The United States Army of the Second World War faced a shortage of manpower after two decades of budgetary and organizational neglect following the post-First World. According to the Chief of Staff, George C. Marshall, this period of mobilization, between 1939 and 1941, was the most crucial of the entire war. In this period, the United States Army pursued large-scale peacetime mobilization, breaking from eighty years of traditional policy. As such, the effort to increase allocations for armaments, industrial expansion, tactical reorganization of the ground forces, mobilizing the National Guard, and the implementation of a peacetime draft all faced an uphill political battle to accomplish, reflecting the complicated political factionalism of the late New-Deal United States. Between the outbreak of hostilities in Europe in 1939 and December 1941, the United States Army grew from less than 150,000 men to more than 1 million personnel, incorporating the National Guard and inductees while also adopting many of the weapon systems it would use throughout the conflict. By mobilizing a usable core for a wartime army and vetting its general tactics and doctrine in peacetime, the Army leadership provided a cadre capable of responding to some of the Allied powers' strategic requirements during the critical year of 1942.

本文研究者採取合作原則與符擔性理論的觀點，以在台灣特有的徵兵制度下形成的「站崗的女人」版面為田野，探究其使用者面對衝突事件時採取高度合作溝通行為的原因，其中特別關注在使用者最後決定採取高度合作溝通行為之前，她們如何思考自己與環境（社群／介面）以及她們與其他社群成員的關係。研究發現，「站崗的女人」版成員面對衝突時，並不尋求長足的討論並推衍出結論以解決該衝突凸顯的問題，而是採取情感取向的方式，求急切、快速地平息衝突；採取此溝通模式的過程中，她們透過文章與推文的文字感知到社群的溫馨氛圍，並修正自身的溝通方式，集體追求在短時間內平抑衝突以確保個人層次與社群層次溝通目的的存續。本研究並且發現，在她們的思考過程中，人際的因素比介面的物理因素影響其溝通行為更甚。 / This research aimed at taking an affordance perspective on the collective cooperative communication behavior of members of the GFonGuard discussion board amid conflicts in one of Taiwan’s most popular bulletin board systems (BBS). The researcher was most interested in the reasons behind the conflict tackling mode of members of the GFonGuard – an online community whose spaciotemporal peculiarity results from Taiwan’s compulsory military service – and how members of the community deliberate over their relations with the community/text-only medium and with other participants of the communication while deciding on how to tackle conflicts. The research found that members of the community sought to immediately quell the conflicts instead of seeking a lengthy discussion and a final resolution to the problems the conflicts highlighted. Throughout the deliberation process, the members perceived an amicable atmosphere via the choice of words and tone of articles on the discussion board. They modified their own communication style and pursued immediate appeasement of conflicts in an attempt to ensure the survival of their communication goals on the individual and community levels. The research also found that they were more concerned about “interpersonal” factors than about “medium” factors during their deliberation.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Recent advances in information technology communications have brought about increases in bandwidth and processing speeds to encourage the growth of Internet Protocol Telephony (IPT), a method of transmitting voice conversations over data networks. Many organizations are replacing portions of their traditional phone systems to gain the benefits of cost savings and enhanced feature sets through the use of IPT. The Coast Guard has an interest in exploiting this technology, and has taken its first steps by implementing IPT at Headquarters Support Command in Washington D.C. This thesis investigates the successful implementation practices and security policies of commercial, educational, and government organizations in order to create recommendations for IPT security policies and implementation practices relevant to the Coast Guard. It includes the discussion of the public switched telephone network, an overview of IPT, IPT security issues, the safeguards available to counter security threats, the tradeoffs (e.g., voice quality, cost) required to mitigate security risks, and current IPT security policy and implementation guidance. It is supported by the study and analysis of the IPT system at Coast Guard Headquarters. The Coast Guard gains an understanding of the advantages, limitations, and security issues that it will face as it considers further implementation of IPT. / Lieutenant, United States Coast Guard

This diploma thesis deals with public guards and the role they have in environmental protection. Firstly, the thesis focuses on the explanation of the concept of public guards, their historical development and present legal regulation. Secondly, the thesis deals with particular public guards, which are hunting guard, forest guard, fishing guard and nature guard. Their legal regulation and evaluation of their work is discussed in separate chapters. The next part of the thesis is concerned with The Public Guards Bill 2002. Finally, the thesis deals with a critical evaluation of the role that public guards have in environmental protection and proposes several solutions for the improvement of their work. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive analysis of public guards and to suggest solutions for the improvement of their activities.

Cette thèse est faite dans le cadre de l'ILC. La détermination des couplages électrofaible du quark top, est une des tâches à l'ILC. La thèse est consacrée à la mesure de l'asymétrie avant-arrière dans des paires de quark top, à 500 GeV, utilisant deux configurations de polarisation de faisceau, dans la chaîne de désintégration purement hadronique. Le quark top se désintègre à un quark b et un boson W, presque exclusivement. L'état final, qui consiste de six jets, est analysé utilisant la simulation de détecteur complète. Deux jets avec le b-tag la plus haute, sont pris comme des b jets et les quatre jets qui restent, sont utilisés pour reconstruire les Ws. L'identification des quarks top et anti-top est faite en utilisant la charge de vertex du quark b. Les précisions sur la section efficace sont aussi calculées. On trouve que l'ILC sera capable de mesurer les couplages électrofaible du quark top, avec une précision meilleur que 0.5%. Cette thèse inclut aussi une chapitre sur l'optimisation de calorimètre Électromagnétique Si-W du International Large Detector(ILD), un des deux détecteurs à l'ILC. L'ECAL d'ILD, consistera en couches alternatives de Silicium et le Tungstène, où des couches de Silicium sont des couches actives, et le Tungstène est le matériel passif. Les couches de Silicium sont divisées en 'wafer', entourées par des anneaux de protection(guard rings), pour éviter les courants de fuite. L'analyse est concentrée pour optimiser la taille d'anneau de garde. Les résultats montrent que un anneau de protection de taille jusqu'à 2mm, ne dégrades pas la performance d'ECAL gravement. La thèse est divisée en 6 chapitres. Le premier chapitre donne un résumé du Modèle Standard. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux aspects théoriques de la physique de quark top à l'ILC. On donne une description détaillée de l'ILD et ses sous-détecteurs dans le 3ème chapitre. Le 4ème chapitre présente les études de l'optimisation de Si-W ECAL. Le 5ème chapitre contient les détails d'analyse de production tt à ILC et la mesure de l'AFBt. Le dernier chapitre contient le résumé des résultats. / This thesis is done in the framework of the ILC. The determination of the electroweak couplings of the top quark, is one of the tasks at the ILC. The thesis is dedicated to the measurement of the Forward-backward asymmetry in top quark pairs, at 500 GeV, using two beam polarization configurations, in the fully hadronic decay channel. The top quark almost exclusively decays to a b quark and a W boson. The 6 jet final state is analyzed using full detector simulation. Two jets with highest b-tag are taken as b jets and the remaining four jets are used to reconstruct the W s. The identification of the top and anti-top quarks is done by using the vertex charge of the b quark. Precisions on the production cross sections are also calculated. This thesis also includes a chapter on the optimization of the Si-W Electromagnetic calorimeter of the International Large Detector (ILD), one of the two detectors at the ILC. The ECAL of ILD, will consist of alternate layers of Silicon and Tungsten, where Silicon layers are active layers, while Tungsten is passive material. The Silicon layers are divided into wafers, surrounded by guard rings, to avoid the leakage currents. The analysis is focused to optimize the guard ring size. The thesis is divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter gives a brief over view of the Standard Model. The second chapter is dedicated to the theoretical aspects of the top quark physics at the ILC. A detailed description of the ILD and its sub-detectors is given in the 3rd chapter. The 4th chapter presents the studies of the optimization of Si-W ECAL guard ring size. The 5th chapter contains the details of analysis of tt production at ILC, and measurement of the AFBt . The last chapter contains the summary of the results.

I takt med att det säkerhetspolitiska omvärldsläget förändrats har frågor kring statens förmåga att möta kriser och rena krigshandlingar accentuerats. En statlig utredning har därför föreslagit att på sikt skapa ett samlat sjöförsvar genom att integrera Kustbevakningen och Marinen i en gemensam myndighet. Riktningen på de politiska besluten har dock gått åt en fördjupad samverkan i stället trots att samverkan mellan Försvarsmakten och Kustbevakningen varit behäftad med svårigheter. Denna studie syftar till att analysera varför man i Sverige valt att utöka samverkan mellan Försvarsmakten och Kustbevakningen. Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie där WPR-metoden används för att analysera SOU 2012:48 kompletterad med en samtalsintervju av en informant vid Försvarsdepartementet. Teoretisk utgångspunkt utgörs av Sundelius m.fl. forskning kring svensk nationell krishantering. Sammanfattningsvis kan konstateras att det inte finns någon politisk vilja till en sammanslagning. Detta grundar sig på en generell ovilja att blanda civila och militära uppgifter samt att man fram tills nyligen inte låtit statens förmåga att hantera kriser och ytterst ett väpnat angrepp vara dimensionerande. Vår slutsats är för att uppnå bästa möjliga operativa förmåga för staten att kunna hantera framtida kriser, och ytterst ett väpnat angrepp, så är en integrering av Kustbevakningen och Marinen i en och samma myndighet den bästa lösningen. / Along the changes in the security situation in the world, questions about the government's ability to face crisis and acts of war have risen. An official report of the Swedish Government has suggested that an integration of the Coast Guard and the Navy into a consolidated maritime defence force is needed in the future. The aim of governmental policy has despite this been on focusing on cooperation despite difficulties regarding the relationship between the Navy and the Coast Guard in cooperating. This study aims to analyze why Sweden has chosen to increase cooperation between the two authorities. The study is a qualitative case study in which WPR-approach is used to analyze the official government report supplemented by an interview with a ministry of defence official. The theoretical basis is the research of Sundelius et al consisting of theories regarding Swedish national crisis management. In summary - no political will exists regarding consolidation. It stems from a general unwillingness in mixing civilian and military tasks and that up until recently the government's ability to handle crisis, and ultimately war, was not the dimensioning aim. The conclusion is that in order to achieve the optimal ability for the government in handling future crisis and full war, an integration of the Coast Guard and Navy into one authority is the best solution.

James Mahoney & Kathleen Thelen (2010) desenvolveram um modelo teórico que permite observar e classificar os padrões de mudança institucional gradual e comparar os casos empíricos observados. A teoria liga modelos particulares de mudança institucional incremental a características do contexto político e às propriedades das instituições, que permitem estabelecer tipos específicos de agentes e de estratégias de mudança. De acordo com os autores, a mudança institucional gradual frequentemente ocorre quando há problemas de interpretação e execução de regras, criando a lacuna necessária para os atores interpretarem as normas existentes e implementarem a política pública de novas maneiras. Esta dissertação pretende demonstrar, de acordo com Mahoney & Thelen (2010), o processo de conversão institucional em curso nas Guardas Municipais brasileiras após a indução promovida pelo Governo Federal, na esteira de reformas da Política Nacional de Segurança Pública, iniciada nos anos 2000. A relevância do trabalho reside na tentativa de entender a evidência trazida pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), na pesquisa do Perfil dos Municípios Brasileiros realizada em 2006 (MUNIC 2006), de que as Guardas Municipais extrapolam suas funções na medida em que exercem atividades típicas de polícia ostensiva, em desacordo com o Artigo 144 da Constituição Federal, que estrutura a política de Segurança Pública brasileira. / James Mahoney & Kathleen Thelen (2010) developed a theoretical model that allows us to observe and classify the patterns of gradual institutional change and compare the observed empirical cases. The theory conect particular models of incremental institutional change to political context characteristics and properties of institutions that allow the establishing of specific types of agents and strategies of change. According to the authors, the gradual institutional change often occurs when there are problems of interpretation and enforcement of rules, creating the necessary gap for the actors to understand the existing standards and implement public policy in new ways. This thesis intends to demonstrate, according to Mahoney & Thelen (2010), the process of \"institutional conversion\" taking place in Brazilian Municipal Guards after the induction promoted by the Federal Government in the row of reforms of the National Public Security, which began in the years 2000. The relevance of the work lies in trying to understand the evidence brought by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - in the research profile of Brazilian counties held in 2006 (MUNIC 2006) that the Municipal Guards go beyond their duties when they perform typical ostensible police activities, in discordance with Article 144 of the Constitution, which structures the Brazilian Public Security Policy.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os mecanismos de gestão de museus de arte e os procedimentos que são adotados para que essas instituições culturais possam abrigar e ampliar suas coleções de arte, servindo à conservação e à mediação da arte. Refere-se à constituição dos acervos contemporâneos, ao desenvolvimento das formas de geri-los, e de mediá-los. Como eixo principal, discute-se a incorporação temporária de coleções privadas em acervos públicos, por determinação judicial. Dedica-se, especificamente, à reflexão sobre o acolhimento e a gestão de coleções temporárias e/ou transitórias, tomando como exemplo, o acervo do Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo que dispõe de obras em regime de comodato, empréstimos e por determinação judicial. O estudo, ora apresentado, trata a questão dos museus sob a perspectiva de sua gestão patrimonial e interação com a sociedade, destacando seus aspectos históricos, culturais, econômicos e seus desafios para a exposição de arte contemporânea. Como estratégias metodológicas, adotam-se na pesquisa, suportes interdisciplinares, envolvendo História, História da Arte, Museologia, Estética e outras áreas do conhecimento / The purpose of this research aims to investigate the mechanisms of management of art museums and the procedures that are adopted so that these cultural institutions could shelter and broaden their art collections, serving the conservation and art mediation. It refers to the constitution of the contemporary collections, to the development of ways to manage and mediate them. As the main axis, this research discusses the temporary incorporation of private collections in public collections, under judicial court order. It is dedicated specifically to the reflection on the reception and management of temporary and/or transitional collections, taking as an example, the collection of the Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo which has works by the means of free-lease agreement, on loan and under judicial court order. The present study addresses the question of museums from the perspective of their asset management and interaction with society, highlighting its historical, cultural, economic aspects and its challenges to the contemporary art exhibition. The methodological strategies adopted in the research, interdisciplinary support, involving history, art history, museum studies, aesthetics and other areas of knowledge.

Esta dissertação pretende encontrar as matrizes do conceito de antropofagia do modernista Oswald de Andrade, tal como ele foi formulado no Manifesto Antropófago de 1928 e em obras posteriores, tais quais a peça O Rei da Vela (1933) e a tese de filosofia A Crise da Filosofia Messiânica (1950), a partir de uma reflexão que busca dar conta dos processos alterativos de constituição de identidades em países periféricos. Oswald de Andrade foi autor de muitas das mais audaciosas experiências de vanguarda na América Latina e seus escritos seguem iluminando a história do Brasil desde então. Nesta chave, essa dissertação pretende também problematizar a articulação complexa entre a arte modernista e a história política e cultural do país, através da releitura da obra de Oswald de Andrade urdida pelo movimento tropicalista nos anos de 1970 e assim como é lida atualmente. / This dissertation seeks to find the matrixes of the concept of anthropophagy created by the modernist Oswald de Andrade, as it was formulated in the Manifesto Antropófago of 1928 and later works, such as the play O Rei da Vela (1933) and the philosophical thesis A Crise da Filosofia Messiânica (1950), from the standpoint of a line of thinking which seeks to analyse the alterative processes of identity formation in peripheral countries. Oswald de Andrade was the author of many of the most audacious avant-guard experiences in Latin America and his writings enlighten Brazil´s history ever since. Following this problematic, this dissertation aims also to understand, through the reading of the works of Oswald de Andrade which was developed by the tropicalist movement in the 1970´s, as well as its contemporary reception, the complex articulation of modernist art and the cultural and political history of the country.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-13T14:22:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 eles_estao.pdf: 4462376 bytes, checksum: b823a35aa883ffec27cceb53cbdb6b34 (MD5) 00000177.pdf: 4462376 bytes, checksum: b823a35aa883ffec27cceb53cbdb6b34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T14:22:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 eles_estao.pdf: 4462376 bytes, checksum: b823a35aa883ffec27cceb53cbdb6b34 (MD5) 00000177.pdf: 4462376 bytes, checksum: b823a35aa883ffec27cceb53cbdb6b34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a Guarda Nacional do Império do Brasil. Dando lugar especialmente aos homens que dela participavam, oficiais e soldados rasos, no interstício entre 1850 ? ano da lei que reformou a milícia ? e 1873 ? quando houve nova reformulação normativa ?, intenta compreender fatores relativos às práticas sociais e interfaces comportamentais de variados sujeitos em um contexto delimitado, cujo cenário é a antiga Colônia Alemã de São Leopoldo. Vivências, comportamentos e estratégias diárias são revelados, buscando, assim, margens e frestas de sistemas de controle da sociabilidade. Percorrendo fios e rastros das redes políticas configuradas em uma área de colonização/imigração alemã no Rio Grande de São Pedro oitocentista, volta-se, especialmente, a tácitos acordos entre autoridades locais, abordando a sociedade imperial em um corte vertical. O cotidiano dos cidadãos em armas é objeto-chave, especialmente questões de conflictividad, que revelam a militarização que moldou as malhas e teias que compunham aquela sociedade. Em suma, busca por regras nem sempre escritas que explicitam o modus operandi da milícia em complexas manobras de revelação e obscurecimento normativo. Imigrantes naturalizados e descendentes de pioneiros, como sujeitos históricos, tornam-se, portanto, homo politicus. Preocupa-se, finalmente, em desvelar jogos de cooperações e conflitos, cuja análise debruça-se sobre o oficialato miliciano. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the National Guard during the Brazilian Empire. Considering mainly the men who participated in it, both officers and privates, during the period between 1850 – the year when the law to reform the militia was enacted – and 1873 – when the rules were again reformulated – it seeks to understand factors involving social practices and behavioral interfaces of various subjects in a delimited context whose scenario is the former German Settlement [“Colônia Alemã”] of São Leopoldo. Experiences, behaviors and daily strategies are revealed, thus seeking edges and cracks in the systems that controlled sociability. Going along the “threads” and “tracks” of the political networks configured in an area of German settlement/immigration in the province of Rio Grande de São Pedro, during the 1800s, it looks especially at tacit agreements among the local authorities, approaching Imperial society through a vertical section. The daily life of the citizens-at-arms is a key object, especially issues of conflictiveness, which reveal the militarization that molded the meshes and webs that composed that society. In brief, it looks for not always written rules that spell out the modus operandi of the militia in complex maneuvers of normative revelation and concealment. Immigrants who became Brazilian citizens and descendents of pioneers, as historical subjects, thus become homo politicus. Lastly, it concerns itself with unveiling games of cooperation and conflict, whose analysis focuses on the militia officer’ corps.