Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-05T12:09:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Cristina Ferracioli.pdf: 2137054 bytes, checksum: 1ac3f9562147374a2fb79eed29aee7f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-05T12:09:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Cristina Ferracioli.pdf: 2137054 bytes, checksum: 1ac3f9562147374a2fb79eed29aee7f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-24 / This thesis aims to outline the main aspects that involve Neuroscience and Guilt in the sphere of Criminal Law, under the aegis of the conclusions of the current neuroscientific experiments, as well as to outline their implications for Criminal Law. It is known that, at present, Neuroscience has uncovered aspects that involve human behavior, drawing on various existing methods and techniques, as well as providing new elements on brain functioning, with unprecedented advances throughout human history. As a result of the current stage of neuroscientific findings, questions have arisen about possible culpability impacts and, furthermore, the search for the making of a compatible criterion among the disciplines involved has grown, especially for the purpose of excluding or adjudicating criminal responsibility due to a cerebral dysfunction that might be responsible for the agent’s behavioral change and that may have led to the criminal act. The subject of study is approached through a bibliographical research, given that, in view of the interdisciplinary provocation that it involves, it is intended to draw a general panorama of the discussion under a compatibility approach. The questions raised by the neuroscientific studies and that may impact in the future penal dogmatism, the model of judicial decisions and the attribution of criminal responsibility corroborate the relevance of this study / Esta tese tem por escopo delinear os principais aspectos que envolvem a Neurociência e a Culpabilidade na esfera do Direito Penal, sob a égide das conclusões dos experimentos neurocientíficos atuais, assim como traçar o panorama dessas implicações para o Direito Penal. Sabe-se que, na atualidade, a Neurociência tem desvendado aspectos que envolvem o comportamento humano, valendo-se de diversos métodos e técnicas existentes, inovadoras, bem como fornecido novos elementos sobre o funcionamento do cérebro, com avanços sem precedentes ao longo da história da humanidade. Em decorrência do estágio atual das descobertas neurocientíficas, surgiram questionamentos sobre possíveis impactos em sede de culpabilidade e, ainda, a busca por critérios compatibilizadores entre as disciplinas envolvidas tornou-se crescente, especialmente com a finalidade de excluir ou dirimir a responsabilidade criminal por causa de uma disfuncionalidade cerebral responsável pela alteração comportamental do agente e que possa ter ensejado o cometimento do ato criminoso. O tema objeto de estudo é abordado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, dado que, ante a provocação interdisciplinar que o envolve, tem-se como propósito desenhar um panorama geral da discussão sob o enfoque compatibilista. Os questionamentos fomentados pelos estudos neurocientíficos e que podem impactar futuramente a dogmática penal, o modelo das decisões judiciais e a atribuição da responsabilidade penal corroboram a relevância deste estudo

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-04T11:46:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana de Souza Halasi.pdf: 1113289 bytes, checksum: 9760a7b0d311815d6ca30a81605853b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-04T11:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana de Souza Halasi.pdf: 1113289 bytes, checksum: 9760a7b0d311815d6ca30a81605853b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-18 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In this study I propose a psychoanalytic reading about motherhood, questioning whether all mothers correspond to social expectations about it. Based on a literature review, I did a deepening in some aspects such as childbirth and breastfeeding, idealization and romanticism and also on the question of guilt. Motherhood as a psychic operation, also implies an option that, in the contemporaneity, suffers social pressure and charges through a pre-established ideal of mother. This makes many women to initiate this process with anticipated guilt. Illustrating this question, I used the free-speech of five celebrities, who have just given birth, points out the super mother must be the full identity of the woman, refractory or not to the ideal of mother. Psychoanalysis places the determinants of the subject beyond the order of the natural, breaking with an instinctive maternal love from the creation of the concept of drive. However this maternal ideal ends up facilitating the guilt and with her, depression. In that process must have a careful look at the woman, because this psychic frame with guilt as background reinforces an ambivalent and alienating behavior. The mother may disinvest in the child by glimpsing other libidinal investments. This kind of attitude alleviates her guilt because a displacement for herself or for what motherhood represents does not mean abandonment or absence of child care. Relativize motherhood with fewer manuals, advice and more respect for individualities and possible mothering is necessary / Neste estudo proponho uma leitura psicanalítica sobre a maternidade, problematizando se todas as mães correspondem às expectativas sociais sobre ela. Apoiada numa revisão de literatura, fiz um aprofundamento em alguns aspectos como parto e amamentação; idealização e romantismo e ainda sobre a questão da culpa. A maternidade configurando-se como uma operação psíquica, também implica numa opção que, na contemporaneidade brasileira, sofre pressões e cobranças sociais mediante um ideal de mãe preestabelecido, fazendo com que muitas mulheres iniciem esse processo com uma culpa antecipada. Ilustrando esta questão, utilizei-me da fala livre de cinco celebridades, que acabaram de dar à luz, refratárias ou não ao ideal de mãe, capturando que a supermãe deve ser a identidade plena da mulher. A Psicanálise, rompendo com um amor materno instintivo, a partir da criação do conceito de pulsão, coloca os determinantes do sujeito para além da ordem do natural, porém esse ideal materno que preconiza a total satisfação e realização da mãe com o bebê, acaba por facilitar a culpa e com ela a depressão. Nesse processo deve-se ter um olhar cuidadoso para com a mulher, pois este quadro psíquico tendo a culpa como pano de fundo reforça um comportamento ambivalente e alienante. Ao vislumbrar outros investimentos libidinais, a mãe pode desinvestir na criança, amenizando sua culpa, que não deve ser confundida com abandono ou ausência de olhar, mas como um deslocamento para ela mesma e para o que representa. É preciso relativizar a maternidade, com menos manuais, aconselhamentos e mais respeito às individualidades e às maternagens possíveis

Cette thèse de doctorat propose, à partir d’une lecture psychanalytique, d’aborder le sentiment de culpabilité maternelle face au traumatisme de la naissance prématurée de l’enfant. Il s’agira, à partir de quatre études de cas, de questionner le sens, la fonction et les effets de ce sentiment sur l’enfant. La première hypothèse propose d’envisager ce sentiment dans sa dimension paradoxale de « lien malgré-tout », « à ce prix-là » c’est-à-dire offrant une possibilité de subjectivation, d’appropriation subjective du devenir mère et du lien à l’enfant, mais aussi présentant le risque de la désubjectivation pour la mère et l’enfant, la culpabilité devient alors persécutoire et ouvre la voie à la possibilité d’un lien « trop proche », en proie à l’incestualité. La seconde hypothèse envisage le risque d’un défaut de liaison, en lien avec le sentiment de culpabilité, des sentiments d’amour et de haine dans le lien à l’enfant, aboutissant à un échec de la structuration de l’ambivalence maternelle. Enfin, une troisième hypothèse questionne les effets de ce sentiment maternel de culpabilité sur l’enfant, en postulant l’idée d’une recherche par l’enfant d’un lien « coûte-que-coûte », aboutissant à une modalité masochiste dans le lien mère/enfant. / This doctoral thesis proposes, from a psychoanalytic reading, to analyse the feeling of maternal guilt following the traumatism of a child born premature. It will be based on four studied cases and it will question the meaning, function and effects of this feeling on the child. The first hypothesis proposes to consider this feeling in its paradoxical dimension: "link in spite of everything", "at that price", i.e. offering a possibility of subjectivation, of the mother’s subjective appropriation of becoming a mother and her bond to the child. It proposes also to present the risk of desubjectivation for the mother and the child, then, guilt becomes persecutory and paves the way to the possibility of a “too close” bond, to be prey to incestuity. The second hypothesis contemplates the risk of a lack of bond on the same level, linked to the feeling of guilt, feelings of love and hatred in the bond to the child, leading to a failure in the structuring of the maternal ambivalence. Finally, a third hypothesis questions the effects of this feeling maternal of guilt on the child, giving the idea of a child's search for a bond “whatever it costs”, leading to a masochistic mother / child bond.

Introdução: O aborto é assunto bastante polêmico e ainda muito estigmatizado pela sociedade brasileira. Seja aborto espontâneo ou provocado, apresenta repercussões emocionais ambivalentes para as mulheres que o vivenciam. Este estudo trata do tema aborto em um contexto plural e multifacetado, com o objetivo de identificar e analisar a vivência e o significado do aborto provocado enquanto fenômeno existencial concreto na vida da mulher, e comparar com mulheres que tiveram o aborto espontâneo. Método: Trata-se de estudo quali-quantitativo em que foram entrevistadas mulheres com diagnóstico de aborto atendidas em dois hospitais públicos da cidade de São Paulo no período de julho de 2008 a março de 2010. Para fins de análise qualitativa foram incluídas as 11 mulheres que provocaram aborto e para análise quantitativa, foi realizado estudo caso controle comparando-se com 22 que sofreram aborto espontâneo. As 11 mulheres que provocaram aborto foram entrevistadas em profundidade e os dados analisados qualitativamente com embasamento teórico Fenomenológico-Existencial. Resultados: As mulheres do grupo com aborto provocado, em relação ao grupo com aborto espontâneo, apresentaram menor escolaridade sendo mais freqüente o nível fundamental (82% vs. 36%, P=0,04); menor renda familiar (mediana, R$1000 vs. R$1400, P=0,04); menor renda pessoal (mediana, R$200 vs. R$333, P=0,04), maior frequência de sentimentos negativos na suspeita (82% vs. 22%, P=0,004) e na confirmação (72% vs. 22%, P=0,03) da gravidez. Na análise qualitativa fenomenológica, foram revelados nos discursos das mulheres cinco temáticas: percepção do conflito, a culpa como recurso de enfrentamento, identidade parental, relações afetivas fragilizadas e significado do aborto provocado (desamparo, sofrimento e dor). Um tema único e maior prevaleceu no discurso de todas as mulheres que provocaram o aborto as relaçoes afetivas fragilizadas e a culpa, entendendo-se este tema como a essência da vivência das mulheres que provocaram o aborto. Conclusão: Este estudo permitiu lançar um novo olhar, um recorte da vivência de mulheres menos favorecidas que se utilizaram de serviços públicos de saúde em momento de sofrimento diante da experiência do aborto provocado, e os sentimentos de relacionamentos fragilizados associados à culpa ressaltam como significados da vivência dessas mulheres / Introduction: The abortion subject is very controversial and still much stigmatized by the Brazilian society. Is miscarriage or induced abortion, shows ambivalent has emotional repercussions for women who experience. This study addresses the abortion issue in a plural and multifaceted context, aiming to identify and analyze the experience and meaning of abortion as the concrete existential phenomenon in women\'s lives, and to compare with women who had spontaneous abortion. Method: This is a qualitative and quantitative study based upon interviews with women diagnosed as abortion treated at two hospitals in São Paulo in the period July 2008 to March 2010. For purposes of qualitative analysis were included the 11 women who had an abortion and for quantitative analysis was conducted case-control study compared yourself to 22 who suffered miscarriage. The 11 women who had induced abortion were interviewed in depth and analyzed qualitatively with theoretical background Existential-Phenomenological. Results: The women in group with induced abortion in compared to those with spontaneous abortion, had less education and are more frequent in primary level (82% vs. 36%, P=0,04); lower family income (median $580 vs. $812, P = 0.04), lower personal income (median, $115 vs. $193, P = 0.04), higher frequency of negative feelings in the suspicion (82% vs. 22%, P = 0.004) and confirmation (72% vs. 22%, P = 0.03) of pregnancy. In phenomenological qualitative analysis, were revealed in the discourses of women at five themes: the perception of conflict, guilt as a means of coping, parental identity, vulnerable emotional relationships and meaning of abortion (abandonment, pain and suffering). The single theme and more prevalent in discourse of all women who had an induced abortion - the guilt and vulnerable affective relationships, understanding of this as the essence of the experience of women who had an induced abortion. Conclusion: This study has generated a new look, a clipping of the experience of disadvantaged women who used public health services in moment of suffering in the face of experience of abortion, and feelings of guilt associated with vulnerable relationships stand out as meanings of experiences of these women

Våldtäktsoffer bemöts av samhället med vissa föreställningar om hur de bör ha agerat vid utsattheten. Detta leder till minskad offerstatus, särbehandling inom rättsväsendet, minskad anmälningsbenägenhet med mera. Få studier om ämnet har utförts i Sverige. Syftet med studien var att undersöka studenters attityder till offrets ansvar vid våldtäkt. Det undersöktes även om manliga och kvinnliga studenters attityder skiljde sig i detta, samt om bekantskapen mellan offer och förövare påverkade attityden. En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie utformades och 262 studenter deltog i en webbaserad enkätundersökning. Resultatet visade att manliga studenter i större utsträckning än kvinnliga anklagade offret för dess utsatthet. Offret tilldelades mer skuld när gärningsmannen var obekant än när den var bekant. Det återfanns även en interaktionseffekt mellan studentens kön och gärningsmannens relation med offret. Sammanfattningsvis skuldbelägger manliga studenter offret mer för dess utsatthet än kvinnor. Ämnet är aktuellt och kräver ett löpande arbete för att förebygga våldtäktsmyter. / Rape victims are many times met by the police, the justice system and society as a whole with skepticism. This results in a loss of status as a victim and an overall tendency to not report the crime. To date, few studies have been conducted in Sweden on this topic. The purpose with the present study was to examine students’ attitudes regarding rape victims’ responsibility during rape. It was also examined if male and female students differ in their attitudes, and if they also differ in their attitudes when the victim and the perpetrator are acquainted with each other. A quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out, and 262 students participated in a web-based questionnaire. The results showed that male students to a larger extent blamed the victims for their role in the rape. The victims were also assigned greater blame when the perpetrator and the victim didn’t know each other. An interaction between the student’s gender and that the perpetrator was a stranger was found. The conclusion is that male students blame the victims to a much larger extent than female students. Thus, there is a dire need to continue the important work to end rape myths across society.

Objective: One of the main theoretical proposals of Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP; Davanloo, 1990) is that experiencing of previously unconscious guilt over aggressive impulses associated with attachment trauma leads to increase in self-compassion. The present study aimed to test this assumption. Method: Videotaped sessions from five therapies from a randomized controlled trial of 20-sessions of time-limited ISTDP for treatment-refractory depression were rated with the Achievement of Therapeutic Objectives Scale (ATOS; McCullough, Larsen, Schanche, Andrews& Kuhn, 2003b). Degree of patient guilt arousal and self-compassion were rated on all available sessions. Data were analyzed using a replicated single-subject time-series approach. Results: Guilt arousal was not shown to positively predict self-compassion for any of the five patients. For one patient guilt arousal negatively predicted self-compassion two sessions ahead in time. Conclusion: The current study yields no support that the experience of guilt over aggressive feelings and impulses leads to increases in self-compassion. On the contrary, the finding that guilt negatively predicted self-compassion for one patient must be considered as an indication that this treatment process might negatively impact self-compassion for some patients in some contexts. However, there are several methodological limitations to the current study in the light of which the results should be regarded as tentative.

Juger est un processus particulièrement ardu. Malgré le cadre légal, le cerveau humain est soumis à de nombreuses influences. Il recueille, consciemment ou non, des informations de provenances variées lorsqu’il est face à une situation. De nombreux travaux ont mis en évidence des influences externes aux faits, comme la beauté du prévenu, l’aspect horrible des preuves ou les caractéristiques physiques des noirs par rapport aux blancs, qui influenceraient les jurys populaires aux Etats-Unis. En revanche, peu de travaux se sont intéressés aux émotions du prévenu et à l’influence qu’elles pourraient avoir sur les juges. Dans cette optique, deux chercheurs de l’Université libre de Bruxelles, Christophe Leys et Laurent Licata, ont étudié l’influence de la perception de la culpabilité, en tant qu’émotion, sur le jugement pénal. Ils ont accepté de résumer pour Justice-en-ligne le fruit de leurs recherches. Le sentiment de culpabilité est essentiel dans le cadre d’un jugement parce qu’il induit celui qui la ressent à réparer son tort, que ce soit symboliquement, par des excuses, ou concrètement par des actes, comme le remboursement des dommages occasionnés. Une première étude a montré qu’un prévenu, pris en flagrant délit, se sentant coupable sera moins sévèrement condamné que s’il ne se sent pas coupable, car il est perçu comme plus sociable, que son délit a tendance à être attribué à des circonstances externes, et qu’il semble moins susceptible de récidiver. Dans une seconde approche nous avons voulu savoir si l’influence des sentiments de culpabilité et de colère était la même en fonction de l’origine ethnique du prévenu, belge ou maghrébine. Lorsque l’on teste la présence ou l’absence de culpabilité et de colère, on obtient quatre comportements possibles du prévenu, qui peut : se sentir coupable et ne pas être en colère ; se sentir coupable et être en colère ; ne pas se sentir coupable ni être en colère ; ne pas se sentir coupable et être en colère. Le premier et le dernier comportement sont attendus : la culpabilité va de pair avec une absence de colère et inversement. Par contre, la présence conjointe de culpabilité et de colère, ou l’absence de culpabilité et de colère sont des comportements surprenants. Dans le cas d’un prévenu belge, les comportements attendus conduisent à une sanction sévère, alors que les comportements surprenants conduisent à une peine plus modérée. Paradoxalement, exprimer de la culpabilité et pas de colère n’est donc pas une stratégie payante pour le prévenu car elle revient à reconnaître les faits sans évoquer de circonstances atténuantes. En revanche, un prévenu qui se sent coupable mais qui est en colère contre la société induit l’idée qu’il a compris sa transgression, mais que des circonstances atténuantes l’excusent partiellement. Dans le cas d’un prévenu maghrébin, la situation diffère légèrement. Les Maghrébins souffrent de deux stéréotypes culturels (c’est-à-dire des croyances répandues dans la société à propos de leur groupe) négatifs à propos de ces émotions : ils sont perçus comme se mettant facilement en colère et comme se sentant rarement coupables. Il semble que les participants soient influencés, consciemment ou non, par ces stéréotypes. La condition cohérente, qui joint l’absence de culpabilité à la présence de colère conduit, comme pour le prévenu belge, à une peine sévère. Rien d’illogique : si un prévenu ne se sent pas coupable et de plus se rebelle, il ne doit pas s’attendre à de la clémence. Par contre, les deux conditions inattendues qui mènent à une peine moins sévère au prévenu belge n’ont pas cet effet chez le prévenu maghrébin. Tout se passe comme si, dès qu’il agit en accord avec ne fût-ce qu’un des stéréotypes négatifs de son groupe, il est puni sévèrement. Dès lors, s’il ressent de la colère ou qu’il ne se sent pas coupable, la peine est sévère. Par contre, lorsqu’il contredit ces stéréotypes, qu’il se sent coupable et n’est pas en colère, il est moins sévèrement puni. De toutes les conditions, Belges et Maghrébins confondus, c’est la situation qui conduit à la peine la plus basse. Il semble que, pour les prévenus maghrébins, les participants ne se soient pas tant centrés sur l’attribution de facteurs externes que sur une autre dimension, non pertinente chez un prévenu belge : le niveau d’intégration à la culture belge. Un maghrébin qui se sent coupable et n’est pas en colère est perçu comme bien intégré à la culture belge et moins condamné. Peut-on parler de discrimination ? Dans l’état actuel des recherches, il n’est pas question de discrimination, mais bien de raisonnements différents. Pour pouvoir invoquer la discrimination, il faudrait mettre en évidence plusieurs éléments : d’une part, ces études concernent essentiellement un échantillon de personnes qui ne sont pas magistrats, bien qu’une partie de l’échantillon était formée au droit. Même si aucune différence n’a été observée entre cet échantillon et le reste des participants, formés à d’autres disciplines que le droit, il se peut que les magistrats aient développé, par l’expérience, des stratégies de contrôle de ces effets. D’autre part, la peine dépend avant tout du comportement émotionnel ; dès lors, si l’on imagine une situation dans laquelle tous les prévenus réagissent sans se sentir coupables et en étant en colère, la peine sera uniformément sévère quelle que soit l’origine. Par contre, si tous les prévenus réagissaient en se sentant coupables et en n’étant pas en colère, nos études sugèrent que ce sont les prévenus belges qui seraient discriminés. Les prévenus maghrébins seraient également discriminés si, par exemple, tous les prévenus réagissaient de manière inattendue. Mais nous n’avons que peu d’informations sur ces comportements lors des procès. Quelques données supplémentaires Outre les expériences, quelques observations de terrain ont soulevé des points qui peuvent alimenter le débat. Trois approches ont été réalisées : l’observation de procès, l’entretien avec des ex-détenus et l’entretien avec des magistrats. Les deux premières visaient avant tout à investiguer la gestion des émotions en fonction de l’origine culturelle. Les prévenus d’origine maghrébine ont-ils tendance à se sentir plus ou moins coupables que les prévenus d’origine belge ? Existe-t-il des différences culturelles quant aux normes relatives à la présentation d’excuses lorsque l’on a commis un délit ? Tous les prévenus ont-ils les moyens d’observer des rituels d’excuses complexes ? L’observation de nombreux procès révèle une corrélation très forte entre les aptitudes linguistiques perçues du prévenu et sa tendance à présenter des excuses. Plus un prévenu éprouve des difficultés à s’exprimer en français, moins les stratégies d’excuses seront utilisées. A l’inverse, les Belges semblent s’excuser plus souvent, presque systématiquement même, dès lors qu’ils ne nient pas les faits. Les ex-détenus, indépendamment de leur origine, ne se sentent a priori jamais coupables des délits qui leur ont été reprochés. Par contre, certains disent avoir présenté des excuses au tribunal. La culpabilité, lorsqu’elle était ressentie, concernait plutôt les conséquences du délit, comme les difficultés financières auxquelles étaient confrontées les familles des détenus, la violence imprévue durant les faits, ou encore, pour un cas, le délit lui-même (vente de stupéfiant) mais justifié par le fait que l’ex-détenu était toxicomane lors des faits. Il en ressort que, dans la plupart des cas, une justification morale avait déjà été trouvée lorsque les faits ont été commis, ce qui pose la question de l’intérêt d’un éventuel repentir et de l’impact qu’il faudrait lui donner sur la peine. Les magistrats pensent pour la plupart qu’ils sont influencés par les émotions comme le seraient le commun des mortels. Seul un magistrat estime que l’expérience permet aux magistrats de maîtriser cet effet. Cependant, aucun ne peut quantifier l’importance de l’effet sur la peine. Certains l’estiment fort limité, d’autres plus important. Conclusions Ces recherches et observations posent les questions suivantes : doit-on prendre en compte, de manière contrôlée voire légiférée, l’effet des émotions comme la culpabilité sur la peine et, si oui, comment ? Dans certains pays, comme le Japon, les excuses ne peuvent pas être prises en compte. En effet, un prévenu s’excusera dans 99 % des cas, simplement parce que les normes de l’honneur l’imposent. Dès lors, alors que les excuses pourraient être interprétées comme un aveu de la transgression, elles ne sont pas autorisées car même un innocent pourrait s’excuser normativement. A quelles conclusions arriverions-nous si nous devions lever ce débat en Belgique ?

The aim of this study is to discover nonverbal, bodily gesture and contextual cues indicating self-conscious emotions and use these clues to examine personal differences and psychopathological symptoms. Moreover, possible effects of cultural differences on self-conscious emotions&rsquo / recognition and their relation to psychopathology are meant to be discussed. To achieve aforementioned goals, the study is partitioned into three separate but interdependent phases. The aim of the study is scale adaptation for which the State Shame and Guilt Scale, Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3, Guilt- Shame Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory are applied to a group of 250 university students. The second study&rsquo / s objective is to determine the nonverbal expressions used in recognition of self-conscious emotions. To meet this goal, 5 TAT cards, whose compatibility with the research questions is verified, are applied to 45 university students in separate sessions by using close ended questions. In the third part of the study, 9 TAT cards, which include clues about recognition and nonverbal expressions of self-conscious emotions, adapted corresponding scales, and a psychopathological symptoms measuring scale (SCL-90) in self-report format are applied on a group of 250 university students. Factor and correlation analyses done in the first part reveal that adapted scales are reliable and valid, while group comparisons and measurements of the second part indicate differences in emotions. Findings reveal that shame can be recognized by nonverbal expressions whereas for guilt contextual clues are facilitated. In the third part, group comparisons and regression analyses, which are done in order to reveal self-conscious emotions&rsquo / recognition and their significant relationships with psychopathology, display that state self-conscious emotions and shame-proneness have very important roles on psychopathology. All these findings are discussed in the light of cultural effects.

Conflict between self-interest and group-interest constitute a challenge for the individuals and the groups. The conflict should be resolved for a healthy maintenance of collective action / otherwise the free-rider problem is a likely result. This thesis is about the individual motivation loss -psychological aspect of free-rider problem- and its relation to group attachment &ndash / patriotism-. Free-riding is proposed to be related to patriotism / and guilt, shame and pride emotions. Experimental manipulations include an announcement and confederate condition. Patriotism is analysed within the framework of constructive and blind patriotism. An experiment &ndash / public goods game- measuring free-riding behaviour was conducted for the study. A total of 192 participants took a part in the experiment (98 females and 85 males). Free-riding was found to be negatively related to constructive patriotism / but no significant relation to blind patriotism was found. A look at the concept and development of &ldquo / individual&rdquo / and social capital theory is provided in order to help conceptualise the problem. Results and possible implications of the empirical findings are discussed. Implications are also discussed in a politically and culturally relevant way to Turkey.

Thesis (MA(Kreatiewe skryfkuns))-University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.