O Estatuto da Cidade, lei federal N. 10.257/01, reconhecido como marco regulatório de promoção da reforma urbana, passados mais de quinze anos de sua aprovação, têm sido deveras debatido quanto à sua real eficácia, em razão da inoperância de aplicabilidade de seus instrumentos urbanísticos. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral demonstrar, a partir de um estudo de caso, quais são os entraves enfrentados na aplicabilidade de um instrumento, para além da condição rasa da dificuldade política. Neste sentido, a narrativa revela como transcorreram as questões técnicas que permearam a implementação do instrumento Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir, desencadeadas durante o processo de desenvolvimento do projeto de lei de regulação do uso do solo na cidade de São José dos Campos. A partir da leitura de documentos, disponibilizados em endereço eletrônico da prefeitura na época, ou de materiais elaborados e desenvolvidos como consequência da atividade enquanto técnica da gestão pública, foram descritas algumas etapas administrativas e legais, referente ao processo deste projeto de lei. A pesquisa descortina os interesses diversos nas condutas das relações intersetoriais dos atores representativos da sociedade e os caminhos adotados nas busca de consensos. Ao final intenciona-se evidenciar a potencialidade de o instrumento e antagonicamente suas limitações de implementação, e fundamentalmente, contribuir na reflexão para a busca de estratégias de reversão do cenário atual. / The City Statute, Federal Law N. 10.257 / 01, recognized as a regulatory framework for the promotion of urban reform, more than fifteen years after its approval, has been seriously debated as to its real effectiveness, due to the inoperability of its applicability. urban tools. This dissertation aims to demonstrate, from a case study, what are the obstacles faced in the applicability of an instrument, beyond the shallow condition of political difficulty. In this sense, the narrative reveals how the technical issues that permeated the implementation of the Onerous Right of Building instrument, triggered during the development process of the land use regulation project in the city of São José dos Campos, From the reading of documents, made available at the city\'s electronic address at the time, or materials developed and developed as a consequence of the activity as a public management technique, some administrative and legal steps were described regarding the process of this bill. The research reveals the diverse interests in the conduct of the intersectoral relations of the representative actors of society and the paths adopted in the search for consensus. In the end, it is intended to highlight the potentiality of the instrument and, in an antagonistic way, its limitations of implementation, and fundamentally, to contribute to the reflection for the search of strategies of reversion of the current scenario.

Background: The hurricane in the south of Sweden in January 2005 was the worst storm in Sweden for the last hundred years. The storm named Gudrun has blown down forest that according to estimation is corresponding to one year of cutting down in the entire country. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe how credit granters act when facing falling forest real estate mortgage and describe if they will make considerations due to the storm in the south of Sweden 2005. Method: With help of a qualitative method, we investigated how the credit granters act when facing falling forest real estate mortgage. Interviews were obtained with three credit granters, SEB, Landshypotek and FöreningsSparbanken in the county of Jönköping and Kronoberg. Conclusion: The conclusion is based upon the empirical study, the analysis and our own reflections and it shows that the credit granters do not change their policy concerning credit granting to forest real estate properties. The policy of the credit granters has proven to be valid even in this extreme situation. / Bakgrund: I januari 2005 drabbades södra Sverige av den värsta naturkatastrofen på 100 år. Stormen Gudrun blåste ner skog i en omfattning som en-ligt uppskattningar motsvarar omkring en normal årsavverkning sett över hela Sverige. Dock koncentrerades den nedblåsta skogen på en betydligt mindre yta, nämligen vissa delar av södra Sverige. I de drab-bade delarna ägs skogen till största delen av privata skogsägare och de har nu lidit ekonomisk förlust till följd av stormen. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva hur olika kreditgivare agerar när skogsfastighetspanter sjunker i värde, samt beskriva eventuella åtgärder som kan komma att vidtas av kreditgivarna mot bakgrund av den kraftiga stormen i södra Sverige 2005. Metod: Med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod undersöktes hur olika kreditgivare agerar när skogsfastighetspanter sjunker i värde. Intervjuer gjordes med tre kreditgivare, nämligen SEB, Landshypotek och Förenings-Sparbanken i Jönköpings och Kronobergs län. Slutsats: Med utgångspunkt från empiri, analys och egna reflektioner har vi kommit fram till att kreditgivarna inte kommer att genomföra några övergripande förändringar av kreditgivningen till skogsfastigheter till följd av stormen. Kreditgivarnas etablerade policy har visat sig hålla även i den här extremt svåra situationen.

<p>Background: The hurricane in the south of Sweden in January 2005 was the worst storm in Sweden for the last hundred years. The storm named Gudrun has blown down forest that according to estimation is corresponding to one year of cutting down in the entire country.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe how credit granters act when facing falling forest real estate mortgage and describe if they will make considerations due to the storm in the south of Sweden 2005.</p><p>Method: With help of a qualitative method, we investigated how the credit granters act when facing falling forest real estate mortgage. Interviews were obtained with three credit granters, SEB, Landshypotek and FöreningsSparbanken in the county of Jönköping and Kronoberg.</p><p>Conclusion: The conclusion is based upon the empirical study, the analysis and our own reflections and it shows that the credit granters do not change their policy concerning credit granting to forest real estate properties. The policy of the credit granters has proven to be valid even in this extreme situation.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: I januari 2005 drabbades södra Sverige av den värsta naturkatastrofen på 100 år. Stormen Gudrun blåste ner skog i en omfattning som en-ligt uppskattningar motsvarar omkring en normal årsavverkning sett över hela Sverige. Dock koncentrerades den nedblåsta skogen på en betydligt mindre yta, nämligen vissa delar av södra Sverige. I de drab-bade delarna ägs skogen till största delen av privata skogsägare och de har nu lidit ekonomisk förlust till följd av stormen.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva hur olika kreditgivare agerar när skogsfastighetspanter sjunker i värde, samt beskriva eventuella åtgärder som kan komma att vidtas av kreditgivarna mot bakgrund av den kraftiga stormen i södra Sverige 2005.</p><p>Metod: Med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod undersöktes hur olika kreditgivare agerar när skogsfastighetspanter sjunker i värde. Intervjuer gjordes med tre kreditgivare, nämligen SEB, Landshypotek och Förenings-Sparbanken i Jönköpings och Kronobergs län.</p><p>Slutsats: Med utgångspunkt från empiri, analys och egna reflektioner har vi kommit fram till att kreditgivarna inte kommer att genomföra några övergripande förändringar av kreditgivningen till skogsfastigheter till följd av stormen. Kreditgivarnas etablerade policy har visat sig hålla även i den här extremt svåra situationen.</p>

Revisionsplikten för mindre företag i Sverige avskaffades år 2010 och efter reformen har mindre företag möjlighet att välja själva om de ska anlita revisor eller inte. När företag väljer bort revision påverkas dess intressenter genom att tillförlitligheten i den finansiella informationen minskar. Genom ett kvalitativt angreppssätt syftar denna studie till att undersöka hur bankers och leverantörers kreditbedömningar har påverkats när företag väljer bort revisorn. I studien har vi intervjuat tre mindre banker och två större banker inom Värmland för att få en djupare förståelse för vad de anser om revisionspliktens avskaffande och hur deras kreditbedömningar har påverkats. I urvalet finns också leverantörer och upplysningscentraler som har kontaktats via telefon eller mejl. Resultatet tyder på att det finns en marginell påverkan på bankernas kreditbedömningar av företag som har valt bort revisorn genom mer kontroll och analys, men överlag så är respondenterna positiva till avskaffandet. Leverantörerna nämner att de använder sig av upplysningscentraler vid kreditbedömningar och i upplysningscentralernas upplysningar finns det angivet om företagen har revisor eller inte, men det verkar som att det är upp till leverantörerna själva att avgöra betydelsen av detta. / The mandatory audit for smaller enterprises in Sweden was abolished in year 2010 and after the transition to voluntary audit, smaller enterprises now have the opportunity to choose whether to utilize an auditor or not. When enterprises choose to opt out of audit their stakeholders get affected by that the reliability of the financial information decreases. Through a qualitative approach, the intention of this study is to examine how banks’ and suppliers’ credit assessments have been affected when enterprises opt out of audit. In this study, we have interviewed three smaller banks and two bigger banks in Värmland to gain a deeper understanding of what they think of the abolition of mandatory audit and how their credit assessments have been affected. In the sample, we have also contacted suppliers and credit bureaus by telephone or mail. The results show that there is a marginal effect on the banks’ credit assessments on enterprises that have opted out of audit by more control and analysis, but in overall the respondents are positive to the abolition. The suppliers mention that they use credit bureaus for their credit assessments and in the credit bureaus’ information it’s specified if the enterprises are audited or not but it seems like it’s up to the suppliers to choose the significance of the information.

How do experienced lenders make decisions? This dissertation addresses this question by investigating judgment and decision-making behavior of loan officers in banks as well as credit managers in supplying companies. The dissertation applies an integrated economic-psychological perspective and consists of seven parts: a comprehensive literature review and six separate empirical papers. Reviewed areas are research on judgment and decision-making (JDM), research on expert decision-makers, and earlier empirical work on experienced lenders. The six papers shed light on: (1) desirable personal attributes of expert credit analysts; (2) the use of software to track JDM behavior; (3) differences between novices' and experienced loan officers' JDM behavior; (4) the relationships between information acquisition, risk attitude, and experience; (5) attitudes towards credit decision support systems; and (6) attitudes towards requesting collateral. Employed methods were in-depth interviews, a nation-wide survey, and a computer-based experiment.On the whole, the empirical findings give an ambiguous picture of the alleged superiority of experienced lenders' judgment and decision-making behavior. On the one hand, experienced lenders seem to be capable, careful, and conscious of their responsibility. On the other hand, they tend to disagree and make contradictory judgments and decisions. The applied perspective and methodology are not only aimed at providing better insights into how experienced lenders make decisions, but can also stimulate future research on how professionals in other domains than credit granting make decisions. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Family and Studies and Social Work, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-38-Xx).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Gloria.pdf: 1779297 bytes, checksum: 9bd41fd468fe82dde5e3635f4ae28219 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-19 / The aim of this study is to identify the factors in determining credit for companies in judicial or extrajudicial rehabilitation or which are undergoing a period of financial crisis. This research is particularly relevant in the current scenario where the number of companies opting for the rehabilitation process is constantly increasing. Several causes can be attributed to companies showing poor performances and facing subsequent financial crises either as a result of internal factors or external ones. The lack of competent managerial decision-making, adoption of consistent strategies, poor management of the company's cash, among many other factors, cause loss of income and lowering of credit rating, thus leading to credit restrictions by commercial banks. Faced with this financial crisis, some companies end up taking advantage of the benefits provided by Statue 11.101/05 and opting for bankruptcy protection. Given the scarcity of credit, companies turn to factoring and FIDC, through which assignment of receivables helps to meet the need for raising funds and maintaining company operations. In this context, the present research proposes a study of the determining factors in granting credit to businesses in rehabilitation (turnaround), given the assumption of disparity between financial statements and the need for credit to keep the company going during the period of recovery from the crisis. The theoretical framework bases the survey on the causes of the financial crisis, followed by factoring, FIDC, securitization, Statute 11.101/05, the American Bankruptcy Code, credit and the role of trust. Qualitative, exploratory research was conducted at companies in the city and state of São Paulo. The results indicate two main trends in the credit-granting process; (i) the adoption of an agent who builds confidence and lowers the perceived risk for the funding entity; and (ii) the search for a partner to finance the company during the formal or informal rehabilitation process. / O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os determinantes de crédito para empresas em recuperação judicial, extrajudicial ou em crise financeira. Esta pesquisa está amplamente inserida no cenário atual em que os índices de empresas que optam pelo processo de recuperação se apresentam em constante elevação. Diversas causas podem levar as empresas ao desempenho desfavorável e, consequente, crise financeira, seja por fatores internos ou externos. A ausência de tomada de decisão gerencial, da adoção de estratégias consistentes, a má gestão do caixa da empresa, dentre tantas outras, ocasionam a perda de resultado e a deterioração do rating de crédito e, consequentemente, à restrição ao crédito por bancos comerciais. Diante da crise financeira, algumas empresas acabam recorrendo ao benefício da lei 11.101/05, optando pelo processo de recuperação judicial. Face à escassez do crédito, as empresas recorrem à factoring e Fundos de Investimentos em Direitos Creditórios (FIDC) para que, por meio da cessão de direitos creditórios possam suprir a necessidade de captação de recursos e manter o funcionamento da operação. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa propõe um estudo sobre os fatores determinantes na concessão do crédito para as empresas em recuperação (turnaround), dado o pressuposto da assimetria nas demonstrações financeiras e a necessidade de crédito para fomentar a empresa durante o período de recuperação da crise. O referencial teórico traz o levantamento a partir das causas da crise financeira, seguido do factoring, Fundos de Investimentos em Direitos Creditórios (FIDC), securitizadora, da lei 11.101/05, da lei americana Bankruptcy Code, do crédito, da confiança, do estudo de um caso real, chegando às conclusões. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo exploratória, com 9 empresas da cidade de São Paulo e interior em que a soma do patrimônio líquido representa 33% do mercado. A aplicação do caso real de uma empresa em recuperação judicial com a adoção de um FIDC para fomentar o caixa a partir da contratação da empresa de consultoria permite compreender todo o processo. Os resultados obtidos através da análise de conteúdo indicam 2 vertentes no processo de concessão de crédito, sendo (i) a adoção de um agente que eleve a confiança e diminua a percepção do risco para o fomentador e (ii) a busca por parceiro para financiar a empresa durante o processo de recuperação judicial ou recuperação informal (acordo fora do tribunal). Constatou-se os seguintes determinantes de crédito: a competência da empresa em produzir resultados, o caráter da empresa, a qualidade das informações financeiras e a adoção de consultor, ainda que exerça o papel de agente, e mitigador de risco percebido.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Small and medium enterprises have an important role to play in the South African economy. The success of SME’s will lead to economic growth, that will play a major role in reducing unemployment in South Africa. It will also be the main driver for black economic empowerment. As elsewhere in the world one of the main problems that SME’s face is the need for finance and access to finance. Banks play a major role in providing finance to SME’s by providing different forms of finance to SME’s. The finance that the shareholders / directors can access in their personal capacity plays a critical role in the provision of finance to SME’s. Banks will require security when advancing credit facilities and the security that is offered by the shareholders / directors play an important role in the decision of banks to advance credit. The risk that the banks carry when granting credit facilities to SME’s is reduced when personal suretyships of the directors / shareholders are required. The personal assets of the shareholders / directors are used as security to obtain credit facilities for the SME’s. If the SME’s should fail, the banks will liquidate the personal assets of the directors / shareholders to settle the credit facilities that were granted to the SME’s. Customers are not aware of the dangers when signing surety. Banks have fiduciary duties towards their customers to inform them of any risks and what possible solutions might exist that will minimize the adverse financial effect of such risk consequences. If the surety should die, the bank will have the option to liquidate the assets of the sureties to settle the debts of the entities for which the surety has signed personal surety. Life cover can be affected on the lives of the sureties that will provide the necessary liquidity to settle the debts of the entities without the bank having to liquidate the personal assets of the sureties. Consumer protection has become widespread where the phrase caveat emptor has been replaced by caveat vendor – let the seller be aware. In addition to this the South African Government has also enacted legislation that banks have to adhere to that will lead to customers making informed decisions. The National Credit and the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Acts have been introduced to afford the customer more protection. The banking industry has adopted the Code of Banking Practice which places responsibility on the banks to fully disclose all risks to their customers. It is especially the surety, the person that provides security for the debts of others that now enjoys increased protection. The National Credit Act affords a surety the same protection as the principal debtor and the Code of Banking Practice also contains very specific references with regards to sureties. Banks have become a business and the traditional notion that holds that business ethics and absolute adherence to legislation, industry codes and its own code of ethics will have an adverse effect on business, no longer holds. Many reasons have been given by ABSA Bank as to why the financial planners of ABSA Brokers should not be part and parcel of each transaction where credit facilities are extended to their customers. The reality however is that the Financial Planners must be made part of the process when credit facilities are extended. The Financial Planners must provide a financial needs analysis to the customer that will enable the customer to make an informed decision as to whether to implement life cover or not. By making the financial planners part of the process ABSA Business Bank will ensure adherence to legislation, industry codes and most importantly, it will fulfill the fiduciary duty that it has towards its customers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klein en medium ondernemings (KMO’s) speel ‘n belangrike rol in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Die sukses van klein en medium ondernemings sal lei tot ekonomiese groei, wat sal bydra tot ‘n afname in werkloosheid in Suid Afrika. Dit sal ook die hoof drywer wees van swart ekonomiese bemagtiging. Soos elders in die wêreld is een van die hoofprobleme wat deur KMO’s in die gesig gestaar word die behoefte aan finansiering en die toegang tot finansiering. Banke speel ‘n belangrike rol in die verskaffing van finansiering deurdat finansiering in verskeie vorme aan KMO’s beskikbaar gestel word. Die finansiering wat aandeelhouers / direkteure in hulle persoonlike hoedanigheid kan bekom speel ‘n kritieke rol in die verskaffing van finansiering aan KMO’s. Banke vereis sekuriteit wanneer kredietfasiliteite beskikbaar gestel word en die sekuriteit wat deur die aandeelhouers / direkteure aangebied word speel ‘n belangrike rol in die banke se besluit om krediet te verskaf. Die risiko’s wat banke loop wanneer kredietfasiliteite aan KMO’s beskikbaar gestel word, word verminder wanneer persoonlike borgskappe van aandeelhouers / direkteure vereis word. Die persoonlike bates van die aandeelhouers / direkteure word gebruik as sekuriteit om kredietfasiliteite vir KMO’s te bekom. Indien die KMO’s sou misluk, sal die banke die persoonlike bates van direkteure / aandeelhouers te gelde maak om die kredietfasiliteite wat aan die KMO’s beskikbaar gestel was af te los. Kliënte is nie bewus van die gevare wat hulle loop wanneer hulle borgskappe verleen nie. Banke het fidusiêre pligte teenoor hulle kliënte om hulle in te lig aangaande enige risiko’s en watter moontlike oplossings daar bestaan wat enige nadelige finansiële gevolge sal beperk. Indien die borggewer tot sterwe sou kom, het die bank die opsie om die bates van die borggewer te gelde te maak om die skulde te delg van die entiteite waarvoor die borggewers persoonlike sekuriteite verskaf het. Lewensdekking kan aangegaan word op die lewe van die borggewers wat die nodige likiditeit sal verskaf om die skulde van die entiteite te delg sonder dat die persoonlike bates van die borggewers te gelde gemaak hoef te word. Verbruikersbeskerming geniet hedendaags voorrang waar die frase 'caveat emptor' - laat die koper op sy hoede wees - vervang is deur 'caveat vendor' – laat die verkoper bedag wees. Hiermee saam het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering ook wetgewing in plek gestel waaraan banke moet voldoen wat daartoe sal lei dat kliënte ingeligte besluite kan neem. Die Nasionale Kredietwet en die Finansiële Adviseurs- en Tussengangerswet is in werking gestel om meer beskerming aan die verbruiker te verleen. Die bank industrie het ook die Kode van Bankpraktyk aanvaar wat groter verantwoordelikhede op banke plaas om alle risiko’s ten volle aan hulle kliënte te openbaar. Dit is veral die borggewer, die persoon wat sekuriteit verskaf vir die skulde van ander persone / entiteite wat groter beskerming geniet. Die Nasionale Kredietwet bied aan die borggewer dieselfde beskerming as die hoofskuldenaar en die Kode van Bankpraktyk bevat ook spesifieke verwysing na die regte van borggewers. Bankwese het ‘n besigheid geraak en die tradisionele siening dat sake etiek en streng onderworpenheid aan wetgewing, industrie kodes en banke se eie etiese kodes ‘n negatiewe effek op besigheid sal hê, dra nie meer water nie. Verskeie redes is al deur ABSA Bank aangevoer oor hoekom die finansiële beplanners van ABSA Makelaars nie deel moet wees van elke transaksie waar krediet aan kliënte verleen word nie. Die realiteit is egter dat die finansiële beplanners deel van die proses gemaak moet word. Die finansiële beplanners moet ‘n finansiële behoefte ontleding aan die kliënt beskikbaar stel wat die kliënt in staat sal stel om ‘n ingeligte besluit te neem om lewensdekking te implementeer al dan nie. Deur die finansiële beplanners deel van die proses te maak verseker ABSA Besigheidsbank nakoming aan wetgewing en industrie kodes. Wat egter meer belangrik is, is dat die bank dan ook sy fidusiêre plig wat die bank teenoor sy kliënte het, sal nakom.

A Article Processing Charge (APC), ou taxa de processamento de artigo, como um modelo de negócio, é empregado para a publicação de revistas científicas de Acesso Aberto (AA) e híbridas. Esta pesquisa, de abordagem quantitativa e de tipologia exploratória e descritiva, analisou a produção científica brasileira em Acesso Aberto mediante o pagamento de APC e a política de fomento público. Os objetivos específicos foram: verificar os tipos de financiamento ofertados pelas agências de fomento brasileiras para a publicação de artigos mediante o pagamento de APC; caracterizar a produção científica brasileira em AA publicada no período 2012-2016, indicando o custo da APC. Na primeira parte da pesquisa utilizou-se questionário on-line para 29 agências de fomento brasileiras e, complementou-se os dados referentes às políticas de fomento analisando os seus sites. Verificou-se que o financiamento da APC é praticado pela minoria das agências brasileiras. Na segunda parte coletou-se, na Web of Science Core Collection, a produção científica brasileira publicada em Acesso Aberto e agregou-se dados, formando um banco de 63.847 documentos publicados em 930 revistas. A maior parte dos documentos (69%) foi veiculada em revistas nacionais. As áreas com maior concentração de documentos foram Ciências Biológicas, da Saúde e Agrícolas. Identificou-se 610 revistas com APC responsáveis pela publicação de 37.847 documentos, apresentado um custo médio de USD1,492.27 por artigo e USD957.75 para o período de cinco anos. O valor total estimado para o período foi de aproximadamente USD36 milhões. Desse total, as revistas do programa SciELO representam 22% dos gastos, enquanto os mega-journals representam 27%. Considera-se que o Brasil possui uma política de financiamento da APC embrionária, enquanto que o número de documentos publicados em revistas de AA com APC tem um aumento mais veloz que naquelas sem a cobrança de taxa. / The Article Processing Charge (APC) is an Open Access (AA) and hybrid journals publishing model. This study followed an exploratory and quantitative approach and analyzed the implications of the publication of scientific papers in AA journals paid with APC for the official scientific publication policies in Brazil. The specific objectives are: to find out the types of grants offered by the Brazilian official institutions for the publication of articles by APC; to characterize the Brazilian scientific production in AA published in 2012-2016, indicating the cost of the APC. For the first part of the study, 29 Brazilian granting agencies were asked to answer an online questionnaire on granting policies and also their websites were looked through for data collection on the subject and cross checking answers. It was found that only a minority of Brazilian granting agencies have allowances for APC. In the second part of the study, data from the Brazilian scientific papers indexed by the Web of Science Core Collection that were published in AA were put together in a database of 63,847 documents published in 930 journals. Most of the documents (69%) were published in Brazilian journals. The fields with the biggest share of documents published in AA were Biology, Health and Agricultural Sciences. We found out that 610 journals with APC published 37,847 papers, at an average cost of USD1,492.27 per paper and USD957.75 for the five year period. The estimated total value for the period was approximately USD36 million. Of this total, SciELO program journals represent 22% of expenditures and mega journals represent 27%. Brazil is beginning to develop granting policies for APC, as the number of papers published in AA journals with APC increases faster than the number of papers published without fee.