Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia Mara Costa de Oliveira.pdf: 1536626 bytes, checksum: a546517f7c00e6b13c3a43eac85bbc3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an agent of universal distribution which produces in humanity both the gaud and chronic infection. According to the World health organization (WHO) approximately 30% of world population, or about 2 billion of the people, are infected by the HBV. Of these, more than 350, million have become chronic patients. The molecular analysis of the genome HBV has allowed the identification of different genotypes as well as the main mutations which are present in its genome. The present study had as objective to make the sequence of S and C of HBV isolated from different samples born in the Amazon State and to analyze the frequency of mutations in these genes related with the disease evolution. Samples of 80 patients positive for the HBV were obdied. From these, 60 were born on Manaus and 20 on the urban zone of Labrea city, AM.. The amplification of the S gene and C gene by PCR showed that from 80 samples that were analyzed, 68 (85%) were DNA-HBV positive. The filogenetic analyze identified 3 genotypic groups A, D and F. The prevalent genotype was the A type 40/51 (78,4%), followed by F genotype, (7%) and D 2/51 (3,9%) as walles two undetermined sequences. The A genotype was the most frequent in the samples obtained of people who were born in Manaus, while the F genotype was prevalent in the samples of people from the interior of the Amazon State. Considering the mutations, a very low frequency of mutations related with the development of the disease both in the S and C gene was observed. / O vírus da hepatite B (VHB) é um patógeno de distribuição universal que produz no homem tanto a infecção aguda quanto a crônica. De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), aproximadamente 30% da população do planeta, ou cerca de dois bilhões de pessoas no mundo, estão infectadas pelo VHB. Destas, mais de 350 milhões tornaram-se portadoras crônicas. A análise molecular do genoma VHB têm permitido a identificação de diferentes genótipos bem como das principais mutações presentes em seu genoma. O presente estudo teve como principais objetivos seqüenciar os genes S e C do genoma do VHB isolados de diferentes amostras obtidas de indivíduos naturais do Estado do Amazonas e analisar a freqüência de mutações nesses genes relacionando-as a evolução da doença. Foram analisadas um total de 80 amostras de plasma de indivíduos positivos para o VHB. Destas, 60 foram procedentes de Manaus e 20 da zona urbana do município de Lábrea, AM. A amplificação dos genes S e C por PCR mostrou que das 80 amostras analisadas, 68 (85%) foram DNA-VHB positivas. A análise filogenética identificou os três grupos genotípicos A, D e F. O genótipo A foi predominante em 40/51 (78,4%), seguido dos genótipos F 7/51 (13,7%) e D 2/51 (3,9%) além de duas seqüências não determinadas. O genótipo A foi mais freqüente nas amostras obtidas de indivíduos naturais da cidade de Manaus enquanto que o genótipo F predominou nas amostras de indivíduos procedentes do interior do Estado do Amazonas. Quanto às mutações observou uma baixa freqüência de mutações relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da doença tanto no gene S quanto no C.

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar fatores virais associados com a evolução para o carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) em pacientes com hepatite B crônica. Para tanto caracterizamos os subgenótipos do HBV, investigamos a ocorrência de mutações nos genes pré-core/core do HBV associadas à presença de CHC avaliamos por análise filogenética a associação de linhagens virais com a ocorrência de CHC e por fim a associação de outros fatores de risco com o desenvolvimento de CHC. Foram incluídos 119 amostras de soro de pacientes com infecção crônica pelo HBV, destas amostras 60 pertencem ao grupo 1 (CHC), que são pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de carcinoma hepatocelular e 59 amostras pertencem ao grupo 2 (sem CHC) que são pacientes com hepatite crônica sem detecção prévia de nódulos hepáticos. Foram obtidas informações acerca da idade, sexo e naturalidade. Além disso, os pacientes responderam a um questionário sobre fatores de riscos associados ao desenvolvimento de CHC. Foram realizados exames bioquímicos, sorológicos, determinação da carga viral, e amplificação por nested PCR e sequenciamento das regiões S/polimerase e pré-core/core do genoma viral para posterior caracterização dos genótipos/subgenótipos do HBV e pesquisa de mutações associadas com evolução da doença hepática. Em relação à idade e sexo não houve grande variação entre os grupos. Quanto à naturalidade a maioria era procedente da região sudeste, seguido pela região nordeste; e por fim seis pacientes eram procedentes de outros países. Com base no sobrenome dos pacientes avaliou-se também a frequência de etnia oriental na casuística estudada, que foi similar nos 2 grupos. O perfil sorológico HBeAg negativo foi o mais frequente nos dois grupos de pacientes, assim como níveis de carga viral abaixo de 2.000 UI/mL. Em relação aos exames bioquímicos foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos níveis séricos de AFP (p= 0,0013), FA (p= 0,0003) e GGT (p= 0,005). Dentre os fatores de risco analisados neste estudo, o consumo de amendoim foi o único que apresentou significância estatística (p= 0,003). A região S/pol foi amplificada e sequenciada com sucesso em 58 amostras (28 do grupo 1 e 30 do grupo 2). Entre as 58 amostras analisadas 4 genótipos e 8 subgenótipos do HBV foram identificados, sendo o subgenótipo A1 o mais frequente nos dois grupos. Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante na distribuição dos subgenótipos entre os dois grupos de pacientes. Na topologia da árvore filogenética construída com sequências do HBV isoladas dos pacientes incluídos neste estudo e sequências disponíveis no GenBank não se observou padrões de agrupamento associados com o perfil clinico do paciente (com e sem CHC). Foram obtidas sequências de boa qualidade da região précore/ core em 44 amostras, sendo 20 amostras do grupo 1 e 24 do grupo 2. Diversas das mutações investigadas foram identificadas na região précore/ core, as quais foram avaliadas estatisticamente para verificar a existência de diferença na frequência das mesmas entre os grupos de pacientes estudados. Entre as mutações identificadas se destacaram com significância estatística as seguintes mutações: T1768A (p= 0,006), a combinação das mutações C1766T + T1768A (p= 0,043) e G1888H (p= 0,05). Na análise de regressão logística simples foi possível identificar que a chance de um paciente do grupo 2 desenvolver CHC aumenta 14,7 vezes na presença de infecção por cepas do HBV com a mutação T1768A, enquanto que a infecção com cepas do HBV que albergam a mutação G1888H reduz tal chance 2,5 vezes / The aim of this study was to evaluate viral factors associated with the progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B. For this goal, we characterized HBV subgenotypes, investigated the occurrence of mutations in pre-core/core genes associated with progression to HCC, characterized HBV strains through phylogenetic analyzes and evaluated risk factors associated with HCC. Were included 119 serum samples from patients with chronic HBV infection that were classified in 2 groups: 60 patients with confirmed HCC diagnosis (group 1) and 59 patients with advanced hepatitis B liver disease without the detection of nodular liver lesions and without HCC (group 2). Data about the age, sex and geographic precedence were obtained from medical records. The patients also answered a questionnaire on risk factors for developing HCC. Biochemical, serological and viral load testing were performed in all samples. Moreover, S/polymerase and precore /core regions of HBV DNA were amplified by nested PCR and sequenced by Sanger method. Sequences were analyzed to identify HBV genotypes and subgenotypes and to detect mutations in the precore/core gene. Patient\'s age and sex did not differ between the two groups. Most of the patients came from the Southeast region, followed by the Northeast region; and six patients were from other countries. Based on the patient\'s surname, they were evaluated concerning Eastern ethnicity, which was similar in the 2 groups. Most of the patients included in this study were HBeAg negative and showed viral load bellow 2,000 IU/mL. Concerning the biochemistry assays, statistically significant differences in serum levels of AFP (p = 0.0013), AP (p = 0.0003) and GGT (p = 0.005) were found. Among the risk factors analyzed in this study, peanut consumption was the only one statistically significant (p = 0.003). The S/pol region was successfully amplified and sequenced in 58 samples (28 from Group 1 and 30 from Group 2). Among the 58 samples analyzed, 4 genotypes and 8 subgenotypes were identified, subgenotype A1 was the most frequent in both groups and there was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of them between the two groups. In the phylogenetic tree topology built with HBV sequences isolated from patients included in this study and sequences available in GenBank, it was not observed any clustering associated with the clinical profile of the patients (with or without HCC). Sequences of good quality from pre-core/core region were obtained from 44 samples, 20 from group 1 and 24 from group 2. These sequences were analyzed and several mutations were found among which stood out with statistical significance: T1768A (p = 0.006) C1766T + T1768A (p = 0.043) and G1888H (p = 0.05). In addition to the comparative analysis, the changes were subjected to a simple logistic regression analysis which found that the chance of a patient in group 2 developed HCC increases 14.7 times in the presence of HBV infection strains with the T1768A mutation, while infection with HBV strains harboring the mutation G1888H reduces this chance by 2.5 times

O presente estudo avaliou materiais de 50 pacientes com cirrose hepática pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC) que foram submetidos ao transplante hepático no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo no período de 1993 a 2004, sendo divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (33 pacientes com cirrose pelo VHC) e Grupo 2 (17 pacientes com cirrose pelo VHC com carcinoma hepatocelular). Nosso objetivo foi estudar a ocorrência da infecção oculta pelo VHB em pacientes com cirrose pelo VHC com ou sem CHC através do estudo molecular do genoma viral (DNA do VHB) no soro, tecido hepático tumoral e não tumoral pela utilização da técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), pelos métodos in house e em tempo real. Todos os pacientes eram HBsAg negativos, possuíam soroteca e bloco de explante hepático em parafina, não apresentando concomitância com doenças hepáticas colestáticas, metabólicas e autoimunes. Foram avaliados os prontuários por um único pesquisador no sentido de coletar informações tais como: sexo, idade, dados de exames laboratoriais bioquímicos, sorológicos, ?fetoproteína e coagulação; além de dados clínicos tais como ascite e encefalopatia hepática para cálculos de índices prognósticos da cirrose (Child e MELD). Todo o material de explante hepático teve o Escore de Ishak e a Classificação das Sociedades Brasileiras de Patologia e Hepatologia para hepatites crônicas avaliados, assim como a Classificação de Edmondson e Steiner para os que apresentassem CHC. A técnica de PCR in house para detecção do DNA do VHB no soro e em tecido hepático tumoral e não tumoral apresentou negatividade em todas as amostras. Na técnica de PCR em tempo real apenas um caso do grupo 2 foi positivo no soro (sexo masculino, 66 anos, Anti-HBC total isolado e CHC); no tecido hepático tumoral no grupo 2 tivemos dois casos com resultados indeterminados e no tecido hepático não tumoral também do grupo 2, tivemos dois casos indeterminados. O grupo 1 não apresentou positividade para nenhuma das técnicas utilizadas. Concluímos que entre nossos pacientes com ou sem carcinoma hepatocelular associados à cirrose hepática pelo VHC, a infecção oculta pelo VHB foi muito baixa, provavelmente devido à baixa prevalência da infecção pelo VHB na nossa população / This study evaluated serum and liver tissue samples from 50 patients with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus (HVC) that underwent liver transplant at the Hospital das Clínicas - University of São Paulo School of Medicine during the period of 1993 to 2004, divided into two groups: Group 1 (33 cirrhotic patients due to HCV) and Group 2 (17 cirrhotic patients due to HCV with hepatocellular carcinoma - HCC). Our aim was to study the occurrence of occult HBV0 infection in cirrhotic patients due to HCV with or without HCC through the molecular study of HBV DNA in the serum, tumoral liver tissue and non tumoral liver tissue by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques using in house and real time PCR. All the patients were HBsAg negative, having previous serum samples frozen at -20ºC and liver tissue explanted in paraffin, without presenting concomitant cholestatic, metabolic and autoimmune liver diseases. The following variables were collected: gender, age, biochemical and coagulation laboratory tests and HBV serology (HBsAg, anti-HBc total, anti-HBs). Among the clinical data, ascites and encephalopathy were collected for the Child and MELD prognostic indexes. In the explanted liver tissue the Ishak\'s Score, The Brazilian Society of Pathology and Hepatology Classification for chronic hepatitis, and Edmondson and Steiner Classification for HCC were applied in the liver tissue. All samples with or without tumoral liver tissue and serum were negative for HBV DNA using in house PCR technique. By the real time PCR technique only one case from Group 2 was HBV DNA positive in serum (male, 66, isolated anti-HBc total positive and HCC). In the tumoral and non-tumoral liver tissues there were two indeterminated HBV DNA cases among Group 2 patients. All samples for Group 1 patients were negative for HBV DNA using both techniques. In conclusion, our study has shown the extremely low occult hepatitis B virus infection among the HCV cirrhotic patients with or without HCC, maybe due to the low HBV past infection among the Southeastern Brazilian population

L’infection par le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB) reste un problème majeur de santé publique. L’infection chronique par le VHB peut conduire au développement d’une cirrhose et d’un carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC). L’ARN pré-génomique du VHB (ARNpg), matrice de la réplication virale, peut aussi subir un épissage alternatif dans les hépatocytes. L’ARN simple-épissé SP1 (ARNSP1) est le variant majeur détecté. L’ARNSP1 génère des particules virales défectives (VHBd) et code la protéine HBSP (HBV splicing-generated protein). Des études récentes ont démontré que la proportion de VHBd dans le sérum augmente lors de la progression de maladies hépatiques et précède le développement de CHC. Notre équipe ainsi que d’autres ont décrit qu’HBSP pouvait pirater les voies de signalisation intervenant dans l’immunité innée et limiter l’étendue de l’inflammation du foie. Le but de notre étude est de comprendre la régulation de l’épissage alternatif viral et cellulaire au cours de la pathogenèse hépatique. Nous avons montré:1) une diminution du recrutement immunitaire et une réduction de la fibrose hépatique les souris exprimant HBSP régulée par épissage alternatif. 2) dans 6 modèles murins différents une régulation de l’expression des facteurs épissage variable selon la maladie du foie et définissant une signature spécifique. Cette régulation de facteurs d’épissage et de l’épissage alternatif a été observée dans les CHC de patients. En conclusion, nos résultats soulignent l’impact de l’atteinte hépatique sur l’expression des facteurs d’épissage, lesquels pourraient contribuer à réguler à la fois l’épissage viral et cellulaire et par conséquent, la progression de la pathogenèse hépatique. / Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health problem with 250 million chronic carriers worldwide. Chronic HBV infection may lead to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), matrix of viral replication, could also undergo alternative splicing (AS) in hepatocytes. The singly spliced SP1RNA is the major HBV spliced variant detected. SP1RNA generates defective viral particles (dHBV) and encodes for HBV splicing-generated protein (HBSP). Recent studies found the proportion of serum dHBV increased during the progression of liver disease and prior to development of HCC. In addition, our group and others revealed that HBSP hacked signaling pathways involved in innate immunity and limit the extent of liver inflammation. The aim of our study was to investigate the regulation of viral and cellular alternative splicing in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Our data showed that 1) the modulated expression of splicing factors in HBV transgenic mice contributed to an increase of SP1RNA encoding for HBSP. In HBSP transgenic mice, HBSP expression led to the decrease of inflammatory mono/macrophages recruitment and consequently impaired liver fibrogenesis. 2) the pattern of selected splicing factors expression varied according to liver disease in mouse models, and overexpression of splicing factors and enhanced alternative splicing of target genes were observed in HCC tumors. In conclusion, our data highlighted the impact of liver diseases on the expression of splicing factors which may contribute to regulate both viral and cellular splicing events and consequently the progression of liver pathogenesis.

Le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) est le plus fréquent des tumeurs primitives du foie. La carcinogenèse hépatique est un processus complexe et multifactoriel qui fait intervenir à la fois des facteurs génétiques de prédisposition (e.g. les SNPs) et environnementaux. Près de 50% des CHC ont pour étiologie une infection par le virus de l'hépatite B (VHB). Au cours de cette infection, de multiples altérations génétiques et virales s'accumulent et favorisent le développement tumoral. Nous avons montré que les CHC liés au VHB présentaient des caractéristiques cliniques et pathologiques différents que ceux d’autres étiologies : 1). Les mutations inactivatrices d’HBx sont sélectionnées dans les tissus tumoraux des CHC liés au VHB, suggérant qu’il existe une pression de sélection spécifique au cours de l’hépatocarcinogenèse. 2). Chez les patients ayant un faible nombre de copies d'ADN VHB par cellule dans le foie non-tumoral, une corrélation avec les facteurs de risque supplémentaires (VHC/OH/NASH) a été identifiée, suggérant un effet coopératif pour la carcinogenèse induite par le VHB. 3). Les mutations TP53 sont associées à un pronostic moins favorable chez les patients ayant un CHC liés au VHB. 4). Les CHC liés au VHB montrent plus fréquemment des phénotypes progéniteurs, avec une surexpression des gènes impliqués dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire et codant pour les protéines onco-fœtales. Quatre SNPs précédemment identifiés par des études pangénomiques (GWAS) asiatiques ont été validés dans la population européenne. Les distributions alléliques semblent varier selon l’étiologie de la pathologie hépatique. Ces résultats soulignent la complexité de la prédisposition génétique au CHC, dont l’étude doit prendre en considération l’origine géographique des patients ainsi que les facteurs de risque associés. / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumors. Hepatic carcinogenesis is a complex and multifactorial process involving both genetic predisposition (e.g. SNPs) and environmental factors. Nearly 50% of HCC are caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection worldwide. During HBV infection, multiple genetic and viral alterations accumulate and promote tumor development. By analyzing resected HCC in France, we identified specific molecular features related to HBV infection. First, HBx inactivating mutations are selected in HCC tissues suggesting specific pressure of selection during hepatocarcinogenesis. Second, in patients with a low number of HBV DNA copies per liver cell, we identified additional risk factors like HCV infection, alcohol intake or NASH, suggesting a cooperative effect of these factors with HBV to induce the malignant transformation. Third, TP53 mutations associated with a poor prognostic for HBV infected resected HCC patients. At last, HBV-related tumors demonstrate more frequent progenitor phenotype compared to non-HBV HCC, with an up-regulation of genes that involved in cell cycle regulation and encoded onco-fetal/progenitor proteins. Four SNPs previously identified by genome-wide studies (GWAS) in Asian, have been validated in our European population. Allelic distributions seem to vary according to the etiologies of adjacent liver diseases. These findings underscore the complexity of the genetic predisposition of HCC; further study must consider the geographical origin of patients and associated risk factors.

La surinfection par HDV/ HBV est la forme la plus grave d'hépatite virale chronique et affecte entre 15-20 millions de patients au niveau mondial. HDV n'est pas susceptible aux traitements anti-HBV et le taux de réponse à l'IFNα est <25%. Malgré une progression plus rapide de la maladie hépatique, la majorité des patients présente une suppression de la réplication du HBV. Les détails des interactions entre HDV, HBV et le système immunitaire inné des cellules infectées restent inconnus. Les objectifs de ces travaux de thèse ont été: i) l'étude de l'infection par HDV et son interaction avec la réponse innée cellulaire; ii) l'identification de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques anti-HDV; iii) l'exploration de l'interaction entre HDV et HBV. L'approche expérimentale a été basée sur l'infection de cellules dHepaRG, capables d´entretenir des cycles réplicatifs complets de HBV et HDV et ayant une réponse immunitaire innée physiologique. Nous avons observé que: i) l'infection par HDV est associée à un réplication forte dans un nombre limité de cellules, et à une induction de l'expression des ISGs; ii) le traitement des cellules infectées par HDV avec de l'IFNα ne conduit pas à une induction accrue des ISGs et a une faible activité antivirale. Quelques agonistes de PRR, notamment activant la voie NF-kB, induisent une forte diminution de la réplication de HDV; iii) malgré le faible nombre de cellules infectées, HDV et ses protéines induisent une diminution de la réplication de HBV. Ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives importantes concernant la caractérisation de la pathogénèse de l'hépatite delta et l'identification de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques immuno modulatrices / HDV/HBV superinfection is the most aggressive form of chronic viral hepatitis and is estimated to affect 15-20 million patients worldwide. HDV is not susceptible to available direct anti-HBV drugs and sustained response to IFNα therapy occurs in less than 1/4 of patients. Despite the faster progression of liver disease, most HDV/ HBV infected patients present a suppression of HBV replication. The details of the interactions between HDV, HBV and the host cell innate immune response remain largely unexplored and research efforts have been limited by the lack of infection models. The aims of this thesis work were: i) to study HDV infection and the interplay with the host innate immune response; ii) to identify novel therapeutic strategies for the inhibition of HDV; iii) to further explore HDV/ HBV interference. The experimental strategy was based on infection of dHepaRG cells, which are known to be permissive to both HBV and HDV full replicative cycles and to present physiological innate immune responses. We observed that: i) HDV infection is associated with a strong, yet transient replication, a potent induction of the expression of ISGs; ii) IFN-α treatment of HDVinfected cells does not induce a further increase of ISG expression and has a modest antiviral activity. Conversely, some PRR agonists, in particular those inducing the NFkB pathway, induce a strong decline in HDV replication; iii) despite the low number of coinfected cells, HDV as well as its encoded proteins exert a repressive effect on HBV replication. Our work opens an array of perspectives on the pathogenesis of hepatitis delta and the identification of novel immune modulatory therapeutic strategies

Nous avons développé la base HBVdb (http://hbvdb.ibcp.fr) pour permettre aux chercheurs d'étudier les caractéristiques génétiques et la variabilité des séquences du virus de l'hépatite B (VHB), ainsi que la résistance virale aux traitements. HBVdb contient une collection de séquences annotées automatiquement sur la base de génomes de référence annotés manuellement, ce qui assure une nomenclature normalisée pour toutes les entrées de la base. HBVdb est accessible via un site Web dédié avec des outils d'analyses génériques et spécialisés (annotation, génotypage, détection de profils de résistance), et des jeux de données pré-calculés. La polymérase du VHB est la principale cible des traitements anti-VHB. Les analogues de nucléos(t)ides (NA) inhibent l'activité de la transcriptase inverse (RT), mais il existe des mutations de résistance aux NA. Cependant, un autre domaine enzymatique pourrait être une cible potentielle : la RNase H, liée au domaine RT, permettant la dégradation de l'ARN durant la transcription inverse. Pour pallier l'absence d'une structure expérimentale résolue, et grâce à l'analyse de séquences à partir de HBVdb, nous avons construit le modèle par homologie de la RNase H, qui a permis de définir les caractéristiques de cette RNase H de type 1. Enfin pour vérifier des hypothèses émises à partir de ce modèle, et pour le placer dans son contexte, nous avons construit un modèle plus étendu de la polymérase du VHB, qui comprend la les domaines RT et RNase H, et contribue à répondre à la question sur l'existence d'un domaine de connexion les reliant. Nous avons utilisé notre modèle pour analyser les interactions entre le site catalytique de la RT et le ténofovir / We developed HBVdb (http://hbvdb.ibcp.fr) to allow researchers to investigate the geneticcharacteristics and variability of the HBV sequences and viral resistance to treatment. HBVdb contains a collection of computer-annotated sequences based on manually annotated reference genomes. The automatic annotation procedure ensures standardized nomenclature for all HBV entries across the database. HBVdb is accessible through a dedicated website integrating generic and specialized analysis tools (annotation, genotyping, resistance profile detection), and pre- computed datasets. The HBV polymerase is the main target of anti-HBV drugs, nucleos(t)ides analogues (NA), which inhibit the activity of reverse transcriptase (RT), but NA resistance mutations appeared. Nevertheless, another enzymatic domain could be a potential drug target: RNase H domain, linked to RT, and involved in degradation of the RNA during the reverse transcription. To overcome the lack of experimental solved structure, thanks to sequences analysis from HBVdb, we built an homology model of RNase H, which helped to define the features of this type 1 RNase H. Finally, to confirm assumptions from this model and to put it in a more global context, we built an extensive HBV polymerase model, which includes the RT and RNase H domains, and helps to answer the question about the existence of connection domain linking them. We performed analyses on this model, regarding the interactions between the RT catalytic site and the Tenofovir, mapping known resistance mutations and the most variables positions of the HBV polymerase

Le polymorphisme génétique du virus de l’hépatite B (VHB) a déjà été étudié pourtenter de comprendre les facteurs viraux influençant l'évolution de la maladie, mais les étudessont discordantes. Ceci peut être lié au fait que les précédents travaux n’ont été menés quedans des populations avec une faible variété de génotypes et présentant des charges viralesplasmatiques (CVP) élevées.Nous avons donc étudié la variabilité du génome complet du VHB chez 422 individusinfectés chroniquement, naïfs de traitements anti-viraux et dont 38% présentaient une CVPinférieure à 103 UI/mL. L’optimisation de l’amplification par PCR du génome complet duVHB nous a permis de séquencer en technique Sanger plus de 90% du génome pour 320échantillons. Le séquençage direct a mis en évidence des co-infections. Ceci a été confirmé enséquençage clonal par pyroséquençage de 27 échantillons qui a montré des proportions departicules défectives variables mais toujours en co-infections avec des sous-populationssauvages. Le génotypage des séquences obtenues par technique Sanger a montré une grandereprésentativité des génotypes les plus fréquents (A à E) ainsi que 60 potentiels recombinantsinter-génotypiques. Cependant le séquençage clonal par pyroséquençage et clonage vectorielclassique de ces derniers montre la présence de co-infections de plusieurs génotypes ou laprésence de génotypes intermédiaires entre génotypes proches. Ceci est en défaveur derecombinaison par échange de matériel génétique comme ce qui a été suggéré dans lalittérature.Cette étude sera complétée par l’analyse de corrélation entre les polymorphismes et lesmarqueurs de mauvaise évolution de la pathologie. / The genetic polymorphism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been investigated tounderstand its impact on disease evolution, with discordant results. This could be due to thenarrow range of genotype and plasmatic viral load in these studies.We analysed complete genome variability of circulating HBV, in 422 chronicallyinfected patients. All were naive of anti-viral treatement and 38% had a plasmatic viral loadbelow 103 UI/mL. After optimisation of full length genome PCR amplification, we obtainedSanger sequences for more than 90% of HBV genome in 320 samples. We detected by directsequencing multiples co-infections that were confirmed by clonal pyrosequencing in 27samples. Defective viruses were always observed in co-infection with wild type virus. Directsequences showed a large representation of the most frequent genotypes (A to E), but also 60potential inter-genotypic recombinants. Clonal pyrosequencing and vectorial sequencingshowed that these potential recombinants were co-infections with different genotypes orintermediate genotypes located between close genotypes. These observations are incontradiction with the hypothesis described in the literature on recombination by geneticmaterial exchange.This study will be completed by a correlation analysis between the polymorphisms andmarkers of bad prognosis during HBV-induced disease.

L’hépatite B est une maladie du foie qui pose un problème majeur de santé publique. Il n’existe à ce jour aucun traitement permettant de guérir complètement de l’infection, et de nouvelles thérapies ont besoin d’être développées. Étant donné son rôle clé dans le cycle de vie du virus de l’hépatite B (VHB), la protéine core qui forme la capside virale est aujourd’hui l’une des cibles avec le plus grand potentiel thérapeutique. Nos recherches sont focalisées sur la caractérisation des capsides du VHB dans différents états conformationnels en utilisant des techniques de biochimie et de RMN du solide, afin de révéler leur conformation précise sous différentes conditions, incluant l’interaction des capsides avec des antiviraux, et la relation entre la conformation de la capside et la maturation du virus. Un système d’expression bactérienne ainsi qu’un système acellulaire de synthèse de protéine à base de germes de blé ont été établis au laboratoire pour produire les capsides, et des protocoles pour désassembler puis réassembler les capsides en présence de différents types d’ARN ont été implémentés. Des échantillons de capsides formées dans E. coli et réassemblées in vitro ont été analysés par RMN. Les différentes formes de capsides observées incluent les protéines tronquées Cp140 et Cp149, la protéine entière Cp183, phosphorylée P-Cp183, et enfin des mutants. Dans un premier temps, nous avons préparé des échantillons pour l’attribution séquentielle de la protéine core par RMN du solide. L’utilisation de la détection carbone en RMN requiert plusieurs dizaines de milligrammes d’échantillon, qui ont pu être produits en utilisant l’expressions bactérienne en milieu minimum contenant des isotopes marqués. Les attributions séquentielles ont été réalisées sur la protéine tronquée Cp149, qui donne des spectres très similaires à Cp183. Cet échantillon a également été utilisé pour identifier les différences conformationnelles entre les 4 monomères de la capside, qui sont provoquées par la symétrie icosaédrale T=4. Ensuite, l’objet principal de cette thèse a été l’investigation et la comparaison d’une large variété de capsides, dans leur forme autoassemblée dans les bactéries E. coli, ainsi que dans leur forme réassemblée. Pour le réassemblage de la protéine entière, qui requiert la présence d’acides nucléiques, nous avons testé différents types d’ARN y compris l’ARN viral prégénomique. Nous avons étudié différentes symétries (T=3 et T=4), ainsi que les états d’oxydation de la capside, et comparé les différences de conformation grâce aux perturbations de déplacements chimiques observées dans les spectres RMN. Nous avons pu identifier les acides aminés impliqués dans les changements conformationnels majeurs entre les différentes préparations. La RMN du solide en détection proton à 100 kHz a récemment émergé comme un outils important pour l’analyse de protéines produites en quantités moindres. Nous avons appliqué cette stratégie à l’analyse des capsides de Cp149 afin d’obtenir l’attribution des protons amides. La détection proton par RMN du solide peut être combinée avec succès à la synthèse des protéines en système acellulaire, qui donne de faibles rendements par rapport aux cultures en bactéries. Cette approche est particulièrement intéressante pour analyser la modulation de l’assemblage des capsides induite par la présence de drogues. Bien que nous ayons commencé à étudier l’impact de modulateurs d’assemblage par RMN en détection carbone sur des capsides formées dans E. coli et réassemblées (données préliminaires non montrées dans ce manuscrit), la détection proton ouvre la voie vers l’analyse de l’impact de ces modulateurs sur l’assemblage des protéines core directement à la sortie du ribosome / Hepatitis B is a widely spread liver disease which causes a heavy burden for human health, with 257 millions of people affected by chronic infection and about 780,000 deaths per year. Yet, infected patients can not be completely cured by current treatments using notably nucleos(t)ide analogues and interferons. In order to achieve the goal of the World Health Assembly (WHA), who wishes to eliminate hepatitis B by 2030, new therapies need to be developed. Given its critical role for the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle, the core protein (Cp) is today one of the antiviral targets with the highest potential. Our research focuses on the characterization of HBV capsids in different conformational states using biochemistry and solid-state NMR, aiming at revealing their precise conformation under different conditions, including the interaction of capsids with antivirals, and the correlation between capsid conformation and viral maturation. For sample preparation, both a bacterial expression system and a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system have been established in the laboratory to produce HBV capsids, and protocols to disassemble and reassemble capsids with different nucleic acids have been implemented. Both capsids preformed in E. coli and capsids reassembled in vitro were addressed to NMR studies. Different capsids forms include the truncated versions Cp140 and Cp149, the full length protein Cp183, the phosphorylated P-Cp183 and mutant forms. First, we have prepared samples for the sequential assignment of the protein using solid-state NMR. The use of carbon-13 detection asks for several tens of milligrams of sample, which were produced using labeled isotopes and bacterial expression in minimal media. Sequential assignments were performed using the truncated capsid Cp149, which showed highly similar spectra to Cp183. This sample was also used to identify conformational differences between the four different monomers in the capsid, which are due to the T=4 icosahedral symmetry. Then, the main body of the thesis is the investigation and comparison of a variety of different capsid forms, including Cp183, P-Cp183, Cp149, Cp140, another truncated form resulting in mainly T=3 icosahedral assemblies, and Cp140 C61A and Cp183 F97L mutants. We investigated all samples in both the E. coli-produced and reassembled forms, which needs for the full-length protein the presence of nucleic acids, of which we tested several, including the viral pregenomic RNA. We investigated different symmetries, as well as oxidation states of the capsid, and compared the differences via chemical shift perturbations observed in NMR spectra. We reported in a site-specific manner the major conformational changes observed between the different preparations. Proton-detected solid-state NMR at 100 kHz has recently emerged as a tool for analyzing proteins with the need of less sample amount. We have applied this strategy to the analysis of the Cp149 capsids, in order to obtain sequential assignments of the amide proton resonances. For this, deuteration of the protein in bacteria was used as well, needing adaptation of sample preparation protocols. Proton detection can be successfully combined with cell-free protein synthesis, which gives low yields compared to bacterial expression. This approach is of potential interest to analyze capsid assembly modulation induced by the presence of drugs. While we have started in the framework of this thesis to analyze the capsid in presence of different capsid assembly modulators by carbon-13 detected NMR on E. coli and reassembled capsids (preliminary results not reported here), proton detection opens the way to an analysis of the impact of capsid modulation directly on the exit of the core proteins from the ribosome, on assembly. We showed that cell-free expression combined with proton-detection solid-state NMR can be used to analyze capsid chemical shifts, and thus in future work the conformational modulations

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are two of the most prevalent swine pathogens that have impacted the global swine industry for decades. Both are RNA viruses with increasing heterogeneity over the years, making a vaccine solution ever so challenging. Modified live-attenuated vaccines (MLVs) have been the most common approach, but the long-term safety regarding their potential for pathogenic reversion still needs to be addressed. Subunit based vaccines have been the focus of numerous development studies around the world with renewed interest in their promising prospects in both safety and efficacy. Our lab has developed a unique approach to use hepatitis B virus core capsid protein (HBcAg) as a vaccine delivery vehicle for either PRRSV or PEDV viral epitope antigens. Recombinantly produced HBcAg forms an icosahedral capsid virus-like particle (VLP) that has 240 repeats in a single assembled particle. By inserting different epitope antigens from these porcine pathogens into the particle, we can achieve repetitive antigen presentation to the host's immune system by taking advantage of the polymeric nature of VLP. The first animal study evaluated the efficacy of 4 VLP based vaccine candidates against PRRSV in mice. These 4 vaccines incorporated 2 B-cell epitopes (61QAAIEVYEPGRS72 and 89ELGFVVPPGLSS100) and 2 T-cell epitopes (117LAALICFVIRLAKNC131 and 149KGRLYRWRSPVIIEK163) from PRRSV structural proteins GP3 and GP5 respectively. Candidate GP3-4 was able to stimulate a significant viral neutralizing response in mouse sera against two PRRSV strains, one being heterologous, demonstrating its potential of cross-protection against PRRSV. The second animal study took an optimized VLP vaccine candidate against PEDV from previous development studies in mice, and assessed its efficacy through a comprehensive pregnant gilt vaccination and neonatal piglet challenge model. The vaccine candidate incorporated B-cell epitope 748YSNIGVCK755 from the PEDV spike protein. It was able to elicit significant viral neutralization antibody titer in gilt milk at 3 days post-farrowing (DPF), and provided nursing piglets with clinical relief in terms of morbidity, viral shedding, small intestinal lesions, and 10 days post-challenge (DPC) survival rate. / Doctor of Philosophy / Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are two pathogens that infect pigs, resulting in immense economic losses to the global pork production industry every year. Both viruses have large diversity with various strains due to mutations that have occurred over the years. This makes vaccine development that aims at combating the pathogens even more challenging. One common vaccine strategy has been immunizing animals with modified live viruses with decreased pathogenicity. Naturally, long term safety of this option has been a concern. A much safer vaccine approach that is purely protein based has attracted renewed interest around the world. Protein based vaccines lack genetic materials from the viruses and are not able to replicate inside the host. Our lab has developed a platform that uses protein-based particles (VLPs) originated from the hepatitis B virus (HBV), and incorporates short pieces of proteins from either PRRSV or PEDV to train host's immune system to recognize these pathogens, and hopefully to prevent future infection. For the first animal study, we tested 4 VLP vaccine candidates against PRRSV in mice and discovered that mouse serum from one candidate GP3-4 was able to prevent infection of 2 distinct PRRSV strains in petri dishes, paving the way for further development. For the second animal study, we took an optimized VLP vaccine candidate against PEDV from previous mouse studies, and evaluated its performance in pigs. We immunized pregnant mother pigs with the vaccine before they gave birth, then experimentally infected newborn piglets with the virus. Piglets from the vaccinated mothers showed improved clinical signs and faster recovery from the infection.