Studien belyser anledningar till att sju flickor börjat med själskadebeteende samt vad som varit avgörande faktorer till att de minskat eller slutat med sitt självskadebeteende. För att göra detta har sju självbiografier lyssnats på och analyserats. Teoretiska utgångspunkter i studien är självbekräftelseteorin som syftar till att förklara varför en individ ser på sig själv på ett visst sätt och handlar därefter samt begreppet återhämtning som beskriver vägarna ur självskadorna. Ur självbiografierna betonades två huvudområden kopplade till varför tjejerna inlett sina självskadebeteende, hantera ångest och hantera en dålig självkänsla samt två huvudområden gällande avgörande händelser som tagit de ur problematiken, en mening med livet och en rädsla för att dö. En nedsatt självkänsla samt traumatiska händelser i barndomen som medfört starka ångestkänslor har visat sig vara två vanliga faktorer till varför tjejerna inlett sitt självskadebeteende. Precis som begreppet återhämtning betonar så visade det sig att tjejernas vändpunkter som tog de ur självskadorna varierade kraftigt men att personer i deras omgivning och en vilja till förändring visade sig vara avgörande för majoriteten. / The study sheds light on the reasons why seven girls started with self-harming behavior and what were decisive factors for them reducing or ending their self-harming behavior. To do this, seven autobiographies have been read and analyzed. The theoretical starting points are self-affirmation theory which aims to explain why an individual looks at themselves in a certain way and acts accordingly and the concept of recovery which describes the ways out of self-harm. The autobiographies emphasized two main areas linked to why the girls started their self-harming behavior, dealing with anxiety and dealing with poor self-esteem,as well as two main areas regarding decisive events that took them out of the problem, and a meaning to life and a fear of dying. Decreased self-esteem and traumatic events in childhood that led to strong feelings of anxiety have been shown to be two common factors as to why the girls started their self-harming behavior. Just as the concept of recovery emphasizes, it turned out that the girl’s turning points that took them out of self-harm varied greatly, but that people in their environment and a will to change proved to be crucial for the majority.

Who are the adolescents who purposely cut or burn their wrists, arms, or some other parts of their body? The fundamental question I raise in this dissertation is whether or not the portrait of self-harming adolescents as being exposed to others’ hostility in their everyday life environments and experiencing internal adjustment problems, particularly depressive symptoms, correctly represents their symptomology. I want to answer three questions: 1) What can be done to interrupt the maladaptive link that leads adolescents who experience internalizing symptoms to perform self-harming behaviors? 2) Are adolescent self-harmers typically exposed to others’ hostility or are they also involved in hostile interactions with other people? and, 3) What are the critical interpersonal and adjustment features of adolescent selfharmers? The results show that: 1) Adolescent girls with high depressive symptoms who feel at ease communicating with their parents do not use selfharm as a coping strategy when facing negative emotional experiences to the same extent as girls with high depressive symptoms who do not experience communication with parents as easy; 2) Adolescents who are involved in mutually hostile relationships with people who they meet in their daily life express more self-harming behaviors than adolescents who are exposed to others’ hostility; and, 3) Living in mutually hostile interactions with other people and experiencing both internalizing and externalizing problems seem to be key features of adolescents who harm themselves. Taken together, the results of this dissertation go beyond the traditional representation of selfharmers, and offer a holistic way of identifying a problem scenario under which adolescents self-harm. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Bakgrund: I tidigare forskning beskrivs svårigheter i att vårda patienter med självskadebeteende. Utbildning och erfarenhet ses av sjuksköterskorna vara av stor vikt för ett professionellt agerande gentemot patienterna. Patienterna uppger svårigheter i att söka vård då de uppfattar självskadebeteendet som skambelagt och att de ofta får erfara ett oprofessionellt bemötande från omvårdnadspersonal. Tidigare forskning gällande patienter med självskadebeteende inom den rättspsykiatriska vårdkontexten är knapphändig och det finns behov av mer studier i ämnet. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med självskadebeteende inom rättspsykiatrisk slutenvård. Metod: Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Deltagarna i studien var fem grundutbildade sjuksköterskor och fem specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk vård. Insamlade data analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna erfar att det är viktigt i vårdandet av en patient med självskadebeteende att skapa trygghet hos patienten och att vara lyhörd inför patientens situation. Att vårda en patient med självskadebeteende ses av sjuksköterskorna som ett krävande arbete och det finns risk att känna sig otillräcklig. Slutsats: Omvårdnaden skulle vinna på att patientens berättelse får stå i centrum för vården. Skapandet av en trygg relation med patienten möjliggör förståelse för patientens självskadebeteende. Samarbete mellan kollegor ses kunna vara avgörande för hur vården bedrivs. Sjuksköterskorna efterfrågar mer kunskap i hur vården bäst utformas för patienter med självskadebeteende inom rättspsykiatrisk slutenvård. / Background: Previous research describes difficulties in caring for patients with self-harming behavior. Education and experience are seen by the nurses to be of great importance for a professional action towards the patients. Patients report difficulties in seeking care as they perceive the self-harming behavior as shameful and that they often experience unprofessional treatment from nursing staff. Previous research regarding patients with self-harming behavior in the forensic psychiatric care context is scarce and there is a need for more studies in the subject. Aim: To describe nurses experiences of caring for patients with self-harming behavior in forensic psychiatric inpatient care. Method: Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted. The participants in the study were five basic nurses and five specialized in psychiatric care. Collected data were analyzed on the basis of a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Result: The nurses experience that it is important in the care of a patient with self-harming behavior to create a feeling of security for the patient and to be sensitive to the patient's situation. Caring for a patient with self-harming behavior is seen by nurses as a demanding job and there is a risk of feeling inadequate. Conclusion: Nursing would benefit from the patient's story being at the center of care. The creation of a secure relationship with the patient enables an understanding of the patient's self-harming behavior. Cooperation between colleagues can be seen to be decisive for how care is conducted. The nurses demand more knowledge in how care is best designed for patients with self-harming behavior in forensic psychiatric inpatient care.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka hur olika professionella med kunskap om sexuella problematiker, tänker kring och uppfattar sex som självskada. Sex som självskada är ett relativt nytt ämne inom forskningssammanhang och forskningen är därmed begränsad. För studien genomfördes tio kvalitativa intervjuer med professionella som arbetar med klienter/patienter med olika typer av sexuella problematiker i storstadsområden, samt en mellanstor stad i Sverige. Det insamlade materialet bearbetades genom en tematisk analys och analyserades utifrån teorin det sexuella scriptet. Studien visar att de professionella menar att sex som självskada inte har något med vilken typ av sexuell aktivitet en person ägnar sig åt, utan av vilken anledning en person har sex samt hur personen mår under eller efter sex/övergrepp. De menar att det är upp till en person själv att definiera huruvida hen ägnar sig åt ett sexuellt självskadebeteende eller ej. Studien pekar även på att det finns osäkerheter hos det professionella kring vad begreppet innebär. / The aim of this qualitative study was to examine how different professionals with knowledge of sexual problems, perceive and think about sex as self-injury. Sex as self-injury is a relatively new subject in research contexts and hence the reaserch is limited. For this study ten qualitative interviews were conducted with professionals who work with clients/patients with different kinds of sexual problems in metropolitan areas and one medium-sized city in Sweden. The material collected was processed by thematic analysis and analyzed based on the sexual script theory. The study indicates that the professionals believe that sex as self-injury has nothing to do with the type of sexual activity a person engages in, but rather for what reason, and how the person feels during or after sex/abuse. Whether or not a person is engaging in sex as self-injury is something that has to be defined by a the persons themselves, according to the professionals. The study also indicates that the professionals feel uncertain about what the term actually entails.

Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vilka erfarenheter av självskadebeteende autistiska personer och personer med EIPS har, samt utröna om det finns skillnader mellan dessa grupper. Metod: En litteraturöversikt enligt Polit & Beck. Vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade från 2010 och framåt söktes i databaserna: Cinahl, PubMed och Psycinfo. 12 artiklar inkluderades i arbetets resultat och analyserades enligt Braun och Clark´s kvalitativa tematiska analysmetod. Resultat: I resultatet ingår följande huvudteman: Svårhanterade känslor, strategier mot NSSI eller NSSI som strategi, överbelastade eller domnade sinnen och vården och vårdrelationen. Både likheter och olikheter i erfarenheter hos de båda grupperna synliggörs under dessa teman. Slutsats: Bland autistiska personer var depression den enskilt största riskfaktorn för självskadebeteende medan tomhetskänslor dominerade hos personer med EIPS. Två gemensamma riskfaktorer för självskadebeteende var ångest och alexitymi. Personer med EIPS har ett sjukdomslidande i väntan på bot medans autistiska personer i större utsträckning har ett livslidande som inte kan botas men lindras med anpassningar och stöd. Båda diagnosgrupperna kan drabbas av vårdlidande när omvårdnaden brister. Utbildningsinsatser behövs för att upprätthålla och förnya kunskaperna om självskadebeteende och därmed förbättra omvårdnaden. Fortsatt forskning: Framtida forskning bör fokusera på autism och självskadebeteende / Aim: To describe experiences of self-harm among autistic people and people with EIPS, and to find out if there are differences between these groups. Method: A literature review according to Polit & Beck. Scientific articles published from 2010 onwards were searched in the databases: Cinahl, PubMed and Psycinfo. 12 articles were included in the result part, and analyzed with Braun & Clark's qualitative thematic analysis method. Results: The result included four main themes: Difficulties to manage emotions, strategies against NSSI or NSSI as a strategy, overloaded or numb senses and care and caring relationship. Similarities and differences between the two groups became visible. Conclusion: Two risk factors for self-harming behavior were anxiety and alexithymia. People with EIPS have a suffering related to illness with hope for a cure. Autistic people have a greater extent of suffering related to life, that cannot be cured but alleviated with adaptations and support. Both diagnostic groups can suffer related to care when nursing is deficient. Systematic education is needed to maintain and renew knowledge about self-harming behavior to improve nursing care. Further research: Further research should focus on autism and self-harming behavior.

The main purpose for this study was to examine how boys with destructive and self-harming behaviour are perceived and comprehended by school counsellors and literature. The study assessed how boys who harm themselves are defined both in practice and in theory by using a social constructivist point of view and a gender perspective. The study was divided in two parts concerning gathering knowledge of the matter. The authors, using a method called qualitative semi-structured interviews, interviewed nine school counsellors. To acquire scientific knowledge, the authors implemented a literature review and researched books and journal articles regarding boys who self-harm. An essential discovery is that boys, who self-harm, have a tendency to be overlooked and excluded from the issue. This is mainly depending on how these boys often express their feelings by acting out their emotions in a physical manner. It is socially acceptable for boys to be extroverted, to be louder and use bigger gestures while girls are introvert and emotional human beings. This is depending on social expectations on each gender and the qualities and behaviour that are associated with being either male or female.

Der Stumpfblättrige Ampfer (Rumex obtusifolius) ist eine häufig auftretende Schadpflanze des Grünlandes. Er verdrängt wertvolle Futtergräser und beeinträchtigt die Grundfutterqualität und Futterkonservierung negativ. Zahlreiche Publikationen beschäftigten sich mit der Botanik und der allgemeinen Schadwirkung, zu den wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen wurden bisher kaum belastbare Aussagen veröffentlicht. In 2-jährigen Felderhebungen wurden an 3 Standorten in Sachsen und Thüringen zu jeweils 4 Aufwüchsen die Parameter Abundanz, Deckungsgrad, Ertragsanteil, Trockenmasseertrag sowie Futterwert und Inhaltsstoffe von Ampfer in Relation zu Gras bei unterschiedlich starkem Ampferbefall untersucht. Die Erfassung der projektiven Deckung war deutlich besser zur Quantifizierung des Schadauftretens geeignet als die Abundanz. Der Ertragsanteil betrug das 0,69-fache des Ampfer-Deckungsgrades. Der Gesamt-TM-Ertrag wurde bei steigendem Ampferbefall regelmäßig nicht negativ beeinflusst. Die Energiedichte von Ampfer lag rund 25 % unter der der jeweiligen Graskomponente. Aus dem geringeren Trockenmasseertrag und der niedrigeren Energiedichte ergibt sich bei Ampferbekämpfung und Nachsaat ein Potenzial zur Steigerung des Energieertrages der Fläche. In Silierversuchen wurde die Wirkung von verschiedenen Mischungsanteilen von R. obtusifolius auf den Konservierungserfolg von Lolium perenne untersucht. Steigende Ampferanteile wirkten sich negativ auf das Gärsäuremuster der Grassilagen aus und führten zu einem zusätzlichen Rückgang der Energiedichte der anteiligen Ampferkomponente von rund 10 %. Es wurde ein mathematisches Modell entwickelt, mit dem sich auf Basis der Parameter Gesamt-TM-Ertrag des Bestandes, Energiedichte des Grases, dem Ampfer-Deckungsgrad und unter Einbeziehung des Milchpreises der potenziell entgangene Deckungsbeitrag berechnen lässt. Daraus kann für unterschiedliche Kosten-, Ertrags- und Erlössituationen eine flexible wirtschaftliche Schadensschwelle abgeleitet werden. / Docks are one of most frequently arising problem weeds of the permanent grassland. It suppresses valuable fodder grasses and negatively influences the basic fodder quality. Numerous publications concern themselves with botany and the general side-effect; chargeable statements to economic effects were so far however not published. In two-year field collections at three locations in eastern part of Germany the relations between abundances, coverage, yield part, dry matter yield of grass and docks as well as the worth-giving ingredients of both were analyzed. Different recording methods were comparatively evaluated. Estimating or measuring the weed ground cover was more suitable for quantifying the loss in economic value due to presence of Docks then plant counting’s. The proportional yield part of docks can be derived however surely from the percent of ground cover multiplied by 0.69. The total dry matter yield was regularly not affected by raising colonization of Docks. The net energy of docks was 25 % under that from grass. The low dry matter yield and the reduced net energy content of Docks in comparison to grass appearing a potential for raising net energy yield per hectare after controlling the docks and reestablishing the sward. In ensiling studies the effect of rising mixture portions of docks on preservation success of Italian rye grass was examined. It was stated that docks affects the fermenting acid sample negatively and leads to a proportionate decrease of net energy content of the silage feed of approximately 10 %. A mathematical model has been developed, based on entire dry matter yield of the site, net energy content of the grass, ground canopy of docks and milk proceeds. It allows the forecast of non realized income, which could be used in case of removal of docks and recovering gaps with grass comparably to the existing grass. From this point a flexible economical damage threshold can be derived for different costing, yield and proceeds situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jadilson Lourenco da Silva.pdf: 1701670 bytes, checksum: 835f75c2f20feafd1ba3118032860bd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-15 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This study investigates the turnover rate of the teachers in the public education system of the State of Sao Paulo. The research field was an Elementary and High School in the city of Franco da Rocha, between 1997 and 2006. The teachers turnover was verified from the fact that teachers from different professional status (permanent, temporary and stable) were not remaining in the same school throughout the year and the subsequent teaching years of the investigated period. The data collection about the stability of the teachers in the schools was done by the analysis of the class logbooks in the years researched. Through semi-structured interviews, it has been verified the perception of the school agents about the influence of the teachers turnover in the organization of school s pedagogic work. The results pointed the existence of a high turnover rate in Sao Paulo, manifested in the different professional categories that compose the state school system. Between 1997 and 2003, the minor turnover was among the stable teachers, who are the minority. In the school researched it was also verified that the permanent teachers the second biggest group of teachers present the largest turnover rate between 1997 and 2006. The temporary teachers the biggest group by the period present the second largest rate. However, this ratio was significantly lower than the permanents. In some years, pointing out that category doesn t have job stability and, at each school year, have to go through a new process of selection to take classes, whose discretion is the time spent in the classroom. These results are the opposite of the common sense, that job stability evokes the permanence. The interviews also revealed school agents perception about public policies that are needed to avoid the harming of teachers work / Este estudo investiga a rotatividade docente na rede estadual paulista de ensino, tendo como campo de pesquisa uma escola estadual de ensino fundamental e médio do município de Franco da Rocha, entre os anos de 1997 e 2006. A rotatividade docente foi verificada a partir da não permanência dos professores de diferentes estatutos profissionais: efetivos, estáveis e ocupantes de função atividade (OFAs), durante os meses do ano e nos sucessivos anos letivos do período investigado. A coleta dos dados sobre a permanência dos professores na escola realizou-se por meio da análise dos Livros-Ponto dos docentes nos anos pesquisados. Verificou-se também, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, a percepção dos agentes escolares acerca da influência da rotatividade docente na organização do trabalho pedagógico da escola. Os resultados apontaram para a existência da rotatividade docente na rede paulista de ensino, manifestada nas diferentes categorias profissionais que compõem o sistema estadual de ensino. Nos anos de 1997 e 2003, o segmento que apresentou a menor rotatividade foi o dos professores estáveis, que são o de menor número em relação ao total dos docentes. Verificou-se também, na escola pesquisada, que os docentes efetivos o segundo maior grupo de professores - apresentaram os maiores percentuais de rotatividade docente entre os anos de 1997 e 2006, Já os professores temporários durante o período estudado, o maior grupo de professores apresentam o segundo maior percentual de rotatividade docente, porém significativamente menor em determinados anos em relação aos efetivos, salientando que essa categoria não possui estabilidade no emprego e, a cada ano letivo, passam por um novo processo de atribuição de aulas, cujo critério é a pontuação por tempo de serviço. Resultados que contrariam o senso comum de que a estabilidade no emprego ocasiona a permanência. As entrevistas revelaram a percepção dos agentes escolares sobre a necessidade de elaboração de políticas públicas que evitem a precarização do trabalho docente

TITLE: Self- inflicted trauma in young people with in the context of behavioral disturbance AUTHOR: Bc. Katarína Kolaříková DEPARTMENT: Department of special education SUPERVISOR: Doc. PaeDr. Eva Šotolová, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This thesis solves two serious topics of special pedagogic. Behavioural disorders and self-harming behaviour. Self-harming behaviour is deliberate, conscious and often repetitive violation of physical integrity without intent to die. The work is divided into 11 chapters. The first are focused on behavioural disorders, self-harming behaviours, and crisis intervention. Other chapters deal with the goals, research questions and chosen method of treatment. The aim was to map the occurrence, factors and methods of self-harming and describe alternative techniques of reducing this behaviour. Qualitative research is used in this work - analysing the anamneses of individuals with behavioural disorders and interviews with ethopedic workers. The inquiry of documentation shows that self-harming behaviour is caused by negative effects of family and social environment. The most common methods include self-cutting of girls, fists and head pounding against the wall of boys. For alternative methods of reducing this behaviour, the staff of orphanages with schools agreed that the preferred method is...

Объектом исследования является подросток с несамосохранительным поведением. Предметом исследования – личностные особенности подростка с несамосохранительным поведением. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (92 источника). Объем магистерской диссертации 85 страниц, на которых размещены 5 рисунков и 6 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя анализ особенностей личности современного подростка, анализ самосохранительного и несамосохранительного поведения, как научного феномена, и анализ особенностей несамосохранительного поведения в подростковой среде. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание выборки эмпирического исследования, основные и дополнительные гипотезы эмпирического исследования, перечислены и вкратце описаны методики, а также математический инструментарий, с помощью которых изучались гипотезы. В главе проводится анализ личностных факторов, влияющих на несамосохранительное поведение подростков (при помощи теста личностных акцентуаций В.П. Дворщенко, опросника Спилберг-Ханина, шкалы депрессии А. Бэка, теста «СР-45» П.И. Юнацкевич, метода цветовых выборов Л.Н. Собчик), последующее целостное описание подростков различных групп несамосохранительного поведения, сравнительный анализ групп между собой и с уже существующими исследованиями. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам. / The object of the research is a teenager with non-self-preserving behavior. The subject of the research is the personality traits of a teenager with non-self-preserving behavior. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (92 sources). The volume of the master's thesis is 85 pages, which contain 5 figures and 6 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problematics, the goal and objectives of the research are set, the object and subject of research, the theoretical and practical significance of the work are determined. The first chapter includes an analysis of the personality traits of a modern adolescent, an analysis of self-preserving and non-self-preserving behavior as a scientific phenomenon, and an analysis of the characteristics of non-self-preserving behavior in a teenage environment. Conclusions for the first chapter represent the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the empirical study sample, the main and additional hypotheses of the empirical study, lists and briefly describes the methods, as well as the mathematical tools with which the hypotheses were studied. The chapter analyzes the personality factors influencing the non-self-preserving behavior of adolescents (using the test of personal accentuations by V.P. Dvorschenko, the Spielberg-Khanin questionnaire, A. Beck's depression scale, the CP-45 test by P.I. Yunatskevich, the method of color choices L.N.Sobchik), the subsequent holistic description of adolescents from various groups of non-self-preserving behavior, a comparative analysis of the groups with each other and with existing studies. Conclusions from Chapter 2 include the main findings of the empirical study. The conclusion summarizes the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions based on the hypotheses put forward.