Orientador: Celso Dal Re Carneiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T22:47:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Piranha_JoseliMaria_D.pdf: 6272428 bytes, checksum: cb62265def4b519ad4341b6da49a923a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A presente investigação buscou avaliar Q alcance de práticas de Ensino-Aprendizagem de Geologia para formar uma cultura de sustentabilidade. Foi adotado o modelo de investigação de estudo de caso, por meio do desenvolvimento do Projeto Geo-Escola no município de São José do Rio Preto, situado na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. A experiência possibilitou que os participantes - professores de ciências e geografia - se apropriassem de saberes das geociências na construção de conhecimentos profissionais que, na qualidade de cidadãos, demandam. Vários recursos didáticos foram utilizados, com destaque para trabalhos de campo, que sensibilizaram os participantes e despertaram certa identidade com o meio que os cerca, na medida em que ofereceram vivência inestimável. O processo expôs conceitos revelados na teoria, mas sobretudo levou-os a identificar, visualizar e compreender mais profundamente o ensino e a legitimá-to. Se a investigação estruturou-se pela tese de que o conhecimento das geociências 'exerce papel especial na educação para sustentabilidade da vida, os resultados obtidos permitiram confirmar que, na relação dinâmica do ensino-aprendizagem, o conhecimento de geologia é essencial para desenvolvimento cultural do cidadão terreno. Para formação do indivíduo planetário, as geociências, na medida em que promovem a consciência de identidade e pertinência requeridas para a cidadania planetária, introduzem perspectiva histórica, essencial para ajudar a construir um compromisso com o coletivo da vida no planeta. Conhecimentos de Ciências da Terra contribuem para democratização responsável, introduzindo sentimentos de solidariedade, valorização e respeito à vida. Assim, a pesquisa não somente revela potenciais, evidencia compromissos e sugere rotas, mas aponta para a resolução de problemas ambientais mais amplos, que envolvem sustentabilidade / Abstract: This investigation has tried to evaluate the role of Geology Teaching to form a culture of sustainability. It is a study of case, which has developed the Project Geo-School in the municipality of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, situated in the northeast part ofthe Sao Paulo State. The experiment allowed the participants - science and geography teachers - to use Geosciences as the basis of getting a professional knowledge which, as citizens, they need as well. Geology is essentially a historical science of Nature, an inheritance of human knowledge that aims at the understanding of the materiaIs, processes and products of planetary evolution in ali senses. Fast scientific advances, both technological and cultural, in this beginning ofthe XXI century, have introduced important changes in the humanity beliefs, a time that has been called the Society of Knowledge. These reasons are enough to consider that geology/geosciences teaching can be essential in the process and should play an active participation to help forming a culture of sustainability. To educate a responsible citizen, which is sensible to the questions that affect his life and the planet, Education should allow the individual to recognize what the planet is, how it functions and how the relationships of life develop, both in time and space. Geology, understood in a broad sense, which incIudes the knowledge known today as the Geosciences or the Earth Systems Science, studies systematically the historical-geological proce~s, as recorded in the planet by the continuous interaction of natural processes and life. Therefore the globalization concept receives benefits from attributes and singular concepts belonging to this field of science. It helps an individual to find his place on earth. Several kinds of educational resources were used, especially fieldwork, allowing the participants to create an identity with the world around them, a result of unvaluable importance. The research has not only exposed concepts revealed in theory but has also allowed one to identify them, to visualize them and to get a deeper understanding ofteaching. It has also legitimated the overall process: if the investigation has a starting point from the assertive that the knowledge of geosciences plays and special role in an education for sustainability of life, the obtained results allow to confirm it / Doutorado / Educação Aplicada as Geociencias / Doutor em Geociências

Detta utvecklingsarbete betraktar formativ undervisning för GIS-projektarbeten från insamlingav data till användbar karta inom geografiundervisning på gymnasieskolan. Studien utgår från ett sociokulturellt lärandeperspektiv där kommunikation mellan lärare och elever har en nyckelroll. Problem och frågor blir därmed utgångspunkt för lärandet och kan initiera formativ agerande av läraren. Under lektionsseriens gång har läraren försökt att hela tiden reflektera över vad den ser och vad som kan göras annorlunda i undervisningssyfte. Utifrån det har läraren bestämt sig för metoder och vägar för att sprida geografins kunskap till elever och samtidigt granska sitt agerande. En kategorisering av lärarens agerande visar att diskussioner med eleverna har en central roll inom formativ undervisning. Att diskutera med eleverna är det främsta undervisningssätt som används tillsammans med att ge instruktioner, motivera elever eller erbjuda eleverna material att arbeta vidare med. Motiv till att läraren väljer agera formativt kan uppstå i en samtalssituation med elever, i läsning av elevers skrivna material eller genom att iaktta elevernas ageranden respektive lyssnandet till deras egna diskussioner. Det visar sig att inom en lektionsserie om och med GIS ges stor möjlighet att elevers utvecklingsprocess gynnas när de gemensam utför praktiska uppgifter där de är tvungna att kommunicera och på olika sätt delar erfarenheter med varandra. Samtidigt ger det läraren chansen till att observera och reflektera med möjlighet att agera formativt. Att mäta själva effekten genom formativt agerande har förblivit svårbedömt men utifrån de gjorda erfarenheterna uppmuntras till att använda sig och pröva formativ undervisning särskilt i ramar av projektarbeten.

Study of Production Drifts Stability and Assessment of Reinforcement Requirements at LKAB Konsuln Test-Mine Levels 436 and 486 Using Geologic Structures Data, and Modelling Software - Dips and Unwedge:  a Part of dp1 Project (Mine Layout and Technology) of the Sustainable Underground Mining (Sum) Project Oludare Joseph Olufe Global population has been on exponential increase over the past half century. The population explosion is driving massive urbanization and infrastructure developments across the globe, which result in huge demand for metals, especially steel. The trend is forecasted to continue to rise steeply in for the next two decades. This is putting enormous strain on metals mining, especially because new surface economic deposits are rare to come by. Therefore, mining is steadily going deeper in many of the mining destinations across the world.     Mining at great depths present unique challenges, particularly regarding stability of excavations at depths. Rock falls, rock burst, excavation collapse are common occurrences associated with deep mining. In regions with high seismicity potentials the frequency and consequences could be very high. Over the past decade ground instability has become a significant challenge confronting mining at LKAB deep mines. There had been incidents that resulted in long term closure of sections of the mines, with resultant adverse economic impacts. More undesirable is loss of live of personnel.     The study was conducted at the Konsuln test mine levels 436 and 486, aimed to investigate the impacts of geologic structures on excavations instability at depths, at the Kiruna iron ore mines, on one hand.  And on the other hand, evaluate the influence of geologic structures on ground reinforcements at the mine. Structural data were collected and analysed using Dips program to define orientation of major structures. The results were used for wedge analysis and excavations stability modelling using Unwedge program. Important rock mechanical parameters were defined based on data provided, and others based on literatures. A design factor of safety of 1.5 was used.     Results from the study established that structures have significant impact on excavations instability at the Konsuln mine. 100% of the production drifts studied has minimum of four wedges formed in its perimeters. Out of this approximately 37% has factor of safety lower than 1.5. Evaluation of reinforcements (shotcrete and rock bolts) implemented in the mine found that approximately 15% of the total wedges formed in the production drifts has factor of safety less that 1.5 after both shotcrete and rock bolt reinforcements had been implement. Also, approximately 5% of the total wedges has apex height longer the rock bolt length.     It was therefore concluded that structurally induced instability is a major contributor to excavations instability at the Kiruna mine. The study approach presented a new methodology to understand and provide robust solution to ground instability problem at the mine.

Currently, the world as we know it is undergoing many different transformations towards a more sustainable future, one of which is the energy transition. The energy transition is a wicked problem that requires transformative and creative thinking to be solved. One way to foster an innovative environment in organizations is by having a diverse workforce with different backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives. However, the energy sector, which has a major responsibility in the transition, is currently gender-segregated. Thus, not taking advantage of diverse capabilities. This thesis studies the energy-gender nexus within a Swedish context and explores what implications a male-dominated energy sector could entail for the energy transition. This is done through a qualitative research design using two methods, (1) a document review to analyze how important actors in the Swedish energy transition currently address gender equality, (2) expert interviews to further explore these findings. The results showed that the energy-gender nexus is a complex paradigm and that opportunities and challenges to integrate more diversity often are interconnected. The main challenges were showed to be connected to presumptions of generalized gender norms, the sectorial image, and the need for structural change. Opportunities were connected to affirmative action and advocacy from initiatives or role models, and benefits from specific measurable targets. It was also concluded that more perspectives and a diversified energy sector could potentially benefit the energy transition through acceleration.

This dissertation focuses on non-formal education. It describes science camps with a geological topics which are non-formal events that may be visited by children and youth during their initial education. The aim of this thesis is to describe concepts of science (geological) camps and learn about the specific knowledge, skills and interests of their participants in the field of geology. The thesis is introduced in four independent studies which describe a completed mixed research and a solution by the researched targets. Camp groups from five non-formal educational institutions in the Czech Republic were examined. The analysis of camp concepts took place with instructors (N=21) during ten camp sessions. Thereafter two alternative content of camps were established: a field laboratory concept and a concept with equally represented focus on the participants' activity. In this part of research the questionnaires with open-ended questions were used, which were directed at instructors' statements about scientific and educational activities of participants. A data collection for the analysis observing specific geological knowledge, skills and interests of participants always took place at the beginning and at the end of the nine or ten camp sessions. Questionnaires (N=143 knowledge, skills; N=138...

Debris-slides are fast-moving landslides that occur in the Appalachian region including the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM). Various knowledge and data-driven approaches using spatial distribution of the past slides and associated factors could be used to estimate the region’s debris-slide susceptibility. This study developed two debris-slide susceptibility models for GRSM using knowledge-driven and data-driven methods in GIS. Six debris-slide causing factors (slope curvature, elevation, soil texture, land cover, annual rainfall, and bedrock discontinuity), and 256 known debris-slide locations were used in the analysis. Knowledge-driven weighted overlay and data-driven bivariate frequency ratio analyses were performed. Both models are helpful; however, each come with a set of advantages and disadvantages regarding degree of complexity, time-dependency, and experience of the analyst. The susceptibility maps are useful to the planners, developers, and engineers for maintaining the park’s infrastructures and delineating zones for further detailed geotechnical investigation.

Aluminum (Al) is a potentially toxic element for humans, animals, and plants. Al emitted from smelter plants is one source of Al that may be responsible for increased exposure to humans and the environment. In this study I investigated whether the Kubikenborg aluminum smelter (Kubal AB) emitted Al to such extent that it can be detected above regional background concentrations in soils and plants. The study was conducted by analyzing O- horizon cores and Scots’ pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles along two transects using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). In the O-horizon cores, Al concentrations along the two transects (mean conc. 5250 mg kg-1 in T1 and 3472 mg kg-1 in T2) did not decrease with distance from the smelter. In Scots’ pine needles, Al concentrations (mean conc. 491 mg kg-1 in T1 and 590 mg kg-1 in T2) decreased significantly with distance along transect T2. Aluminum showed high negative co-variance with soil organic matter content (R2 = 0.47) and positive with silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti) in the soil (R = 0.84 and R = 0.86 respectively), suggesting that mineral dust is the main source of Al. However, the Al/Si ratio of the soil decreased with increasing distance from the smelter along T1, indicating a possible additional source of Al besides that of soil dust that may originate from smelter emission. Nevertheless, I found no strong support for detectable Al emissions in humus and Scots’ pine needles near the Kubal AB smelter.

In accordance with the guidelines set forth by PBSGEO, this study aims to highlight the significance of public greenspaces within cemeteries and to propose cost-saving solutions for graveyard maintenance. This research employs a Design Science approach to examine the impact of various factors, including geospatial data, on cemetery maintenance costs. Through a case study of graveyards in Frankfurt, this thesis explores alternative solutions and presents graphical data analysis to better understand the properties of public greenspaces and graveyards. The main findings of this study indicate that effective cost estimation can significantly decrease maintenance costs and improve long-term profitability for cemetery management. While no specific model has been created, the availability of a comprehensive analysis and management portal will assist managers in making informed decisions in the future. The research concludes with the presentation of an online interactive map that can be utilized by cemetery management to reduce costs and enhance productivity. This thesis provides valuable insights into the importance of public greenspaces in cemeteries and the ways in which they can be maintained more efficiently. In addition to its exploratory analysis, this study offers practical implications for the cemetery management industry. The proposed cost-saving solutions can be easily implemented by cemetery management, leading to a reduction in maintenance costs and an improvement in the overall profitability of cemeteries. Furthermore, the findings of this study can also inform future research on the topic and contribute to the development of more sustainable cemetery management practices.

During intensive rainfall, the ground is at risk of flooding if the water has no opportunity to infiltrate into the ground or drain. Cities are most heavily affected by such pluvial floods due to their predominantly solid surfaces. An example of such a city is Umeå, which experienced extensive floods causing up to 40 million Swedish kronor in damages. During the period 1970 to 2020, the population of Umeå has increased from 70,000 to 130,000 inhabitants, which means that both housing demand and thus the proportion of hardened surfaces in the municipality increased rapidly. To avoid future flooding problems, studying intensive precipitation trends as well as factors that affect the risk of pluvial floods is of the utmost importance. The purpose of this research is thus to investigate heavy precipitation trends as well as study how climate change and hardened surfaces affect the risk of flooding in Umeå. This study shows that the frequency of intense rainfall in Umeå has increased compared to the mean of the period 1963-1987 and that climate change could lead to an even higher frequency. Increased frequency of intensive precipitation in combination with an increased proportion of hardened surfaces increases the risk of flooding problems. Furthermore, heavy rainfalls, defined as precipitation above ten millilitres a day, occurred eighteen times a year during the period 1996-2020, which is four days more than the 1963-1987 average. By the end of the twenty-first century, climate change is expected to increase these number of days by a further 20-30% (equivalent to 7-12 days) according to SMHI predictions. Intense rainfall is likely to become more common in the future and population growth in Umeå will likely lead to an increase in the number of paved areas. These changes, in combination, place high demands on Umeå municipality to work efficiently with urban planning and climate adaptation.

The aim of this work is to test the proposed approach of algal scavenging as a driver of sediment mercury (Hg) on different time scales and to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of Hg accumulation in lake sediments. A 3000-year sediment record from Nylandssjön in northern Sweden was analysed for this purpose, as well as a 20-year sediment record from the seasonal sediment traps of this lake. The diatom proxy biogenic silica (bSi) was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) as a proxy for primary productivity by non-destructive visible near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRS). Silica, normalised to minerogenic matter by aluminium (Si/Al) as an indirect diatom proxy and other geochemical parameters were analysed by the non-destructive method of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The Hg content in the sediment was determined using the the thermal decomposition atomic absorption spectrophotometers (TD-AAS) method. Over the different time scales, organic matter (OM) is an important control factor for Hg, which in turn was strongly associated with primary productivity. Hg was normalised against OM by determining the Hg/LOI or Hg/C ratios. No positive correlation was found between the normalised Hg ratios and the proxies of primary productivity (bSi, Chl-a and Si/Al). Negative correlations between OM and minerogenic elements coinciding with human-induced erosion events and increasing Hg levels in the sediment were found. This is true, both for the long-term record in the sediment cores and the high-resolution data from the sediment traps. Furthermore, in the seasonal sediment record of the sediment traps, in-lake processes like lake turnover in spring and autumn could be linked to precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides (FeOOH) and increasing sedimentary Hg. This may be supported by the parallel sediment accumulation of other metals like nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) at the time of the lake turnover.