Inaug.-Diss.: Theologische Fakultät: Göttingen: 1973-74. _ Notes bibliogr. Index.

A presente tese é sobre gnosticismo, doutrina religiosa da Antiguidade tardia, em sua relação com a poesia. Procura circunscrever seu âmbito, definir suas características e localizar seus principais temas: entre outros, o dualismo, os mito do demiurgo, das duas almas, do andrógino primordial, sua noção do tempo e sua relação com hermetismo, astrologia e alquimia. Mostra como mitos e temas gnósticos e até um estilo, um modo gnóstico de escrever, reaparecem ou são retomados por poetas românticos, simbolistas e modernistas, inclusive aqueles de língua portuguesa. Entre outros, examina William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso e Hilda Hilst. Sustenta que, sendo arcaico e anacrônico em seu dualismo e sua complexa cosmovisão e teologia, ao mesmo tempo o gnosticismo pode ser associado a uma mentalidade moderna e, como parte dela, a criações literárias, algumas inovadoras, pelo caráter sincrético e por formular uma crítica total, cósmica, na era da crítica. Também mostra como poetas não apenas absorveram ou reproduziram aquela doutrina, mas o fizeram de modo pessoal e original, transformando-a e reinventando-a. E, principalmente, como, utilizando suas categorias e temas, tentaram promover uma subversão do senso comum, da percepção instituída do mundo, justificando paralelos do gnosticismo como misticismo rebelde com a rebelião romântica e seus continuadores. / The present thesis is about Gnosticism, the religious doctrine of Late Antiquity, in its relationship to poetry. The focus is to establish the realm of Gnosticism, to define its characteristics, and to locate its main themes. Dualism, the myth of the demiurge, the two souls, the primordial androgynous, its notion of time, and relations of Gnosticism with Hermetism, Astrology and Alchemy are, amongst others, some of the subjects and themes. The thesis shows how Gnostic myths and subjects and even a Gnostic style of writing reappear or is resumed by romantic poets, symbolists and modernists, including those of Portuguese language. Among others, examines William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso and Hilda Hilst. Holds that Gnosticism, being archaic and anachronic in its dualism, complex weltanschauung and theology, can be associated at the same time with a modern mentality and, as part of it, with literary creations, some innovative, for its syncretism and its formulation of a total and cosmic review in the era of the criticism. Finally, also shows how poets didn\'t just absorb or reproduce that doctrine, but that they did it in a personal and original way, transforming and reinventing Gnosticism. And, most outstandingly, how, using its categories and themes, poets encouraged subversion of the common sense, and the formal perception of the world, therefore justifying parallels of Gnosticism as a rebellious mysticism with the Romantic rebellion and its followers.

A presente tese é sobre gnosticismo, doutrina religiosa da Antiguidade tardia, em sua relação com a poesia. Procura circunscrever seu âmbito, definir suas características e localizar seus principais temas: entre outros, o dualismo, os mito do demiurgo, das duas almas, do andrógino primordial, sua noção do tempo e sua relação com hermetismo, astrologia e alquimia. Mostra como mitos e temas gnósticos e até um estilo, um modo gnóstico de escrever, reaparecem ou são retomados por poetas românticos, simbolistas e modernistas, inclusive aqueles de língua portuguesa. Entre outros, examina William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso e Hilda Hilst. Sustenta que, sendo arcaico e anacrônico em seu dualismo e sua complexa cosmovisão e teologia, ao mesmo tempo o gnosticismo pode ser associado a uma mentalidade moderna e, como parte dela, a criações literárias, algumas inovadoras, pelo caráter sincrético e por formular uma crítica total, cósmica, na era da crítica. Também mostra como poetas não apenas absorveram ou reproduziram aquela doutrina, mas o fizeram de modo pessoal e original, transformando-a e reinventando-a. E, principalmente, como, utilizando suas categorias e temas, tentaram promover uma subversão do senso comum, da percepção instituída do mundo, justificando paralelos do gnosticismo como misticismo rebelde com a rebelião romântica e seus continuadores. / The present thesis is about Gnosticism, the religious doctrine of Late Antiquity, in its relationship to poetry. The focus is to establish the realm of Gnosticism, to define its characteristics, and to locate its main themes. Dualism, the myth of the demiurge, the two souls, the primordial androgynous, its notion of time, and relations of Gnosticism with Hermetism, Astrology and Alchemy are, amongst others, some of the subjects and themes. The thesis shows how Gnostic myths and subjects and even a Gnostic style of writing reappear or is resumed by romantic poets, symbolists and modernists, including those of Portuguese language. Among others, examines William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso and Hilda Hilst. Holds that Gnosticism, being archaic and anachronic in its dualism, complex weltanschauung and theology, can be associated at the same time with a modern mentality and, as part of it, with literary creations, some innovative, for its syncretism and its formulation of a total and cosmic review in the era of the criticism. Finally, also shows how poets didn\'t just absorb or reproduce that doctrine, but that they did it in a personal and original way, transforming and reinventing Gnosticism. And, most outstandingly, how, using its categories and themes, poets encouraged subversion of the common sense, and the formal perception of the world, therefore justifying parallels of Gnosticism as a rebellious mysticism with the Romantic rebellion and its followers.

L’originalité de la pensée de Rudolf Steiner, née dans la mouvance de la société théosophique est d’aller vers l'universalité, en dépit de critiques pas toujours fondées. En effet, la pensée de Steiner est au confluent de l’Europe, de l’Egypte, de la Perse et de l’Inde. A la fois pensée ésotérique, occulte et mystique, elle est intrinsèquement gnostique. Enseignement de sagesse, la gnose désigne un concept tout à la fois philosophique et religieux qui permet le salut de l’âme par une connaissance directe de la divinité. Dans son effort de connaissance à vocation universelle, le gnostique inclut les particularités historiques inclues tant dans le brahmanisme, que dans la chrétienté, l’islam et le judaïsme. A l’instar des Hindous, Steiner concevait l'Histoire comme le résultat des expériences de l’évolution individuelle, qui se déroulent au travers de nombreuses existences ou incarnations successives. Le monde spirituel lui apparaissait relié au monde physique par l'intermédiaire de la pensée humaine et il a décrit le système anthroposophique, la « sagesse de l’homme », tel un chemin de connaissance, allant de l'être humain, vers l’aspect spirituel de l'univers. Le cheminement de la gnose hindoue jusqu’aux idées de Steiner est développé dans cette thèse. Les rapports entre gnose, ésotérisme, mystique, religion, et occultisme, L’expérience mystique relatant un rapport avec le divin, de par sa nature difficilement communicable, par lequel l'âme humaine accèderait à une rencontre directe avec la source primordiale fut également un des thèmes étudiés par l’anthroposophe / The originality of Rudolf Steiner's thought, influenced by Theosophical Society, is to go to the universality of mankind, in spite of open criticisms that do not always correspond to reality. In fact, Steiner's Gnostic thought has been deeply influenced by European and Eastern Philosophical currents of Esotericism, Occultism and Mysticism. Gnosis is a reference to Philosophical and Religious concepts that allow soul salvation through a direct link to God. Ithas a universal vocation, and Gnosticism includes historical aspects included in Brahmanism, Christianity, Islam and Judaism. As Hindus believed so, Steiner conceived Human History as the result of the experiences of individual evolution, which took place after many human incarnations. The spiritual world was according to Rudolf Steiner connected to the physical world with human thought and the history of the anthroposophic systems, that he called "Human Wisdom", as a path of knowledge, going from human beings, towards universal spiritual aspects. The path of Hindu gnosis to the ideas of Steiner and the relationship between Gnosis, Esotericism, Mysticism, Religion and Occultism are developed in this study. The theme of the encounter with a primordial source was dear to the philosopher

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wanessa Cardoso.pdf: 903754 bytes, checksum: 8e375cb3d6151e2d5aac99c041351e15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-10 / This research aims at the knowledge of the spiritual development in the work of the Sufi mystic Djalal-od-Din Rumi, known as Mawlana, meaning Our Master . Born in 1207 in the Balkh province, the cradle of Persian civilization, Rumi produced several works of a mystical character, the most famous being the Masnavi, a collection of poems bearing the mystical as well as theological and philosophical treatises. A monumental work, divided into six books, containing fifty-one thousand verses. Known as the Persian Quran it was one of the works that we used in this research, as well as the book Fihi ma Fihi, which is about the inner life and spiritual teachings, which is the focus of this research. The main objective of the research is to understand the meaning of thinking with the heart, since it is the only place of spiritual knowledge, as posted by Rumi. We researched this recurring theme throughout his mystical work in the bibliographical literature. We understand what this Mystic of Love taught as being spiritual development, when he says that is can only happen by opening the spiritual heart, a place of communication with God. We also covered aspects of the philosophy of religions and the categories of Sufism, from a historical point of view as a setting for the readers, as we are at the base of Islam and the Middle Ages, and from there to the Rumi gnosis itself. We concluded that Rumi, throughout his life and work, emphasizes the character of a living religion , i.e., a religion that points to a path of development of the human potential, caused by a deep transformation, insisting that we don t learn through reason, but through a mystical body, which is the heart. Moreover, we can say that, according to Rumi, we need a path and a teacher to support all the changes, since it is a path that involves a sort of death, not a physical one, but from the little self, something very difficult and painful for the human being. You could still say that Rumi extends the spiritual development so that it is primarily experiential, insisting that humanity was born only to remember its source and its birthplace, which is God / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o conhecimento do desenvolvimento espiritual na obra do místico sufi Djalâl-od-Din Rûmi, conhecido como Mawlana, que significa Nosso Mestre . Nascido em 1207 na província de Balkh, berço da civilização persa, Rumi produziu várias obras de caráter místico, sendo a mais famosa o Masnavi, um conjunto fértil de poesias místicas e de tratados teológico-filosóficos. Uma obra monumental, dividida em seis livros, contendo cinquenta e um mil versos. Conhecido como Alcorão persa é uma das obras que utilizamos nesta pesquisa, como também o livro Fihi ma fihi, que é um livro do interior e de ensinamentos espirituais, que é o nosso foco na pesquisa. Temos como problema de pesquisa entender qual o significado de se pensar com o coração, já que ele é o único lugar de conhecimento espiritual, conforme colocado pelo próprio Rumi. Pesquisamos um tema insistente em toda obra deste místico, através da pesquisa bibliográfica. Compreendemos o que esse Místico do Amor ensinou como desenvolvimento espiritual, afirmando que ele só pode acontecer através do alargamento do coração espiritual, local de comunicação com Deus. Também abordamos aspectos da filosofia da Religião e das categorias do sufismo, partindo de uma abertura histórica para ambientar os leitores, já que estamos na base do islamismo e da Idade Média, para, posteriormente, seguirmos rumo à gnose de Rumi propriamente. Pudemos concluir que Rumi, em toda sua vida e obra, insiste no caráter de uma religião viva , ou seja, de uma religião que aponte para um caminho de desenvolvimento das potencialidades humanas, causado por uma profunda transformação, insistindo que não aprendemos através da razão, mas mediante um órgão místico, que é o coração. Além disso, podemos afirmar que, segundo Rumi, necessitamos de um caminho e de um mestre, que sustente todas as transformações, já que é um caminho que pressupõe uma morte, não física, mas do pequeno eu, algo muito difícil e doloroso para o ser humano. Ainda é possível dizer que Rumi amplia o desenvolvimento espiritual, para que ele seja prioritariamente experiencial, insistindo que a humanidade nasceu apenas para se lembrar de sua fonte e de sua nascente, que é Deus

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CRE - Roberto Gallego.pdf: 763436 bytes, checksum: b22061de276f7d63a073dfe76b4d3236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of the present study is to explore the issue of salvation as proposed by Plotinus who was both a philosopher and a mystic, and the most noteworthy representative of the last period of Greek philosophy and also the experience of gnosis, an important religious movement that reached its climax in the first centuries of the Christian Era. Initially, the study sought to contextualize this theme within the historical framework in which the socalled Plotinus s antignostic polemic occurred, namely, during the Late Antiquity, when the notion prevailed that the earthly existence replete with suffering and privation would have to be transcended. The human being was but a stranger in the world that surrounded them and, therefore, should return to their spiritual homeland, their true ancestry. It was within this historical context that Plotinus s and the Gnostics doctrine on salvation took place. Although they converged on some of its aspects, there existed a profound divergence of views between them. This study also sought to outline the fundamental concepts behind confront systems. With regard to the Gnostics, the Sethian school was analyzed since it formulated two Gnostic treatises contained in the so-called Nag Hammadi Library , which were acknowledged and criticized by Plotinus: the Zostrianus and Allogenes. In addition, the study went on to examine the theme of salvation vis a vis the theories of cosmogony/cosmology, anthropogony/anthropology, and ethics of the Plotinian and Gnostic systems, especially the Sethian Gnostic texts. Lastly, the study focused on the salvationary aspects of both traditions, the role ascribed to man in the redemption process, and also the scope of salvation. As the basis for research, works by Brazilian and foreign commentators were resorted to, as well as primary sources such as Plotinus s Enneads and the Gnostic treatises held in the Nag Hammadi Library , mainly the aforementioned Zostrianus and Allogenes. The reason for undertaking this research lies in the fact that in Brazil there are few studies about the relationship between Plotinus and the Gnostics, and there are even fewer studies conducted in the spectrum of their soteriology. Therefore, the present research hopes to arouse the interest of Brazilians for the study of philosophical and religious construction addressing the fundamental issues of the human soul / O presente trabalho tem, como objetivo, estudar a problemática da salvação em Plotino - a um só tempo filósofo e místico, e o mais notável representante do último período da filosofia grega - e a gnose, um importante movimento religioso que conheceu o seu ápice nos primeiros séculos da era cristã. Inicialmente, buscou-se contextualizar tal temática no cenário histórico em que se deu a denominada polêmica antignóstica de Plotino , isto é, a Antiguidade Tardia, na qual prevaleceu a percepção de que a existência terrena, repleta de sofrimentos e carências, haveria de ser transcendida. O ser humano, um estrangeiro no mundo, deveria retornar à sua pátria espiritual, sua verdadeira origem. É, neste quadro histórico, que tem lugar a proposta de Plotino, bem como a dos gnósticos, acerca da salvação, que, embora se mostrem convergentes em alguns aspectos, divergem, profundamente, em outros. Em seguida, tratou-se de alinhavar os traços fundamentais dos sistemas em confronto, sendo que, com relação aos gnósticos, privilegiou-se a escola sethiana, autora de dois tratados, constantes da chamada Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi , conhecidos e criticados por Plotino: o Zostrianos e o Alógenes. Na seqüência, cuidou-se de examinar o tema da salvação à luz da cosmogonia/cosmologia, antropogonia/antropologia e ética, dos sistemas plotiniano e gnóstico, particularmente o gnóstico sethiano. Por último, enfocou-se o procedimento salvífico das duas tradições cotejadas, assim como o papel reservado ao homem no processo de redenção e, ainda, a abrangência da salvação. Recorreu-se, para a realização da pesquisa, a comentaristas nacionais e estrangeiros, bem como, na medida do possível, às fontes primárias, quais sejam, as Enéadas de Plotino e os tratados gnósticos, contidos na referida Biblioteca de Nag Hammadi , em especial os já mencionados Zostrianos e Alógenes. A justificativa para este trabalho reside no fato de que, no Brasil, não há muitos estudos acerca da relação entre Plotino e os gnósticos, e menos ainda, no campo específico das soteriologias respectivas. Desta forma, a pesquisa espera estimular, em nosso país, o interesse pelo estudo das construções filosófico-religiosas apontadas, que lidam com problemas fundamentais da alma humana

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:12:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdrisiAF_TESE.pdf: 2696449 bytes, checksum: 2bf551b579d0227160e510a27e887618 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-14 / This thesis aims better understanding the relation between time and evil in Schelling s Freiheitsschrift, having its starting point in approximations from Gnosticism. For that purpose, before approaching that relation, it is reviewed (chapter I) the question of Gnosticism, a strain of thought essentially concerned with the problem of time and permeated by the belief in an evil nature of creation, and which is alleged to have significantly influenced certain ideas of Schelling. An evaluation of approximations between Gnosticism, gnosis and German thought follows (chapter II), as well as an evaluation of Schellingian aproximations to Gnosticism (chapter III). Then, the Freiheitsschrift is analysed as the text where Schelling, having taken hold of a very distinct appropriation of Gnosticism, goes beyond Kantian theodicy (chapter IV). Some interrogations about whether key ideas of Schellingian philosophy (about gnosis, creation, duality, time, and evil) are conceived in a way that is essentially different from that of historic Gnosticism, despite the much that has been said to the contrary, are then addressed (chapter V). The proposal of a Platonic-Plotinian key to the understanding of the relations between time and evil in the Freiheitsschrift comes next (chapter VI), and then gives way to the concluding remarks (chapter VII). We perceive that Gnosticism and Neoplatonism are systems of thought that sometimes converge, and that German thought is one of the places of this convergence. Notwithstanding this perception, it is possible to affirm that Schellingian thought, with its valorization of time and of a certain perception of evil, is essentially anti-gnostic, despite some contrary observations / Esta tese objetiva contribuir para um melhor entendimento da rela??o entre o tempo e o mal no Freiheitsschrift de Schelling, a partir de aproxima??es desde o Gnosticismo. Para tanto, antes de come?ar a tratar dessa rela??o far-se-? uma revis?o da quest?o do Gnosticismo (cap?tulo I) corrente de pensamento essencialmente preocupada com a problem?tica do tempo e permeada pela cren?a em uma natureza m? da cria??o, e que alegadamente teria influenciado de modo significativo algumas ideias de Schelling. Seguir-se-? uma avalia??o das aproxima??es entre Gnosticismo, gnose e pensamento alem?o (cap?tulo II) e outra particularmente dedicada ?s aproxima??es schellinguianas ao Gnosticismo (cap?tulo III). Analisar-se-? ent?o o Freiheitsschrift como texto onde Schelling, tendo feito uma apropria??o muito particular do Gnosticismo, vai al?m da teodic?ia kantiana (cap?tulo IV). Interrogar-se ? ent?o (cap?tulo V) se algumas ideiaschave da filosofia schellinguiana (sobre a gnose, a cria??o, a dualidade, o tempo, o mal) s?o concebidas de um modo essencialmente distinto daquele do Gnosticismo hist?rico, apesar do muito que se disse em contr?rio. Apresentar-se-? em seguida a proposta de uma chave Plat?nica-plotiniana para o entendimento das rela??es entre o tempo e o mal no Freiheitsschrift (cap?tulo VI), passando-se logo em seguida ?s considera??es conclusivas (cap?tulo VII). Constata-se que o Gnosticismo e o Neoplatonismo constituem sistemas por vezes convergentes entre si, e que o pensamento alem?o ? um dos espa?os dessa converg?ncia. N?o obstante essa constata??o, ? poss?vel afirmar que o pensamento schellinguiano, com sua valoriza??o do tempo e de uma certa percep??o do mal, ? essencialmente antign?stico, a despeito de algumas observa??es em contr?rio

Reprendre contact avec les réalités de l’âme, rouvrir la source où l’être rejaillit éternellement : tel est l’idéal occulte, inavouable, d’où procède la poétique d’Hubert Aquin. Depuis sa jeunesse, Aquin s’emploie clandestinement à défaire les mailles de la conscience et à rebrousser chemin vers les arrière-plans ténébreux du Moi, vers le Plérôme de la vie nue. Il manœuvre pour se mettre au service de l’intentionnalité impersonnelle inscrite au plus profond de sa psyché, pour devenir l’instrument du vouloir aveugle « qui opère en lui comme une force d’inertie ». Son œuvre ne s’accomplit pas dans le texte, mais à rebours du texte, voire à rebours du langage ; elle se déploie sur le terrain d’une confrontation enivrée avec le Négatif — avec la Parole sacrée issue de l’abîme. En d’autres termes, elle prend la forme d’une Gnose, c’est-à-dire d’un exercice de dé-subjectivation, de destruction de soi, consistant à réaliser la connaissance participative de l’empreinte imaginale scellée derrière les barreaux de la finitude. Essentiellement consacrée à l’analyse de la dimension gnostique de l’œuvre d’Hubert Aquin, cette thèse vise à montrer que la connaissance du hiéroglyphe mystérieux gravé au fond de l’âme n’est pas une sinécure. Il s’agit plutôt d’un opus contra naturam qui comporte bien des risques (en tout premier lieu celui d’une inflation psychique). Pourtant, ce travail est aussi, aux yeux de l’auteur, le seul véritablement digne d’être accompli, celui qui donne à l’homme le moyen de se soustraire à l’engloutissement de la mort et la possibilité de renaître. Comme l’écrit Aquin dans un texte de jeunesse, l’ouverture inconditionnelle au Négatif (la destruction de soi) est « une façon privilégiée d’expérimenter la vie et un préalable à toute entreprise artistique » ; elle correspond à « un mode supérieur de connaissance », à un savoir « impersonnel » qui offre immédiatement le salut. / To reestablish contact with the realities of the soul, to reopen the source from which Being eternally resurges: such is the occult and unspeakable ideal from which Hubert Aquin’s poetics proceeds. From his youth onwards, Aquin secretly seeks to unravel the mesh of consciousness, in order to retrace the path leading back towards the dark nether regions of the Self, towards the Pleroma of the naked life. Thus he operates exclusively in the service of the impersonal intentionality inscribed in the depths of his psyche, as the instrument of the blind will that acts inside of him “like an inertial force”. His work does not fulfill itself in the text, but rather runs counter to the text, even counter to language itself; it deploys as an exhilarating confrontation with the Negative, with the sacred Word issuing from the abyss. In other words, Aquin’s work takes the form of a Gnosis: an exercise in de-subjectivization and self-destruction that consists in attaining participative knowledge of the imaginal seal imprinted behind the bars of finitude. This thesis, principally devoted to an analysis of the gnostic dimension of Hubert Aquin’s œuvre, aims to show that to decipher the mysterious hieroglyph engraved in the depths of the soul is no simple task: it is rather an opus contra naturam, involving great dangers (of which the first is the risk of psychic inflation); yet, to the author’s eyes, only this task is really necessary and truly worthy of being undertaken, for only by this means can the human being escape from engulfment in death – by being reborn. As Aquin writes in an early work, to open oneself unconditionally to the Negative (i.e., self-destruction) is “a special way of experiencing life and a prerequisite to any artistic enterprise”; it is equivalent to “a superior mode of knowledge” of an “impersonal” kind, promising immediate salvation.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-06-01T18:04:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 transformacoes_historicas.pdf: 1011941 bytes, checksum: 37a0bc0e045ed1b52cceb172eb2e055b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-01T18:04:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 transformacoes_historicas.pdf: 1011941 bytes, checksum: 37a0bc0e045ed1b52cceb172eb2e055b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Nenhuma / O budismo, uma das grandes religiões mundiais, conheceu um processo de expansão para o Ocidente desde o século XIX, ao mesmo tempo em que, no Oriente, viu-se ameaçado pela redução do número de adeptos e pela proibição de sua prática por regimes ditatoriais instalados nos países asiáticos nos períodos do colonialismo e do pós-guerra. A partir de 1950, passou a manifestar uma nova característica, de engajamento social e político, expressa em projetos sociais budistas que surgiram em diferentes continentes e países. Essa nova configuração, entretanto, ainda se baliza em conteúdos típicos da tradição milenar asiática, tais como a meditação, a não-violência, a compaixão, a não-identidade e a ênfase na vida humana preciosa e na interdependência. Tais concepções entraram em contato com a cultura racional e individualista da modernidade ocidental. Nesse contexto, as ações de engajamento, sustentadas em uma teoria social budista própria, interpelaram a percepção sociológica clássica a respeito do budismo, no sentido de constituir uma religião introspectiva, de renúncia contemplativa do mundo. Diante dessas questões, esta tese buscou verificar como a evolução histórica do budismo, em particular o budismo engajado, tem acarretado alterações na natureza dessa religião e como, em contrapartida e dentro de novos termos, o budismo engajado tem preservado e promovido a cultura e os valores budistas no mundo moderno. Em paralelo ao estudo do budismo engajado no mundo e no Brasil, uma pesquisa em instituição budista brasileira, por intermédio da pesquisa participante, buscou caracterizar essas práticas, identificar seus efeitos sobre seu público-alvo e avaliar sua contribuição para as iniciativas de promoção social. Concluiu-se que, a partir dos efeitos da colonização, modernidade e globalização, as instituições budistas vêm manifestando maior envolvimento social. O budismo, caracterizado por Weber como uma religião de renúncia contemplativa do mundo, assumiu uma feição de engajamento no mundo. Os projetos sociais budistas conciliam os elementos gnósticos milenares típicos do budismo com a ação social budista, que seguem as orientações do dharma budista aplicado ao campo social. Esse encontro do gnóstico com o racional pode trazer contribuições e inovações ao campo das ciências sociais aplicadas e também promover a preservação e ampliação do budismo. / Buddhism, one of the world?s great religions, met an expansion to the West since the nineteenth century, while in the East was at risk by a reduction on the number of followers and the ban on its practices by dictatorial regimes installed in the Asian countries during the colonialism and postwar periods. From 1950, it began to manifest a new feature of social and political engagement, expressed in Buddhist social projects that have emerged in different continents and countries. This new configuration, however, is still based in typical ancient Asian tradition, such as meditation, nonviolence, compassion, non-identity and focus on precious human life and interdependence. These concepts came into contact with the rational and individualistic culture of Western modernity. In this context, the actions of engagement, sustained in a Buddhist social theory itself, have approached the classical sociological perception about Buddhism of an introspective, contemplative renunciation of the world religion. Given these issues, this thesis sought to determine how the historical development of Buddhism, particularly the engaged Buddhism, has caused changes in the nature of this religion and how, in new terms, the engaged Buddhism has preserved and promoted, by contrast, culture and Buddhist values in the modern world. In parallel with the study of engaged Buddhism in the world and in Brazil, a research in a Brazilian Buddhist institution, through participant research, sought to characterize these practices, identify their impact on your public and evaluate their contribution to the initiatives of social promotion. It was concluded that, from the effects of colonization, modernity and globalization, the Buddhist institutions are showing greater social involvement. Buddhism, characterized by Weber as a religion of contemplative renunciation of the world, assumed a face of engagement in the world. The Buddhist social projects concile the typical ancient gnostic elements of Buddhism with Buddhist social action, which follow the guidelines of the Buddhist dharma applied to the social field. This meeting of the gnostic with rational may bring contributions and innovations to the field of applied social sciences as well as promote the preservation and expansion of Buddhism.

L'écrivain doit « "[c]réer la valeur" », puis « reconstruire un édifice de valeurs ». Cet impératif formulé par Broch dans son essai « Le Mal dans les valeurs de l'art » constitue aussi le programme narratif de son roman Les Somnambules, œuvre polyhistorique - pour recourir à l'appellation générique qu'emploie le romancier - qui mime, et peut-être même accomplit, le processus à l'issue duquel les forces de l'Irrationnel sont canalisées pour faire l'objet d'une rationalisation. La nouvelle rationalité que s'efforce de créer Broch au moyen du polyhistoricisme, genre associé par l'auteur au « roman nouveau dans sa polyphonie à la fois rationnelle et irrationnelle », doit selon lui fournir un socle aux nouvelles croyances religieuses appelées à supplanter celles véhiculées par le christianisme, ce système axiologique totalisant qu'il convient, estime-t-il, de remplacer par un nouveau, dont la création est d'ailleurs anticipée dans l'ensemble de sa production littéraire. Roman polyphonique au sens où le discours scientifique s'y présente comme le contrepoint du discours irrationnel, Les Somnambules se propose, plus précisément, de fonder la nouvelle rationalité à partir de la prise en considération des motions psychiques inconscientes qui structurent la pensée. Le rapprochement entre la raison et ce qui excède les frontières imparties à l'entendement n'étonne guère lorsqu'à la lecture de Broch, on constate que toute grande religion permet de convertir de nouveaux fidèles, c'est-à-dire de susciter chez eux une illumination mystique ne pouvant être décrite autrement qu'irrationnellement, même si les membres de cette religion poursuivent, en contrepartie, des objectifs définis, le plus souvent, rationnellement. Ainsi, les dévots luttent, dans le meilleur des cas, contre le paganisme et sont appelés, toujours selon Broch, à faire de même en ce qui concerne les avatars de cette religion - fascisme, totalitarisme - cela en vue de prévenir l'apparition des symptômes se manifestant lors du déclenchement de délires collectifs. L'œuvre romanesque de Broch, envisagée ici à l'aune des Somnambules, est travaillée de fond en comble par les antinomies (rationnel/irrationnel, proche/lointain, souvenir/oubli, familiarité/étrangeté); il en va de même en ce qui a trait aux publications « scientifiques » de Broch, commentées en ces pages dans le cadre d'une analyse portant sur la doctrine axiologique incorporée à l'intrigue romanesque des Somnambules et sur la Théorie de la folie des masses, du même auteur. La stratégie de lecture adoptée dans le présent mémoire consiste à déplacer les frontières, voire à remettre en question leur légitimité, tracées - parfois arbitrairement par les critiques fréquentant l'œuvre de Broch - entre le roman de la connaissance irrationnelle et son indispensable complément, la philosophie scientifique, dont l'apport est susceptible de contribuer, croit le romancier, à éveiller (au sens métaphorique du terme) ses contemporains; notre auteur incite ceux-ci à re-découvrir les fondements de la Réalité, lesquels résident dans l'amitié, le sentiment amoureux et l'expérience de la mort, comme il l'écrit dans La Mort de Virgile. Les trois composantes du Réel sont également appréhendées lors de l'acquisition de la connaissance irrationnelle : le noyau de la science est le pré-savoir acquis intuitivement par le somnambule ou le rêveur. Ce noyau ainsi que ce qui l'enveloppe constituent le cœur de notre propos. Nous nous intéresserons donc, dans les pages à venir, à la dialectique du Rationnel et de l'Irrationnel. Les théories de la connaissance de Platon, Descartes, Kant, Cassirer, Jung, susciteront aussi un engouement chez nous. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : polyhistoricisme, littérature religieuse, roman gnoséologique, philosophie du roman, langage de l'immédiateté, position de valeurs, éthique, esthétique.