Handskrift – definierat som skrivande för hand med penna – har av tradition varit en viktig komponent i grundskolans läroplan. Sett till de teknologiska framsteg som gjorts under de senaste 20 åren står dock handskriften numera inför en osäker framtid. Likt övriga samhället har skolväsendet påbörjat en digital omställning där en stor del av debatten kretsar kring huruvida handskrift och handskriftsundervisning är relevant. Enligt lärare minskar också handskriftens betydelse i skolorna på grund av upplevd tidsbrist, styrdokumentens utformning, brister i lärarutbildningen och rådande digitalisering. Trots det har vi lite kunskap om vad elever tycker om denna utveckling, därav idén till föreliggande studie. Genom kvalitativ utforskning konstruerades ett kvantitativt mätinstrument för attityd, vilket föreliggande flermetodsstudie använt i syfte att bättre förstå vilka attityder grundskoleelever har till skrivande för hand. Följande tre frågeställningar har använts: (1) Vilken relevans anser elever att handskrift har?; (2) Vad tror elever om handskriftens framtidsutsikter?; och (3) Hur uppfattar elever sin egen handstil? Totalt deltog 55 elever från årskurs 5 i studien, fördelat över tre skolor. Fem individuella, semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls med elever (10 till 11 år). De uppfattningar och föreställningar som identifierades genomgick en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resultatet agerade underlag i konstruerandet av en enkät. Enkäten besvarades av 50 elever (svarsfrekvens: 72 %). Enkätsvaren analyserades med SPSS version 25 där reliabilitetstester utfördes med hjälp av Cronbachs alfa och corrected item-total korrelation. Resultatet indikerar att elever har en positiv attityd gentemot handskrift, skrivstil inkluderat, men att skrivande över datorn anses mer praktiskt. Eleverna har även en relativt positiv attityd till sin egen handstil. Dock anses läslighet vara den enda aspekten av betydande vikt. Eleverna tror att de kommer använda handskrift i framtiden men att dess betydelse kommer minska till följd av digitaliseringen. / Handwriting - defined as writing done by hand with a pen or pencil – has traditionally been an essential component in the elementary curriculum. However, due to the last 20 years of technological advancements, the future of handwriting is anything but certain. Education has, just as the rest of the society, entered an age of digital technologies and much of the debate revolves around the relevance of handwriting and handwriting instruction. Indeed, teachers believe the importance of handwriting has declined in recent years due to time constrains, imprecise guidelines in curricula, deficient teacher training, and digitalization of schools. Yet, little is known about what students think about this evolution, hence the idea of present study. By constructing a quantitative attitude measurement instrument using qualitative exploration, the present mixed-method study seeks to better understand what attitudes elementary school students hold toward writing by hand. The following three research questions were investigated: (1) What relevance does handwriting have according to students?; (2) What is the future of handwriting according to students?; and (3) How do students perceive their own handwriting? A total of 55 fifth-grade students from three Swedish schools participated in the study. Five students (10 to 11 years) took part in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify beliefs reported by the students and a questionnaire was constructed based on the set of beliefs elicited. Fifty students completed the questionnaire (response rate: 72%). Using SPSS version 25 for data analysis, Cronbach's alpha and corrected item-total correlation were used for reliability testing. The results indicate that students have a positive attitude toward handwriting including cursive, though word-processors is considered more convenient. Students also hold relatively positive attitudes toward their own handwriting, yet the only aspect that is of real importance to them is legibility. Students believe they will practice handwriting in the future but that its relevance will decrease due to digitalization.

Interfaces multimodais processam vários tipos de entrada do usuário, tais como voz, gestos e interação com caneta, de uma maneira combinada e coordenada com a saída multimídia do sistema. Aplicações que suportam a multimodalidade provêem um modo mais natural e flexível para a execução de tarefas em computadores, uma vez que permitem que usuários com diferentes níveis de habilidades escolham o modo de interação que melhor se adequa às suas necessidades. O uso de interfaces que fogem do estilo convencional de interação baseado em teclado e mouse vai de encontro ao conceito de computação ubíqua, que tem se estabelecido como uma área de pesquisa que estuda os aspectos tecnológicos e sociais decorrentes da integração de sistemas e dispositivos computacionais à ambientes. Nesse contexto, o trabalho aqui reportado visou investigar a implementação de interfaces multimodais em aplicações de computação ubíqua, por meio da construção de um framework de software para integração de modalidades de escrita e voz / Multimodal interfaces process several types of user inputs, such as voice, gestures and pen interaction, in a combined and coordinated manner with the system?s multimedia output. Applications which support multimodality provide a more natural and flexible way for executing tasks with computers, since they allow users with different levels of abilities to choose the mode of interaction that best fits their needs. The use of interfaces that run away from the conventional style of interaction, based in keyboard and mouse, comes together with the concept of ubiquitous computing, which has been established as a research area that studies the social and technological aspects decurrent from the integration os systems and devices into the environments. In this context, the work reported here aimed to investigate the implementation of multimodal interfaces in ubiquitous computing applications, by means of the building of a software framework used for integrating handwriting and speech modalities

O ensino da língua materna tem sido objeto de pesquisa de muitos estudiosos. Uma boa produção textual requer um ensino de qualidade e uma capacidade mediadora eficaz daquele que ensina. Atualmente, retratado nos meios midiáticos, mesmo os estudantes que passaram longos anos na Educação Básica têm dificuldade de escrever um texto coerente e coeso. A redação tem sido alvo de controvérsias e críticas quanto à capacidade dos alunos que concluem o Ensino Médio e das correções realizadas pelos organizadores do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM). Os alunos queixam-se das notas recebidas e os corretores divergem entre si. O presente trabalho desenvolveu pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa para análise de produção textual de escolares de algumas escolas públicas e uma privada de cidade do interior de São Paulo. Os objetivos foram analisar algumas produções textuais de tipos diferentes de escolares do 4o ao 7o ano do Ensino Fundamental de escolas pública e privada, obter valores de referência para protocolo de análise textual, comparar o desempenho dos escolares com o avanço dos anos em ambas as escolas, pública e privada. Participaram 160 escolares que realizaram o teste de desempenho escolar (TDE) e posterior ao desempenho realizado foram convidados a realizar três produções textuais, narrativa, bilhete/ carta e descrição de regras de jogo. A análise estatística descritiva foi realizada com valores de média, mediana, desvio-padrão, valores mínimo e máximo. Para o desempenho entre os anos foi executado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e Miller, já para a comparação entre anos público e particular foi utilizado o teste de Mann- Whitney, adotando o nível de significância de 5%(p<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram oscilações no desempenho na comparação entre um ano com o outro para os escolares da escola privada, ou seja, com o passar dos anos alguns melhoram suas habilidades, outros não. Já para a escola privada há uma homogeneidade, mesmo com uma queda no desempenho do 7o em alguns aspectos, estes possuem conhecimento básico consolidado. Em comparação entre uma escola e outra, a instituição privada possui um melhor desempenho dentro do que foi analisado. Fator que, possivelmente, possa ser o fato de a escola pública atingir um grupo mais amplo, isto é, os professores seguem um conteúdo programático dentro das diretrizes curriculares nacionais, mas possuem especificidade dentro de sua prática. A escola privada, sendo uma dentro de uma rede de escolas, mantém um ensino unificado, os professores seguem a linha de ensino escolhida pelos gestores. / A good textual production requires a teaching of quality and an efficacious mediation capacity of the person who teaches. Nowadays, as reported by media, even students who have spent long years in Basic Education have difficulty to write a coherent and cohesive text. Essays have been a target of controversies and criticisms, concerning the capacity of students who graduate in High School and the corrections made in their writings by High School National Exam (ENEM) organizers. The students complain about test results and the people who correct the exams diverge from each other. This present work developed a qualitative and quantitative research for the analysis of text production of students from some public schools and from one private school in a town of the interior of Sao Paulo, in Brazil. The purposes were to analyze some text productions of different kinds of students, from 4th to 7th grade, from public and private Elementary Schools, to obtain reference values and to have a record of essays and be able to compare the students performance through the years and between public and private schools. One hundred and sixty students participated and carried out the school performance test (TDE), and thereafter were invited to elaborate three text productions narrative, letter and description of play rules. The descriptive statistical analysis was realized with values of middle, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values. For performance between years, it was used the test of Kruskal-Wallis and Miller. For comparison between students from public and private schools, it was applied the test of Mann-Whitney, with the significance level of 5%. The results showed oscillations in performance and comparison from one year to another, to the students in public schools, in other words, over the years, some have improved their skills, others not. As for private schools, there is a homogeneity even with a drop in performance of the 7th grade in some aspects, so the students have basic knowledge consolidated. In comparison between one school and another, the private institution has a better performance in what was analyzed. The reason for this could possibly be the fact that the public schools reach a wider group, and then teachers follow a syllabus within the national curriculum guidelines, but have specificity within your own experience. The private school, one in a network of schools, maintains a unified teaching and teachers follow the line chosen by education managers.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Dislexia do Desenvolvimento é um transtorno específico da aprendizagem, de origem neurobiológica, caracterizado por dificuldades na precisão e fluência na leitura de palavras e prejuízo nas habilidades de escrita e ortografia. Intervenções de caráter intensivo, com ensino explícito da leitura e remediação das habilidades cognitivas e linguísticas relacionadas, foram demonstradas como efetivas para a remediação de sujeitos com o transtorno. Programas de remediação voltados à ortografia são também relatados como efetivos para o desenvolvimento da leitura, escrita e conhecimento ortográfico destes sujeitos. A técnica de Cloze, que consiste em organizar um texto curto com lacunas que devem ser preenchidas pelo leitor, foi caracterizada como um método eficaz na mensuração e na remediação da compreensão leitora. OBJETIVOS: Elaborar um Programa Fonoaudiológico em Compreensão Leitora e Ortografia e verificar seus efeitos na compreensão de leitura e na ortografia de escolares com Dislexia do Desenvolvimento. MÉTODOS: O Programa Fonoaudiológico em Compreensão Leitora e Ortografia é um programa fonoaudiológico fechado, com 16 sessões divididas em quatro níveis de complexidade. Todas as sessões contam com um texto adaptado à técnica de Cloze e atividades de ortografia. Fizeram parte dessa pesquisa onze indivíduos com o diagnóstico de Dislexia do Desenvolvimento, com idades entre 09 e 11 anos, sendo oito do gênero masculino. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos a um pré-teste, ao Programa e a um pós-teste. RESULTADOS: Os sujeitos apresentaram dificuldade na compreensão de textos, porém a técnica de Cloze demonstrou-se um instrumento útil para a avaliação e a remediação da compreensão de leitura, com melhora no preenchimento das lacunas, na compreensão e na motivação para a leitura. Os escolares demonstraram também um desempenho inferior à idade e escolaridade na avaliação de ortografia. Após o Programa Fonoaudiológico em Compreensão Leitora e Ortografia, o desempenho dos sujeitos evoluiu. No entanto, seguiu inferior ao esperado, sendo encontrado o mesmo perfil de erros no pré e no pós-teste. Verificou-se que, embora o Programa tenha sido construído com quatro níveis de complexidade crescente, a dificuldade foi superior no nível 3 em relação aos demais níveis. A extensão silábica e a dificuldade ortográfica dos vocábulos omitidos nos textos com a técnica de Cloze, durante o Programa, influenciaram o desempenho dos sujeitos apenas nos níveis 3 e 4, quando a dificuldade dos textos e a ausência de apoios tornaram a tarefa da leitura e preenchimento das lacunas mais complexa. CONCLUSÃO: O Programa Fonoaudiológico em Compreensão Leitora e Ortografia é um instrumento preciso para a avaliação e remediação da compreensão de leitura de textos e ortografia na Dislexia do Desenvolvimento, com efeitos positivos no desempenho e motivação dos sujeitos desta pesquisa para a leitura e a escrita. Este estudo apresenta uma contribuição inédita sobre a remediação da compreensão de leitura e da ortografia em sujeitos com o transtorno, ao propor a estimulação conjunta da leitura e da escrita, em um instrumento de fácil aplicabilidade e análise, com possíveis aplicações no contexto clínico, educacional e de pesquisa / INTRODUCTION: Developmental Dyslexia is a specific learning disorder of neurobiological origin, characterized by difficulties in accuracy and fluency in reading words and trouble with writing or spelling skills. Interventions of intensive nature, with explicit teaching of reading and remediation of related cognitive and linguistic skills, have been demonstrated as effective for remediation of individuals with the disorder. Remediation programs aimed at orthography are also reported to be effective for the development of reading, writing and spelling knowledge of these persons. The Cloze technique, consisting of a short text with missing words to be replaced by the reader, was characterized as an effective method in the measurement and remediation of reading comprehension. OBJECTIVES: To develop a Speech Therapy Program in Reading Comprehension and Orthography and check its effects on reading comprehension and spelling of students with Developmental Dyslexia. METHODS: The Speech Therapy Program in Reading Comprehension and Orthography is a speech therapy closed program with 16 sessions divided into four levels of complexity. All sessions have a text prepared for a Cloze test and spelling activities. Eleven individuals diagnosed with Developmental Dyslexia, aged between 09 and 11 years old, being eight males, took part in this research study. All persons were submitted to a pretest, the program and a post-test. RESULTS: The individuals had difficulties in reading comprehension, but the Cloze technique proved to be a useful tool for the assessment and remediation of reading comprehension, with improvement to fill in the blanks, in understanding and motivation for reading. The schoolchildren also showed lower performance in relation to their age and educational attainment in the assessment of spelling. After the Speech Therapy Program in Reading Comprehension and Orthography their performance evolved. However, it continued lower than expected, and the same pattern of error was found in both the pretest and the post-test. It was found that, although the Program has been built with four levels of increasing complexity, difficulty was higher in level 3 in relation to the other levels. The syllable extension and spelling difficulty of words removed from the texts of the Cloze tests during the Program influenced the individuals\' performance only in levels 3 and 4, when the text\'s difficulty and the lack of support made the reading and replacing words tasks more complex. CONCLUSION: Speech Therapy Program in Reading Comprehension and Orthography is an accurate tool for the assessment and remediation of reading comprehension and spelling for Developmental Dyslexia sufferers, with positive effects on the performance and motivation in reading and writing of the participants in this research. This study presents an unprecedented contribution to the remediation of reading comprehension and spelling for individuals with the disorder, by proposing the stimulation of both reading and writing by means of an instrument easy to apply and to analyze, with possible applications in the clinical, educational and research contexts

Interfaces multimodais processam vários tipos de entrada do usuário, tais como voz, gestos e interação com caneta, de uma maneira combinada e coordenada com a saída multimídia do sistema. Aplicações que suportam a multimodalidade provêem um modo mais natural e flexível para a execução de tarefas em computadores, uma vez que permitem que usuários com diferentes níveis de habilidades escolham o modo de interação que melhor se adequa às suas necessidades. O uso de interfaces que fogem do estilo convencional de interação baseado em teclado e mouse vai de encontro ao conceito de computação ubíqua, que tem se estabelecido como uma área de pesquisa que estuda os aspectos tecnológicos e sociais decorrentes da integração de sistemas e dispositivos computacionais à ambientes. Nesse contexto, o trabalho aqui reportado visou investigar a implementação de interfaces multimodais em aplicações de computação ubíqua, por meio da construção de um framework de software para integração de modalidades de escrita e voz / Multimodal interfaces process several types of user inputs, such as voice, gestures and pen interaction, in a combined and coordinated manner with the system?s multimedia output. Applications which support multimodality provide a more natural and flexible way for executing tasks with computers, since they allow users with different levels of abilities to choose the mode of interaction that best fits their needs. The use of interfaces that run away from the conventional style of interaction, based in keyboard and mouse, comes together with the concept of ubiquitous computing, which has been established as a research area that studies the social and technological aspects decurrent from the integration os systems and devices into the environments. In this context, the work reported here aimed to investigate the implementation of multimodal interfaces in ubiquitous computing applications, by means of the building of a software framework used for integrating handwriting and speech modalities

Despite decades of research, offline handwriting recognition (HWR) of historical documents remains a challenging problem, which if solved could greatly improve the searchability of online cultural heritage archives. Historical documents are plagued with noise, degradation, ink bleed-through, overlapping strokes, variation in slope and slant of the writing, and inconsistent layouts. Often the documents in a collection have been written by thousands of authors, all of whom have significantly different writing styles. In order to better capture the variations in writing styles we introduce a novel data augmentation technique. This methods achieves state-of-the-art results on modern datasets written in English and French and a historical dataset written in German.HWR models are often limited by the accuracy of the preceding steps of text detection and segmentation.Motivated by this, we present a deep learning model that jointly learns text detection, segmentation, and recognition using mostly images without detection or segmentation annotations.Our Start, Follow, Read (SFR) model is composed of a Region Proposal Network to find the start position of handwriting lines, a novel line follower network that incrementally follows and preprocesses lines of (perhaps curved) handwriting into dewarped images, and a CNN-LSTM network to read the characters. SFR exceeds the performance of the winner of the ICDAR2017 handwriting recognition competition, even when not using the provided competition region annotations.

Elementary students who demonstrate accuracy and speed in handwriting are better equipped to generate higher quality, longer composition. Unfortunately, students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to encounter significant difficulties with legibility, size, and speed of handwriting. The present study used a single-subject, multiple-baseline design across participants to examine the effects of CASL (Center for Advancing Student Learning) Handwriting intervention on handwriting accuracy and speed for three early elementary students with ASD. The dependent variable was correct letter points (CLP) and error letter points (ELP) as measured on a 90-s sentence copy probe. The intervention was delivered over eighteen, 20-min sessions which included alphabetic knowledge activities, explicit instruction in handwriting, and timed practice with goal-setting, praise, performance feedback, and self-graphing. After starting intervention, all students showed immediate increases in overall handwriting accuracy. Throughout intervention, handwriting accuracy continued to improve for each student, and handwriting speed increased for 2 of 3 students. However, the observed gains fell short of high levels of accuracy needed to achieve fluency as a learning outcome. Results extend prior research on handwriting intervention for students with ASD, the CASL Handwriting Program, behavioral fluency theory, the Instructional Hierarchy, explicit instruction, and timed practice.

Writing is essential to human interaction. When handwriting is illegible, communication may be negatively impacted. A severe deficit in handwriting is known as dysgraphia, a problem frequently associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Video self-modeling (VSM) has been proven effective for children with ASD in the strengthening of social skills, verbalizations, and daily living skills. However, there remains a significant gap in the literature regarding the use of VSM for the treatment of dysgraphia in children with ASD. Because VSM has demonstrated success in the acquisition of many types of skills, it may prove similarly effective for remediating dysgraphia in children with ASD. Utilizing a behavioral perspective, this study seeks to determine if VSM is an effective treatment for improving handwriting legibility and proficiency. This study analyzes secondary data collected by a day treatment center (DTC) specializing in the care of children with ASD. Data indicated that after establishing a baseline level of behavior for writing simple words, the DTC staff administered the VSM treatment and rated the legibility of the participants' responses based on the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III) Handwriting Legibility Scale. Raw score differences between baseline and treatment phases were recorded and analyzed. A pretest/ posttest evaluation based on scores obtained from the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ) and Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire for Children (HPSQ-C) determined changes in handwriting proficiency. Effectively analyzing this data would be an important contribution to the existing literature, and would enhance social change initiatives through strengthening the communication skills of individuals with ASD.

Resumo: A escrita é uma forma de comunicação importante que se desenvolve com a idade e com a escolarização. Algumas crianças apresentam dificuldade em desenvolver uma escrita proficiente. Do ponto de vista do controle motor, uma escrita não proficiente pode estar vinculada à dificuldade da criança ativar adequadamente as sinergias motoras que dão suporte a esta habilidade. Portanto, estimular as sinergias motoras dos dedos pode proporcionar melhora na cinética e cinemática da escrita e, conseqüentemente, na qualidade da escrita. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção, para crianças com dificuldades na escrita, composto por atividades manipulativas e pré-caligráficas que estimularam as sinergias motoras dos dedos por meio da variação da produção de força dos dedos. Trinta e duas crianças foram indicadas por suas professoras de classe para participarem do estudo. Dezesseis crianças, de 7 a 12 anos de idade, com baixa qualidade na escrita, formaram o Grupo Experimental (GE), e outras 16 crianças com boa qualidade na escrita, e com idade, gênero e preferência manual correspondentes ao GE, formaram o Grupo Controle (GC). O desempenho motor de todos os participantes foi avaliado pelo Movement Assessment Battery for Children, M-ABC (HENDERSON; SUDGEN, 1992). Todos os participantes tiveram a qualidade da escrita avaliada pelo Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (REISMAN, 1999) adaptado à língua portuguesa. Além disso, todos os participantes foram testados na produção gráfica e escrita sobre uma mesa digitalizadora (Wacom, Intuos2). Ambos, o Minnesota Handwriting Assessment adaptado e a produção gráfica e escrita sobre uma mesa digitalizadora foram administrados antes (pré-teste) e após (pós-teste) o programa de intervenção. Somente o GE foi submetido ao programa de intervenção. O programa de intervenção... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Handwriting is an essential manner of human communication which develops with the process of aging and schooling. Some children present difficulties in developing a proficient handwriting. From the motor control perspective, a non-proficient handwriting may be associated with the difficulty to appropriately activate specific motor synergies. Thus, the stimulation of motor synergies of the fingers can improve the kinetic, and kinematic parameters of handwriting, and consequently the quality of the product of handwriting. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of an intervention program involving manipulative and pre-calligraphic activities. The intervention activities were based on variation in the force production of the fingers for children with handwriting difficulties. A total of 32 children aged between 7 and 12 years were selected to participate in the study by the classroom teachers. The Experimental Group (EG) was composed by 16 children displaying poor quality of handwriting, and other 16 children matched by age, gender and handedness showing high quality of handwriting composed the Control Group (CG). The motor performance of the participants was assessed by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, M-ABC (HENDERSON; SUDGEN, 1992). All participants had the quality of the handwriting assessed by the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (REISMAN, 1999) adapted to the Portuguese language. Furthermore, participants were tested in the handwriting and graphic production on a digitizing tablet (WACOM - Intuos2). Both the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment adapted and the handwriting and graphic production on a digitizing tablet were administered before (i.e., pretest) and after (i.e., post test) the intervention program. Only the EG was submitted to the intervention program. The intervention program consisted of 27 sessions... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ana Maria Pellegrini / Coorientador: Cynthia Yukiko Hiraga / Banca: Luis Eduardo P.B.T. Dantas / Banca: Livia de Castro Magalhães / Doutor

Handwriting as a unique expression of human behaviour has evoked continuous interest as a means of analyzing and studying personality – a study known as Graphology. Research in graphology has shown diverse results, ranging from negative to highly favourable. Many of the studies disregarding the value of graphology can be criticized on the grounds of their research methodology as well as the method used in handwriting analysis, namely the ‘trait-method’ whereby isolated graphological features are simplistically linked to personality as opposed to a more encompassing, holistic approach. In the present study the special link between personality and graphology is illustrated as well as the decisive influence the gestalt and form standard of a writing have on the interpretation of that particular writing. The approach to the graphological analyses was holistic, as it complements the complex uniqueness of personality. The study also focuses on the recommended methodology of handwriting analysis, by offering a tailor-made personality ‘picture’ of the individual. Graphological findings were compared to the clinical findings of the same client/patient according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases IV-TRTM (DSM-IV-TRTM). Five (5) case studies have been reported in this qualitative research study. The analyses of the writings were done by an independent graphologist. The objective graphological findings show similarities with clinical findings of the same clients/patients. The holistic approach to handwriting analysis deems to have diagnostic value and is promising in providing guidelines for psychotherapy. Graphology can thus be regarded as a useful and viable tool in psycho-educational assessment. / Education / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)