Der ehemalige Salzbergbau im Raum Staßfurt führt seit dem 19. Jahrhundert zu Subrosion und teils bruchhaften Deformationen und damit verbundenen Senkungen und Vernässungen im Stadtgebiet. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsverbundvorhabens unter Federführung der BGR sollen in dieser Arbeit die grundlegenden strömungsdynamischen Prozesse im Salinar und Deckgebirge der betroffenen geologischen Formationen aufgeklärt werden. An Bohrkernen aus den entsprechenden Bereichen werden Durchflussexperimente durchgeführt und die Fluiddynamik im Inneren der Proben mittels Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie dreidimensional dargestellt. In Kooperation mit der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung- und prüfung Berlin und dem Geologischen Institut der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz werden diese PET-Messungen der Fluiddynamik mit hochauflösenden computertomographischen Messungen der internen Struktur der Proben in Übereinstimmung gebracht. Die beobachteten Fließmuster sollen mittels einer Lattice-Boltzmann-Simulation nachvollzogen und dadurch das grundlegende Verständnis der Strömungsdynamik in diesen Gesteinen erweitert werden. Langfristig soll dies zu einer Verbesserung des Verständnisses der Grundwasserdynamik auf regionaler Ebene führen.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Die Stadt Staßfurt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Problemstellung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Bildgebende tomographische Verfahren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 Die PET in den Geowissenschaften . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 Ziel der Arbeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 Geologische Übersicht 9 2.1 Allgemein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.1 Das Zechsteinmeer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.2 Das Subherzyne Becken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 Der Staßfurt-Egelner Salzsattel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Stratigraphie und Hydrologie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.1 Stratigraphische Einheiten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2.2 Anstehende Wässer und deren Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3 Die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie 19 3.1 Entstehung des Bildes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.2 Die Auflösung des Bildes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.2.1 Die Grenzen der Ortsauflösung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.2.2 Messfehler und Bildrekonstruktion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2.3 Konsequenzen für die Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4 Material und Methoden 27 4.1 Die Bohrkerne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.2 Die Injektionslösungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.3 Probenvorbereitung und Experimentverlauf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.4 Auswertemethoden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.4.1 Visualisierung und Datenverarbeitung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.4.2 Bestimmung hydrodynamischer Kenngrößen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.3 Variographie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5 Ergebnisse 47 5.1 Chemische Analysen der Lösungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.2 PET- und CT-Daten und resultierende Durchbruchkurven . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.2.1 Hauptanhydrit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.2.2 Unterer Buntsandstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.2.3 Mechanisch belastetes Steinsalz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.2.4 Hohlraumversatz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.3 Ermittlung raumbezogener Parameter in der Literatur und mit den vorhandenen Daten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.4 Variographischer Abgleich verschiedener Datensätze . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.4.1 Aussagekraft von Variogrammen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 i 5.4.2 Vergleich von Messung und Modellierung mittels 3D-Variographie . 79 6 Diskussion 93 6.1 Diskussion der PET-Daten und Durchbruchkurven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6.2 Diskussion der Ermittlung raumbezonener Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6.3 Diskussion des variographischen Abgleichs verschiedener Datensätze . . . . 101 6.4 Auswirkungen auf das hydrologische Modell Staßfurts . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7 Ausblick 105 Literatur 109 Anhang xi A Bohrpunkte und Lösungen xiii B 3D-Variographie des mechanisch belasteten Salzkerns xv C Hydrodynamische Parameter xvii C.1 Bohrkern aus der Leine Formation z3A3 - Hauptanhydrit . . . . . . . . . . xvii C.2 Bohrkern aus dem Unteren Buntsandstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii C.3 Mechanisch belasteter Bohrkern aus dem z2Na Staßfurt-Steinsalz . . . . . . xix C.4 Bohrkern aus dem Hohlraumversatz des Grubenbaus Leopoldshall I /II . . . xx C.5 Probe aus gepresstem Kaolinit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi D Quelltext wichtiger Funktionen xxiii D.1 Datenreduktion - Ausschneiden des Bohrkerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv D.2 Vergröberung der Auflösung eines PET-Bildes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv D.3 Verteilung der Maximalwerte und deren Histogramme . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv D.4 Empirische Variogramme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv D.5 Richtungsabhängige Variogramme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi D.6 Dreidimensionale Variogramme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix D.7 Ebenenweise Variogramme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi E Liste der Kooperationspartner xxxiii

Limiting cities’ negative impact for global sustainability suggests compact city development. However, extensive and accessible urban nature is important for urban dwellers’ wellbeing. Aligning efforts to make cities locally and globally sustainable means resolving this conflict. This thesis applies spatial analysis of urban dwellers’ regularly occurring experiences, as these are important wellbeing indicators, looking specifically at Stockholm, Sweden. The aim is to contribute to a nuanced understanding of urban environments’ influence on urban dwellers’ experiences. Paper I investigates how accessibility to various environment features impact the probability that people have positive or negative experiences. Paper II applies resilience principles to investigate what experiences exist together in neighbourhoods. The environment have considerable influence on people’s experiences. Some common indicators in urban planning display weak relationships with experiential outcome, while other less common ones have larger effects. Neighbourhood compositions of experiences display consistent patterns, both spatially across Stockholm and with respect to resilience principles. Many neighbourhoods harbour diverse positive experiences, while a few are dominated by negative ones. The results suggest that human-environment relations should be given more consideration in urban discourse and urban planning. A relational approach could improve urban dweller’s experiences, and positively influence their wellbeing. For urban planning to be able to handle the complexity of such an approach, I suggest that resilience principles can be heuristics for an urban development that does not compromise people’s experiences. The methodological framework developed here can be applied in other cities, as it can identify specific places for transformation, but also increase knowledge of the interplay between urban environments and people’s experiences across different contexts. / För att begränsa städers negativa påverkan på global hållbarhet förordas ofta kompakta stadsmiljöer. För att säkra stadsbors välbefinnande krävs emellertid stora och tillgängliga naturområden. Denna konflikt måste lösas för att nå en stadsutveckling som bidrar till både lokal och global hållbarhet. Denna avhandling består av två studier av Stockholm som tillämpar rumslig analys av människors upplevelser, då dessa är viktiga indikatorer för välbefinnande. Den undersöker hur tillgänglighet till olika miljöfaktorer är relaterade till positiva och negativa upplevelser. Vidare tillämpar den resiliensprinciper för att undersöka vilka upplevelser som samexisterar på områdesskala. Stadsmiljön har betydande påverkan på människors upplevelser. Vissa vanliga indikatorer inom stadsplanering visar svaga samband med upplevelser, medan andra mindre vanliga har större effekter. Sammansättningar av upplevelser på områdesskala uppvisar genomgående mönster, både rumsligt och i förhållande till resiliensprinciper. Många områden innehåller en mångfald av positiva upplevelser, medan ett fåtal domineras av negativa upplevelser. Resultaten visar att relationer mellan människa och miljö bör ta en mer central plats i stadsplaneringen, då detta erbjuder möjligheter att förbättra stadsbors upplevelser. Resiliensprinciper kan fungera som tumregler inom stadsplaneringen för en stadsutveckling som inte äventyrar människors upplevelser. Metoden som utvecklats här kan appliceras i andra städer, då den kan identifiera specifika platser för omvandling, men också leda till djupare förståelse för samspelet mellan stadsmiljöer och människors upplevelser i olika sammanhang.

We are currently speeding towards significant changes in the climate of the earth which, if ignored, will lead to severely altered climatic conditions with serious consequences for several species and ecosystems. The polar regions especially are very sensitive to climate changes, and the changes these regions undergo affect the climate on a global scale. To slow the global warming, it is crucial that we understand earth’s climatic and environmental history, and how it responds to changes in the climate. Palaeoclimatic archives hold much information of past climate variations stored in proxies that can be analysed to understand past environments. This study focuses on loess as one such proxy to analyse grain sizes, carbon storage and organic matter in a sequence from Adventdalen, Svalbard. The study has been conducted using grain size analysis and loss on ignition (LOI) as main methods to reconstruct late Holocene climate changes in the region. The results have provided an overview of temperature oscillations, many of which coincide with main climatic events of the past, and have been used to estimate the depositional ages of the different layers of the sequence. / Dagens klimatförändringar går allt snabbare mot en framtid med svårt omkastade klimatförhållanden som medför allvarliga konsekvenser för flera arter och ekosystem. Polarområdena är särskilt känsliga för klimatförändringar, och de förändringar som sker här påverkar klimatet på global nivå. En avgörande faktor för att bromsa den globala uppvärmningen är att vi förstår jordens klimathistoria och hur jorden reagerar på förändringar i klimatet. Paleoklimatiska arkiv innehåller mycket information om klimatvariationer förr. Sådan information finns lagrad i material som kan analyseras för att vidare förstå miljöer från förr. Den här studien fokuserar på lössjord som ett sådant material för att analysera kornstorlekar och organiskt material i en lössekvens från Adventdalen i Svalbard. Studien har genomförts genom att använda en kornstorleksanalysator och loss on ignition (LOI) som huvudsakliga metoder för att rekonstruera klimatförändringar under yngre Holocen i området. Resultaten har givit en överblick av temperaturförändringar, av vilka flera sammanfaller med större förflutna klimathändelser, och har använts för att göra en uppskattning av åldrar på de olika lagren av sekvensen.

Mars’ climate has undergone many massive changes over the course of it’s lifetime. In order toestablish how Mars lost the vast majority of its water, we must be able to understand how Marsis losing its atmosphere today. By understanding the current escape rates of H and D and theprocesses that control them, we can extrapolate back in time to model the escape rates under pastconditions. By using the Exospheric General Model (EGM) developed by researchers at LATMOS,Sorbonne University, I have simulated the density profiles and escape rates of H, D, related isotopesand particles due to collisions with hot oxygen particles in the Martian exosphere at the currentepoch at mean solar activity. By adding H and D to the model and implementing changes to theprogram between simulations, I have improved the accuracy of the escape rate of these particlesfrom Mars in the EGM. While my results for H, H2 and HD reflect what has been observed fromin-situ Martian Satellite, MAVEN, future work is needed to include the solar wind interaction for Din the model, as it has been shown to be significant and has been left out of this work.

Multitemporal SAR images have been used successfully for the detection of different types of environmental changes. The detection of urban change using SAR images is complicated due to the special characteristics of SAR images—for example, the existence of speckle and the complex mixture of the urban environment. This thesis investigates the detection of urban changes using SAR images with the following specific objectives: (1) to investigate unsupervised change detection, (2) to investigate reduction of the speckle effect and (3) to investigate spatio-contextual change detection. Beijing and Shanghai, the largest cities in China, were selected as study areas. Multitemporal SAR images acquired by ERS-2 SAR (1998~1999) and Envisat ASAR (2008~2009) sensors were used to detect changes that have occurred in these cities. Unsupervised change detection using SAR images is investigated using the Kittler-Illingworth algorithm. The problem associated with the diversity of urban changes—namely, more than one typology of change—is addressed using the modified ratio operator. This operator clusters both positive and negative changes on one side of the change-image histogram. To model the statistics of the changed and the unchanged classes, four different probability density functions were tested. The analysis indicates that the quality of the resulting change map will strongly depends on the density model chosen. The analysis also suggests that use of a local adaptive filter (e.g., enhanced Lee) removes fine geometric details from the scene. Speckle suppression and geometric detail preservation in SAR-based change detection, are addressed using the nonlocal means (NLM) algorithm. In this algorithm, denoising is achieved through a weighted averaging process, in which the weights are a function of the similarity of small image patches defined around each pixel in the image. To decrease the computational complexity, the PCA technique is used to reduce the dimensionality of the neighbourhood feature vectors. Simple methods to estimate the dimensionality of the new space and the required noise variance are proposed. The experimental results show that the NLM algorithm outperformed traditional local adaptive filters (e.g., enhanced Lee) in eliminating the effect of speckle and in maintaining the geometric structures in the scene. The analysis also indicates that filtering the change variable instead of the individual SAR images is effective in terms of both the quality of the results and the time needed to carry out the computation. The third research focuses on the application of Markov random field (MRF) in change detection using SAR images. The MRF-based change detection algorithm shows limited capacity to simultaneously maintain fine geometric detail in urban areas and combat the effect of speckle noise. This problem has been addressed through the introduction of a global constraint on the pixels’ class labels. Based on NLM theory, a global probability model is developed. The iterated conditional mode (ICM) scheme for the optimization of the MAP-MRF criterion function is extended to include a step that forces the maximization of the global probability model. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is better at preserving the fine structural detail, effective in reducing the effect of speckle, less sensitive to the value of the contextual parameter, and less affected by the quality of the initial change map compared with traditional MRF-based change detection algorithm. / <p>QC 20130610</p>

Global warming is widely reported to be a cause of water scarcity and increased water con-sumption. As a consequence, it becomes harder for water suppliers to be prepared for increaseddemands. It is possible to predict the upcoming demand with the help of machine learningtools, however, a preliminary analysis of water consumption patterns is important for a goodprediction. This work focuses on water consumption patterns and studies their change withtime as well as the effects of meteorological factors on it.In order to aid the investigation and scrutinization of the patterns, a new semi-automatedtool was developed. Its algorithm is based on the Mann-Whitney U statistical test and performsgrouping of the weeks with similar sets of hourly water consumption. It helps to frame off theseasons of the year within which the patterns are similar. Along with that, K-means clusteringwas applied to the data to retrieve the patterns and to compare the performance with the newlydeveloped algorithm. On top of that, the effects of the population growth and meteorologicalvariables on water consumption were studied.K-means clustering showed more robust performance than the newly developed algorithmand therefore the ways of improvement were discussed along with the significance of gooddata quality and thorough data pre-processing. It was detected that municipalities with thedifferent housing situation had different persistent summer patterns of water consumption. Ingeneral municipalities with prevailing individual housing tend to consume more water duringthe summer per capita than others. Furthermore, municipalities with prevailing individualhousing were observed to be less robust against temperature growth and humidity decreasethan those with prevailing apartment housing as the latter increase their water consumptionless significantly in response to mentioned meteorological variables change. Therefore, consid-ering the population growth, the benefits of planning new multi-apartment dwelling areas inpreference to individual housing were discussed in the context of sustainable water use andclimate change. / Global uppvärmning kan orsaka både vattenbrist och ökad vattenförbrukning. Som en kon-sekvens blir det svårare för vattenförsörjningsföretag att förberedda sig på de ökande kraven.Det är möjligt att förutsäga den kommande efterfrågan med hjälp av verktyg för maskininlärn-ing, men det är viktigt att analysera vattenförbrukningsmönster för att få en bra förutsägelse.Detta arbete fokuserar därför på att analysera, samt studerar effekterna av meteorologiskafaktorer och hur semesterperioden påverkar vattenförbrukningen.Ett nytt halvautomatiskt verktyg utformades för att extrahera dagliga vattenförbrukn-ingsmönster från förbrukningstidserier. Algoritmen anger vilka veckor på året som har liknandemönster och grupperar dem i så kallade konsumtionssäsonger. För att utvärdera prestandan förverktyget användes en grupperingsmetod den så kallade K-means clustering på samma data.Utöver det studerades även effekterna av befolkningstillväxten och meteorologiska variabler påvattenförbrukningen.K-means klustring visade sig ha en mer robust prestanda än den nya framtagna utveckladealgoritmen och därför diskuterades olika sätt att förbättra algoritmen samt vikten av god rå-datakvalitet. Det upptäcktes att kommuner med olika bostadssituation reagerade olika på varmtoch torrt väder samt vissa semesterhändelser. I allmänhet brukar kommuner med enbostadshu-sområden förbruka mer vatten under sommaren per capita än andra. Fördelar med att planeranya flerbostadsområden som ett mer hållbart alternativ till enbostadshusområden diskuteradesi kontexten av befolkningstillväxt och klimatförändringar.

The global population is expected to increase and the greatest challenge for the world’s food-producing sector is to secure food and nutrition through sustainable production methods and reduced waste. Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and algae, and has a significant role in providing food and employment as the demand for food is increasing. In this study, conventional open-net pen farming was compared to semi-closed aquaculture systems (S-CCS), as well as the possibility of implementing integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in Sweden. Open-net pens are cost-effective and well-proven methods, but due to environmental impacts, the opportunities are limited. Cultivation in S-CCS reduces the environmental impact by strengthening the barrier between the cultivated organism and the surroundings. Implementing IMTA offers the potential for diversification of aquaculture production and economic yield. Sweden has major potential to develop competitive aquaculture through sustainable technological solutions and by diversifying productivity. / Den globala befolkningen förväntas öka och den största utmaningen för världens livsmedelsproducerande sektor är att säkra tillgången på mat och näring genom hållbara produktionsmetoder och minskat avfall. Vattenbruk är odling av vattenlevande organismer inklusive fisk, blötdjur, kräftdjur och alger, och har en betydande roll för att tillhandahålla mat och sysselsättning när efterfrågan på mat ökar. I denna studie jämfördes konventionell kassodling med semi-slutna vattenbrukssystem (S-CCS), samt möjligheten att implementera integrerat multitrofisk vattenbruk (IMTA) i Sverige. Kassodling är kostnadseffektivt och en välbeprövad metod, men på grund av miljöpåverkan är möjligheterna begränsade. Odling i S-CCS minskar miljöpåverkan genom att stärka barriären mellan den odlade organismen och omgivningen. Implementering av IMTA erbjuder potential för diversifiering av vattenbruksproduktionen och ekonomisk avkastning. Sverige har stor potential att utveckla konkurrenskraftigt vattenbruk genom hållbara tekniska lösningar och genom att diversifiera produktiviteten.

Because of its specific qualities, lithium is a key element for making lithium-ion batteries, which is of great relevance since the battery sector is the fastest growing user of lithium to date and with the transition towards a fully electrified transportation sector due to the current climate agenda and an even bigger increase in demand for lithium is anticipated for the coming decades. The two main sources for lithium to date are mines and brines, with brine water composing around 87 % of the world’s lithium reserves in terms of contained lithium. Salars, dominantly large salt flats in South America, provide the type of brine water that has a high concentration of lithium. These salars occur primarily in Argentina, Bolivia and Chile (the ABC-triangle), where solid lithium-compounds occur dominantly as evaporate minerals such as lithium carbonates. Lithium from salars is recovered with natural evaporation and salar-derived lithium-salts generally have a higher purity than lithium derived from pegmatite mining. However, the process of lithium extraction from salars much slower than mining lithium from pegmatite, although large amounts of energy are required and large amounts of waste rock material is produced in the process. Lithium also occurs in geothermal waters and in seawater, but at far lower concentrations then in pegmatites or salar brines, which thus requires large processing efforts to be economically attractive.The purpose of this study is to provide a modern update based on the lithium production data in metric tons from recent years and interpolate the lithium production for the remaining part of the century. Then I will assess the difference between the projections from the study by Vikström et al. 2014, that were previously used to estimate possible future production rates annually, and current production and availability estimates. To achieve this, the present study will compare the different sources of lithium all over the world, mainly hard rock and brine, with a focus on the geological aspects and the EU from a financial aspect. This thesis thus aims to assess future production trends based on most recent data on geological availability, which will be retrieved from The United States Geological Survey, and earlier forecasts with the purpose to investigate if and how previous forecasts will need to change in respect to various resource availability. The production data ranging from 1900 to 2010 from the previous study by Vikström et al., on which the previous forecast production is based on, is updated with data from 2011 to 2019. With the addition of the more recent data, a similar forecast projection will be made using the same mathematical models (logistic, Gompertz and Richards).

Abstract A wildfire is an uncontrollable fire in an area of combustible fuel that occurs in the wild or countryside area. Wildfires are becoming a deadly and frequent event in Europe due to extreme weather conditions. In 2018, wildfires profoundly affected Sweden, Finland, and Norway, which were not big news before. In Norway, although there is well–organized fire detection, warning, and mitigation systems, mapping wildfire risk areas before the fire occurrence with georeferenced spatial information, are not yet well-practiced. At this moment, there are freely available remotely sensed spatial data and there is a good possibility that analysing wildfire hazard areas with geographical information systems together with multicriteria decision analysis (GIS–MCDA) and frequency ratio models in advance so that subsequent wildfire warning, mitigation, organizational and post resilience activities and preparations can be better planned.  This project covers eight counties of Norway: Oslo, Akershus, Østfold, Vestfold, Telemark, Buskerud, Oppland, and Hedmark. These are the counties with the highest wildfire frequency for the last ten years in Norway. In this study, GIS-MCDA integrated with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and frequency ratio models (FR) were used with selected sixteen–factor criteria based on their relative importance to wildfire ignition, fuel load, and other related characteristics. The produced factor maps were grouped under four main clusters (K): land use (K1), climate (K2), socioeconomic (K3), and topography (K4) for further analysis. The final map was classified into no hazard, low, medium, and high hazard level rates. The comparison result showed that the frequency ratio model with MODIS satellite data had a prediction rate with 72% efficiency, followed by the same model with VIIRS data and 70% efficiency. The GIS-MCDA model result showed 67% efficiency with both MODIS and VIIRS data. Those results were interpreted in accordance with Yesilnacar’s classifications such as the frequency ratio model with MODIS data was considered a good predictor, whereas the GIS-MCDA model was an average predictor. When testing the model on the dependent data set, the frequency ratio model showed 72% with MODIS &amp; VIIRS data, and the GIS-MCDA model showed 67% and 68% performance with MODIS and VIIRS data, respectively. In the hazard maps produced, the frequency ratio models for both MODIS and VIIRS showed that Hedmark and Akershus counties had the largest areas with the highest susceptibility to wildfires, while the GIS-MCDA method resulted to Østfold and Vestfold counties. Through this study, the best independent wildfire predictor criteria were selected from the highest to the lowest of importance; wildfire constraint and criteria maps were produced; wildfire hazard maps with high-resolution georeferenced data using three models were produced and compared; and the best, reliable, robust, and applicable model alternative was selected and recommended. Therefore, the aims and specific objectives of this study should be considered and fulfilled.

Syftet med den här studien är att göra en teknoekonomisk utvärdering av processer för förvätskning av CO2 med hjälp av Aspen Plus. Ett flertal förvätskningsprocesser från tidigare studier jämfördes och från dessa valdes två förvätskningsprocesser ut för fortsatta studier och simuleringar. Dessa två förvätskningsprocesser var ett internt kylt förvätskningssystem och ett externt kylt förvätskningssystem av Øi et al., Energy Procedia 86 (2016) 500-510, som kallats system A, samt av Seo et al., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 35 (2015) 1-12 kallat system B. Dessa två olika processer simulerades för teknisk analys med hjälp av Aspen Plus. Aspen Economical Analyzer (AEA) användes för att göra den ekonomiska analysen. I dessa simuleringar användes ett massflöde på 45 ton/h inkluderat vatteninnehåll, i jämförelse med tidigare studier med högre massflöden runt 100 ton/h. Elektricitet-och kylbehovet undersöktes i ett flertal olika fall med varierande kyltemperatur mellan kompressorerna. Två fall med integrering av fjärrvärme samt två fall med en värmepump undersöktes också med varierande återgående temperatur på fjärrvärmevattnet. Detta gjordes för att undersöka hur mycket värme som kan tillvaratas från förvätskningsprocessen. Vidare bestämdes även investeringskostnader samt driftskostnader med hjälp av AEA. Från detta bestämdes även den årliga kostnaden av kapitalet, CAPEX, och kostnaden att förvätska CO2 räknades ut i form av €/ton.  Resultaten visade att integrering av fjärrvärme samt värmepumpar är användbart för att tillvarata på så mycket värme som möjligt från förvätskningssystemen. I de fall med en värmepump samt en återgående temperatur på 47°C i fjärrvärmenätet hade ett COP på 3.07 samt 3.15 för system A samt system B vardera. Kostanden att förvätska CO2 var 17.42 €/ton för system A samt 17.75 €/ton för system B utan använding av en värmepump samt en återgående temperatur på 47°C i fjärrvärmenätet. Vid integrering av en värmepump gick kostnaden av förvätskning upp till 20.85 €/ton för system A samt 21.69 €/ton för system B. Kostnaden av förvätskning dominerades av driftskostnader med kostnaden av kapitalet har en mindre påverkan. Utnyttjandegraden har även en stor påverkan på kostanden av förvätskning, då lägre kapaciteter visade sig leda till markant högre förvätskningskostnader. När intäkterna från fjärrvärmeproduktionen adderades till kostnadskalkylen, minskade kostnaden av förvätskning, speciellt för de system med en värmepump, där priset minskade till 10.26 €/ton för system A eller 10.98 €/ton för system B. I linje med tidigare studier pekar även dessa resultat på att det ekonomiska optimumet sammanfaller med energioptimum. Resultaten visade även att system A, det internt kylda systemet, hade den lägsta förvätskningskostanden och minsta elektricitetsförbrukningen med och utan värmepump, och därför är system A optimalt för småskalig CO2 förvätskning. / The aim of this study is to do a technoeconomical analysis on CO2 liquefaction systems using Aspen Plus. Several liquefaction systems from previous studies were compared, and from these, two liquefaction systems were chosen for further studies and simulations. These liquefaction systems were namely an internal liquefaction system and an external liquefaction system by Øi et al., Energy Procedia 86 (2016) 500-510, called system A and Seo et al., International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 35 (2015) 1-12, called system B. These systems were simulated for technical analysis using Aspen Plus, and Aspen Economical Analyzer (AEA) was used for economical studies. A small-scale liquefaction system was studied with a mass flow rate of 45 tonne/h including the water content, as compared to other studies with higher mass flow rates of around 100 tonne/h. The electricity demand and cooling demand were studied in several cases of interstage cooling between compressors. Furthermore, two cases of district heating as well as two cases of heat pumps were studied with varying return temperatures of the district heating water. This was done to study how much heat could be recovered from the liquefaction process. Furthermore, the capital expenses as well as the operating expenses were also determined using AEA. From this, the annual CAPEX and the cost of CO2 was calculated in terms of €/tonne CO2.  The results showed that district heating and heat pumps can be useful to recover heat from the liquefaction processes. The simulations that included a heat pump and assumed a return temperature of 47°C had a COP of 3.07 and 3.15 for system A and B respectively. The determined cost of production was 17.42 €/tonne for system A and 17.75 €/tonne for system B when not using a heat pump and a return temperature of 47°C in the district heating grid. However, when adding a heat pump the total production cost (TPC) increased to 20.85 €/tonne for system A, and 21.69 €/tonne for system B. It was also shown that the TPC is highly dominated by the operating expenses while the total capital investment has a smaller impact on the TPC. The capacity is also important for the TPC as lower capacities was shown to lead to significantly increased production costs. When taking the revenue streams from district heating into account the TPC was decreased, in particular for the systems including the heat pumps, where the TPC for system A was 10.26 €/tonne while for system B it was 10.98 €/tonne. In accordance with previous studies it was shown that the economical optimum is closely related to the energy optimum. It was concluded that as system A, the internal liquefaction system, had the lowest TPC and electricity input with and without the heat pump and thus it is the optimal configuration for small-scale CO2 liquefaction.