In todays society sports has become a major part in people’s life, with the emerging of professionalization it’s become a thriving business that generates big money. An outcome of this evolution of sports as meant that most athletes must put more time and energy in to their athletics to have a chance to reach their dreams of being a professional athlete. And if an athletes dream get cut short somehow, the process of moving out of sport has been shown to somtimes be a difficult process for athletes that don’t have anything to fall back on. That’s why it is important for athletes to have the option to be able to combine their athletics with academics. The purpose of this study was to examine how a duel career, support services and life skills help to balance out the negative outcomes of pursuing a professional career in sports while also working for a higher education. During this study eight men and two women that where playing ice hockey and studying at an NCAA division 1 university where interviewed about their perceptions being student-athletes in a high performance university that has high standards on academics and sports. The results showed that most of support services offered to the student athletes helped them in reducing stress and having a more balanced life between sports and studies. The results also showed that the student-athletes perceived that they prioritized hockey and studies highly and their free time to do other things suffered because of that. Another aspect in the result showed that community service, which was part of the student-athlete program, helped them with putting things in perspective and affected them in a positive way in being student-athletes.

Idrott och motion är ett av de största fritidsintressena i Sverige. Den svenska idrottsrörelsen bottnar i den ideella sektorn och det har skett en ökad professionalisering och kommersialisering främst inom elitidrotten. Idag är idrotten mer än bara en match, mervärden har blivit viktigare och man säljer ett helhetskoncept. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur organisationer inom den ideella sektorn hanterar professionalisering och kommersialisering, med avseende på elitishockeyn i Sverige. För att besvara studiens syfte har en flerfallstudie genomförts med hjälp av sex elitishockeyklubbar i Sverige. Urvalet bestod av klubbar från de två högsta ishockeyserierna och klubbarna representerar både större städer och mindre orter. Resultatet visar att samtliga elitishockeyklubbar är högst företagsliknande och att bolagiseringar kan ses som en del av professionaliseringen. Klubbarna har många beroendeförhållanden och anser att de går mot en fortsatt kommersialisering där fokus på idrott som underhållning ökar. / Sports and exercise are one of the most popular hobbies in Sweden. The Swedish sports movement stem from the non profit sector and there has been a increase in professionalization and commercialization mainly within the elite sports. Sports is more than just a game today, added value has become more important and one sells a total concept. The purpose of this thesis is is to highlight how organizations in the non profit sector manages professionalization and commercialization, with respect to elite hockey in Sweden. To answer the purpose of the study case studies have been conducted using six elite hockey teams in Sweden. The sample consisted of teams from the two top hockey leagues and teams representing both large cities and smaller towns. The result shows that all elite hockey teams are highly business-like and turning in to a corporation can be seen as a part of professionalizaton. Clubs have many interdependencies and see a continued development towards increades commercializaion with a focus on sport as entertainment.

Scientific studies show that good leadership is a key factor for group- and individual development. Studies have also shown that the contrary can curb talented individuals and/or cause stagnation, or even cause groups to halt their progression. This essay studies how leaders in musical and athletic environments look on their own leadership. In interviews, the leaders reflect upon experienced issues related to their profession, their views on difficulties in their leading role, as well as individual, and group development. This study also includes two observations, one in each field of profession. The answers in the interviews have been compared in order to identify possible differences and/or similarities between the two different career fields . The comparison also serve as a background for a discussion on wether the two different leader professions can learn from each other. The study shows that the stereotype portrait of the screaming hockey coach isn’t entirely accurate when to describe the leaders who coach young hockey players in Sweden. The study also shows that the leaders in choral singing has a very strong position and often single-handedly pilots their groups against put up targets. / Forskning visar att ett gott ledarskap är en viktig faktor för att grupper och individer skall utvecklas och motsatsen kan hämma duktiga individer och/eller få grupper att stagnera eller till och med gå bakåt i utvecklingen. Denna studie undersöker musik- och idrottsledares syn på sitt eget ledarskap. Ledarna svarar i kvalitativa intervjuer på frågor kring sin egen syn på ledarskap, svårigheter med ledarskapet, individutveckling och grupputveckling. Intervjuerna kompletteras även av två observationer, en inom varje område. Dessa musik- och idrottsledares svar jämför jag för att undersöka likheter och skillnader samt för en diskussion kring resultatet och om det finns något de kan lära av varandra. Studien visar bland annat att schablonbilden av den skrikande ishockeytränaren inte riktigt stämmer överens med de ledare som utbildar unga ishockeyspelare i Sverige och att ledare inom körsång har en mycket stark ställning och ofta ensam lotsar sina grupper mot uppsatta mål.

Cette thèse s'intéresse - au niveau national - aux transformations du hockey sur glace sur une période allant de 1986 (date de l'obtention des Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver de 1992 à la France) à 2006 (date de la scission entre le hockey sur glace et la FFSG). Il s'agit d'un travail socio-historique qui portera son attention sur les structures fédérales (et leurs transformations) et sur l'évolution de la politique de la Commission Sportive Nationale de Hockey sur Glace (CNHG), notamment en ce qui concerne la mise en spectacle et la professionnalisation de ce sport au cours de la période que nous avons définie précédemment. Nous nous intéresseront également aux clubs évoluant (ou ayant évolué) en première division. L'analyse, outre la stratégie globale, doit comprendre les jeux d'acteurs au sein de l'espace fédéral (CNHG et FFSG) et leurs rapports de force, les soubassements idéologique de l'action dans le cadre fédéral, mais aussi tenir compte du contexte sportif national avec le développement du sport-spectacle et du " star système " au cours des années 1980. Il s'agira également d'analyser la structuration du hockey sur glace sous forme professionnelle (e.g., ligue professionnelle, statut des clubs, syndicats (joueurs, clubs, arbitres), contrôle de gestion, etc.) et son positionnement à l'international avec les conséquences des différentes législations européennes (e.g., arrêt Bosman (1995), arrêt Malaja (2002)).

Bakgrund: Under 2000-talet har många av klubbarna i både Svenska Hockeyligan och Allsvenskan i fotboll haft ekonomiska problem. Flertalet elitidrottsklubbar har gått från att tidigare vara ideella föreningar till att idag, genom bolagiseringar, drivas som elitidrottsföretag. Ett verktyg som idag används för att utveckla företags verksamheter i flera vitt skilda branscher är riskkapital där riskkapitalister eller riskkapitalbolag köper in sig i företaget. Elitidrottsföretagen påverkas dock av regelverk som potentiellt sett begränsar elitidrottsföretagens möjligheter att använda riskkapital. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera om elitidrottsklubbar inom svensk fotboll och ishockey kan utveckla sin verksamhet med riskkapital. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där intervjuer har genomförts med representanter från tio elitidrottsklubbar inom svensk fotboll och ishockey. Resultat: Studien visar att elitidrottsklubbar inom svensk fotboll och ishockey bör kunna använda sig av riskkapital för att utveckla sin verksamhet. Gällande regelverk, 51-procentsregeln, hämmar dock klubbarna i användningen av riskkapital, då riskkapitalistens möjlighet till kontroll över sin investering begränsas. Om riskkapitalisten tillåts inta en aktiv ägarroll, ser vi användningen av riskkapital som en möjlig framtida väg för att utveckla verksamheten i dagens elitidrottsföretag. / Background: During the 2000s, many clubs in the Swedish Hockey League and the Swedish premier football division Allsvenskan have suffered from financial problems. Many elite sports clubs have changed from previously beeing non-profit organizations to, through corporatisation, operate as elite sports businesses. Private equity is a tool that is used to develop business operations in various industries, where venture capitalists or private equity firms buys into a company. Elite sports businesses, however, are affected by regulations that potentially limit the elite sports businesses possibilities to use private equity. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze if elite sports clubs in Swedish football and ice hockey can develop their business with private equity. Research method: The study has a qualitative approach in which interviews were conducted with representatives from ten elite sports clubs in Swedish football and ice hockey. Results: The study shows that elite sports clubs in Swedish football and ice hockey should be able to use venture capital to develop their business. Current regulations, the 51-percent rule, inhibits the clubs in their use of private equity, since venture capitalists are limited in their possibility to control their investment. If the venture capitalist is allowed to take on an active ownership role, we see the use of private equity as a opportunity to develop the business in today's elite sports businesses.

This thesis comprises one review paper and five experimental studies, all of which are presented in the form of journal article submissions. These six research papers attempt to further our understanding of the physiological and metabolic requirements of repeated-sprint activity, specific to field-based team sports. Although coaches and sport scientists have suggested that repeated-sprint ability is an important fitness component of team sports, this area of investigation has only become more common in the past 10 years.

Rooted and centered within a Bourdieu-inspired understanding of how the habitus and social class of parents affects childrens’ sports choices, this paper contributes to a greater appreciation of how social capital and social background impact a family’s ability to practice the sport of ice-hockey. Historically, there has been a significant amount of research investigating the reasons for- and rates of- dropout from sports participation, but few attempts has been undertaken to study athletes who begin and continue to actively play a certain sport. Through the creation of an index which measures different variables, this paper introduces the concept of an ice-hockey habitus. This habitus was used to compare the education, occupations, economic wealth and other demographic parameters of parents of ice-hockey-playing children. With that in mind, the aim of this paper was to investigate what characterizes ice-hockey playing childrens’ parents. The results were found through looking at the above-mentioned demographics in relation to previous research, and, briefly, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Additionally, a further aim is to document the demographics of the parents of continual-participation among young ice-hockey players. To do so, a quantitative research method was utilized, through which a web-based questionnaire was formed and used as foundation for the gathering of the empirical data. The total amount of responses amounted to n=576, from four disparate cities within a geographical distribution from south to north. The findings showed that there was a correlation between families with ice-hockey playing children and highly educated parents (in some areas more than double the Swedish average) and economic wealth (as more than four out of five families earns equal to- or higher than the Swedish average). The findings also showed that for the ice-hockey habitus, level of education did not affect mothers’ index level. For the fathers’ index, the amount of highly educated fathers decreased as the ice-hockey habitus increased. A further correlation found was that as ice-hockey habitus increased, so did the amount of families with higher economic wealth.

Tittle: Influence of skating technique on skating speed in players aged 8-10 Objektive: Search teoretic procedures for teaching skating and speed development in ice hockey in available literature. Then create and apply a set of exercises to improve skating techniques for the 8-10 year category. Use skating speed tests to verify the effectiveness of the exercises and demonstrate the effect of the skating technique on skating. Works: - Look for theoretical techniques for skating techniques and ice hockey. - Create and apply a set of exercises to develop ice skating techniques. - Use skating speed tests to verify the effectiveness of the selected exercises. - Compare the test results between three teams with a different volume of skating training. Results: Find out the effect of skating technique on skating speed. Hypotheses: 1. Players aged 8-10 will have comparable lead times in each test in all three teams. 2. Speed skating can be developed by improving skating techniques. 3. More skating training means more improvement in skating speed. Key words: Ice hockey, skating, skating speed, skating technique, 8-10 years.

The title of the master thesis: An Atypical alignment of acromioclavicular joint in ice hockey players and the search of possible causes Abstract in English languge: The goal of this thesis is to find out whether atypical acromioclavicular placement of a joint occurs bilaterally in a statistically significant measure with ice hockey players in comparison to a group of individuals who do not play ice hockey professionally and clarify the causes involved in the origin of this placement. Theoretical findings proceed from the anatomy, kinesiology, physiology and biomechanics of the shoulder string, which enables us to understand the matters of this segment and suggest possible pathological changes influenced by a stereotyped and sportive pressure. Part of the theoretical base are also specific pathologies, which form due to burdening the body segments and occur with ice hockey players. An experimental group of active ice hockey players (n1 = 100) in the ages of 13-33 without previous injuries in the area of the clavicle (fracture, luxation) and probands took part in the measurements as well as a group of non-ice hockey players, who had never played hockey professionally (n2 = 100) in the same age group. The measurements were done using the photogrammetric method with the application of a systematic...

Title: Influence of the function of the deep stabilization system of the spine on the accuracy and speed of shooting in the field hockey players Objectives: The main aim of the work was to clarify the effect of exercise aimed at improving the stabilization function of the spine on the accuracy and speed of the shot at field hockey. Another parcial goel was to improve the spinal stabilization function after the interventional program. Methods: The theoretical part is processed in the form of the research. In the practical part an experimental study is containing a sample of 13 probands aged 18-35, male, was created to obtain the data. In the initial measurement, the accuracy of the shooting and the speed of the shooting was measured using the Stalker Pro II radar. Stabilization function of the spine was tested using a test battery, assembled for the purpose of this work. Probands have performed the intervention program for 4 months, twice a week, under professional supervision. Then there was a control measurement. In conclusion, the initial and final results were compared. For processing the data was used a spreadsheet Microsoft Excel 2010. The results were then processed into tables. Results: In the final measurement, all probands were able to improve the spinal stabilization function. The...