impactos en los componentes del balance hídrico como resultado directo de la implementación de un esquema de PSB. Esto motiva la necesidad de una evaluación continua de la percepción local y un monitoreo los recursos hídricos para garantizar que las necesidades y demandas de servicios ecosistémicos en la región se mantengan a largo plazo.

This thesis study employs textural classification techniques applied to four different data groups: (1) visible light photography, (2) high-resolution drill core line scan imaging (3) scanning electron microscopy backscattered electron (SEM-BSE) images, and (4) 3D data from X-ray microtomography (μXCT). Eleven textural classes from Aitik ores were identified and characterized. The distinguishing characteristics of each class were determined such as modal mineralogy, sulphide occurrence and Bond work indices (BWI). The textural classes served as a basis for machine learning classification using Random Forest classifier and different feature extraction schemes. Trainable Weka Segmentation was utilized to produce mineral maps for the different image datasets. Quantified textural information for each mineral phase such as modal mineralogy, mineral association index and grain size was extracted from each mineral map.  Efficient line local binary patterns provide the best discriminating features for textural classification of mineral texture images in terms of classification accuracy. Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) statistics from discrete approximation of Meyer wavelets decomposition with basic image statistical features[PK1]  (e.g. mean, standard deviation, entropy and histogram derived values) give the best classification result in terms of accuracy and feature extraction time. Differences in the extracted modal mineralogy were observed between the drill core photographs and SEM images which can be attributed to different sample size[PK2] . Comparison of SEM images and 2D μXCT image slice shows minimal difference giving confidence to the segmentation process. However, chalcopyrite is highly underestimated in 2D μXCT image slice, with the volume percentage amounting to only half of the calculated value for the whole 3D sample. This is accounted as stereological error. Textural classification and mineral map production from basic drill core photographs has a huge potential to be used as an inexpensive ore characterization tool. However, it should be noted that this technique requires experienced operators to generate an accurate training data especially for mineral identification and thus, detailed mineralogical studies beforehand is required. / Primary Resource Efficiency by Enhanced Prediction (PREP) / Center for Advanced Mining and Metallurgy (CAMM)

In a particle based geometallurgical model, the behavior of the particles can be used for forecast the products and quantify the performance of the different ore types within a deposit. The particle tracking is an algorithm developed by Lamberg and Vianna 2007 whose aim is to balance the liberation data in a mineral processing circuit composed by several processing units. Currently, this tool is being developed for the HSC Chemistry software by Outotec.The objective of this study is to understand and evaluate the particle tracking algorithm in a geometallurgical test for iron ore. To achieve this objective, the liberation data is balanced in a Davis tube test circuit. A total of 13 samples from Leveäniemi iron ore were process in a Davis tube circuit.The magnetite is the main mineral in the Leveäniemi iron ore samples. Its high recovery in the Davis tube circuit along with the V, Ti and Mn suggest that these elements are present in the magnetite lattice. These penalty elements in the iron concentrates cannot be avoided at the stage of mineral concentrations.The washing effect of the Davis tubes controlled by the rotational and longitudinal agitation of the tube perturb the particles agglomeration between the pole tips of the electromagnet. A higher agitation frequency and amplitude will wash away most of the gangue minerals and also fine grained magnetite.In this work, the particle tracking is depicted and implemented in a magnetic separation circuit for high liberated material. The liberation data was balanced in a way that the particle classes can be followed through circuit and their recoveries can be calculated. Nevertheless, the algorithm requires further validation and analysis of its limitations in terms of resolution and reproducibility.

To be able to plan and construct a Swedish society that is well prepared for geological hazards, the government need to know about past event that has happened during the history, so they know how to plan for the future. Highly possible events that will happen are flooding, landslides, volcanic gases in the atmosphere and earthquakes. Flooding is the hazard that we need to consider most when we construct new infrastructure and buildings in the future. Climate changes will cause more precipitation and extreme weather, these will lead to more flooding when the water isn’t able to percolate down into the ground. When the ground is saturated with water another problem will be even more common, and that is a bigger frequency of landslides. The most dramatic consequence that would occur is from volcanic gases that go up into the atmosphere at an eruption, these can change the climate and create acid rain far away from the volcanic source. It isn’t just the direct hazards we need to consider while constructing the society, the question regarding nuclear waste and its long-term storage is highly important. Therefore is it very important to carefully consider where, and when big earthquakes have occurred since the last glaciation. / För att kunna planera och bygga upp ett Sverige som är förberett för potentiella geologiska faror och problem, behöver samhället ha koll på olika event som hänt i historien som kan påverka samhällets olika funktioner. Event som kan ske och som kan hota samhällsuppbyggnaden är tillexempel översvämningar, skred och ras, klimat påverkan från vulkanisk aktivitet samt jordbävningar. Översvämningar är den fara som är mest frekvent i Sverige och som vi inför framtiden kommer behöva skydda samhället mest emot. Klimatförändringarna världen står inför ger en ökning av nederbörd i olika former, när jorden blir vattenmättad ökar även riskerna för skred markant vilka också kommer öka i frekvens. De största dramatiska och mest utspridda farorna som kan påverka Sverige är om ett avlägset vulkanutbrott sker. Aerosolerna som hamnar i atmosfären kan ge ett förändrat klimat långt ifrån källan och i vissa fall påverka hela jorden, samtidigt som försurning av regnvatten kan ske. Det är inte bara direkta risker och faror samhället står inför idag som behövs beaktas när samhället struktureras och byggs upp, jordbävningsrisken i olika delar av landet efter en glaciation behöver undersökas där kärnbränsle skall slutförvaras för att förhindra eventuellt framtida läckage av radioaktivt kärnbränsle.

Different magnitude, intensity and timing of precipitation can impact runoff, hillslope erosion and transport of sediment along river channels.  Human activities, such as dam construction and surface mining can also considerably influence transport of sediment and sediment-bound contaminants. Many river basins of the world are currently subject to changes in climate at the same time as pressures from other human activities increase. However, because there are often complex interactions between such multiple drivers of change, it is challenging to understand and quantify contributions of individual drivers, which is needed in predictive modelling of future sediment and contaminant flows. This thesis considers sediment transport in the Lake Baikal basin, which is hydrologically dominated by the transboundary Selenga River of Russia and Mongolia. The Selenga River basin is, for instance, subject to climate change and increasing pressures from mining, but process complexity is reduced by the fact that the river basin is one of few large basins in the world that still is essentially undammed and unregulated. A combination of field measurement campaigns and modelling methods are used in this thesis, with the aim to: (i) identify historical hydroclimatic trends and their possible causes, (ii) analyse the spatial variability of riverine sediment loading in the mining affected areas, and (iii) investigate sediment transport and storage processes within river channels and in river deltas. Results show that, during the period 1938-2009, the annual maximum daily flow in the Selenga River basin has decreased, as well as the annual number of high flow events, whereas the annual minimum daily flow has increased. These changes in discharge characteristics are consistent with expected impacts of basin-scale permafrost thaw. Both field observations and modelling results show that changes in magnitude and number of high-flow events can considerably influence the transport of bed sediment. In addition, the average discharge has decreased in the past 20 years due to an extended drought. Under conditions of low flow, metal-enriched sediment from mining areas was observed to dominate the river water. If discharge will continue to decrease in the Selenga River (or other mining-impacted rivers of the world), further increases in riverine metal concentrations may hence be one of the consequences. Furthermore, under current conditions of extended drought, less sediment may have been distributed over the floodplain wetlands in the Selenga River delta. Present estimates, however, show that sediment can still be transported to, and deposited within, the banks and water bodies located in the backwater zone of the Selenga River delta. This can aid bank and levee stabilization, support the development of wetlands and foster net sedimentation.​ / Nederbördens olika magnitud, intensitet och tidpunkt kan påverka ytavrinning, vattenerosion och transport av sediment längs flodkanaler. Mänskliga aktiviteter, som dammkonstruktion och gruvdrift i dagbrott kan också påtagligt påverka transport av sediment och sedimentbundna föroreningar. Många avrinningsområden i världen påverkas för närvarande av klimatförändringar samtidigt som trycket från andra mänskliga aktiviteter ökar. Men eftersom det ofta förekommer komplexa interaktioner mellan sådana multipla orsaker till förändring, är det utmanande att förstå och kvantifiera bidrag från enskilda orsaker, vilket behövs vid prediktiv modellering av framtida sediment- och föroreningsflöden. Denna avhandling behandlar sedimenttransport i Bajkalsjöns tillrinningsområde, som hydrologiskt domineras av den internationella Selengafloden i Ryssland och Mongoliet. Selengaflodens tillrinningsområde är exempelvis påverkat av klimatförändringar och ökat tryck från gruvdrift, men processkomplexiteten reduceras av det faktum att tillrinningsområdet är ett av världens få stora som fortfarande väsentligen saknar dammar och flödesreglering. I denna avhandling används en kombination av fältmätningskampanjer och modelleringsmetoder, i syfte att: (i) identifiera historiska hydroklimattrender och deras möjliga orsaker, (ii) analysera den rumsliga variationen i flodens sedimentbelastning inom de gruvpåverkade områdena, och (iii) undersöka sedimenttransport- och retentionsprocesser inom flodkanaler och i floddeltan. Resultaten visar att det årliga maximala dygnsflödet, liksom det årliga antalet högflödeshändelser, har minskat i Selengafloden under perioden 1938-2009, medan det årliga minimala dygnsflödet har ökat. Dessa förändringar i flödeskaraktäristika överensstämmer med förväntade effekter av storskaligt tinande permafrost. Både fältobservationer och modelleringsresultat visar att förändringar i högflödeshändelsers magnitud och årligt antal kan påverka transporten av bottensediment påtagligt. Dessutom har medelflödet minskat under de senaste 20 åren på grund av långvarig torka. Under lågflöden observerades metallberikat sediment från gruvområdena dominera flodvattnet. Om flödena fortsätter att minska i Selengafloden (eller andra gruvdriftspåverkade floder i världen), kan således ytterligare ökningar av flodvattnens metallkoncentrationer vara en av konsekvenserna. Under den långvariga torka som nu råder mängden sediment som fördelats över våtmarkerna i Selengaflodens delta ha minskat. Sediment beräknas dock fortfarande kunna transporteras till och deponeras inom flodbankar och vattenkroppar i Selengadeltats backwaterområden. Detta kan bidra till stabilisering av bankar och skyddsvallar, stödja våtmarkers utveckling och främja nettosedimentering. / Wielkość, czas trwania oraz intensywność opadów atmosferycznych oddziałuje na charakter odpływu, erozję oraz transport osadów rzecznych. Również ingerencja człowieka w środowisko – np. budowa zapór i zbiorników wodnych, czy górnictwo odkrywkowe – w różnym stopniu może wpływać na transport osadów oraz powiązanych z nimi zanieczyszczeń. Wiele dorzeczy na Ziemi, będących pod wpływem obecnych zmian klimatycznych, jest jednocześnie poddawanych narastającej antropopresji. W celu przewidywania przyszłych zmian w transporcie osadów i powiązanych z nimi zanieczyszczeń, potrzeba dogłębnego zrozumienia i oceny wpływu poszczególnych czynników powodujących te zmiany. Taka analiza jest jednak często utrudniona ze względu na złożone interakcje pomiędzy czynnikami powodującymi zmiany. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska przedstawia wyniki badań związanych z analizą transportu osadów rzecznych w zlewni jeziora Bajkał, zdominowanej hydrologicznie transgraniczną rzeką Selengą, przepływającą przez tereny Rosji i Mongolii. Zlewnia rzeki Selengi podlega współczesnym zmianom klimatycznym oraz wzrastającej presji związanej z górnictwem. Złożoność procesów hydrologicznych jest jednak w tym wypadku ograniczona, ponieważ zlewnia Selengi jest jednym z nielicznych, względnie dużych dorzeczy na świecie, którego przepływy są – jak dotychczas – naturalne, nieuregulowane przez żadne zapory lub zbiorniki wodne. Dla poszczególnych celów: (i) identyfikacji historycznych trendów hydroklimatycznych i ich przyczyn, (ii) analizy przestrzennych zmian w transporcie osadów rzecznych w części zlewni dotkniętej górnictwem odkrywkowym oraz (iii) badania procesów transportu i magazynowania osadów w korycie i delcie rzeki; zostały w pracy zastosowane hydrometryczne dane pomiarowe, dane pochodzące z badań terenowych oraz metody modelowania. Wyniki badań wskazują na to, że w latach 1938-2009 zmalały roczne przepływy maksymalne oraz liczba wezbrań, podczas gdy w tym samym czasie wzrosły roczne przepływy minimalne. Powyższe zmiany są zgodne z oczekiwanym wpływem rozmarzania wiecznej zmarzliny na ustrój przepływów rzecznych. Analiza danych pomiarowych oraz wyników modelowania wskazują na to, że obecne zmiany dotyczące liczby oraz wielkości wezbrań mogą znacznie wpłynąć na transport osadów dennych w korytach rzek. Dodatkowo, w ciągu ostatnich 20 lat (1995-2014), średnie roczne przepływy znacznie spadły ze względu na przedłużający się okres suszy na terenie zlewni. Analiza danych terenowych pochodzących z obszarów górniczych wykazała, że podczas obniżonych przepływów, w zanieczyszczonych znaczną ilością metali osadach rzecznych, dominuje materiał pochodzący z działalności człowieka (około 80\% transportowanych osadów). Należy zatem przewidywać, że jeśli obecne zmiany w ustroju przepływów w dorzeczu Selengi (lub w innych podobnych dorzeczach na świecie) będą postępować, to ich następstwem może być dalszy wzrost koncentracji zanieczyszczeń (metali pochodzących z obszarów górniczych) rzek. Ponadto, w obecnym okresie obniżonych przepływów, na terenach zalewowych i jeziorach delty rzeki Selengi zatrzymuje się prawdopodobnie mniej osadów. Wyniki badań wskazują jednak na to, że osady rzeczne mogą być wciąż transportowane do brzegów i obszarów wodnych znajdujących się w strefie, w której stany wodne cieków delty są pod wpływem stanów wodnych jeziora Bajkału. Akumulacja materiału w tych częściach delty Selengi może pozytywnie wpływać na stabilizację naturalnych wałów oraz mokradeł i zwiększać sedymentację netto. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>