There are plenty of reasons behind a tourist’s decision to travel. However, when it comes down to which destination a tourist chooses to visit, a sporting event of high quality and great interest could contribute to make a destination more attractive to tourists. The size of sporting events is ranging from regular season games with your local team to mega-events such as the Olympics or the FIFA World Cup. Therefore, the catchment area for each sporting event also varies greatly. The aim of this study was to investigate and chart how the catchment area of the Swedish ice hockey team IF Björklöven looked like. In order to chart Björklöven’s catchment area the geographical distribution of tickets, merchandise and memberships have been analyzed through registry data directly from IF Björklöven. In addition, the study also investigated how Björklöven’s attendance numbers have developed by analyzing statistics from the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. The effects on the attendance numbers and the geographical distribution of sold products caused by the sporting results, restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic situation in Sweden were also analyzed. The study showed that Björklöven’s catchment area is mainly concentrated in the area around Umeå. There were no significant changes in the geographical distribution and the catchment area between the different ice hockey seasons. The study also highlighted the huge impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on Björklöven’s business. For example, according to the estimate made in this study, Björklöven would realistically have sold almost 180,000 more tickets during the pandemic if their operations were not affected by restrictions on the allowed number of spectators at public gatherings. The study also showed that there is no causality between the economic situation in Sweden and the attendance numbers.

Forskare har i många år undersökt sociala faktorers påverkan på individers motivation. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sambandet mellan tränares förmåga att främja spelares grundläggande psykologiska behov och upplevd press hos elitishockeyspelare. Manliga elitishockeyspelare (n=100, medelålder 23.15 ± 4.58), tillhörande lag i SHL och Hockeyallsvenskan rekryterades. Deltagarna fyllde i två frågeformulär, Interpersonal Supportiveness Scale - Coach (ISS-C) samt ett frågeformulär rörande upplevd press. Resultaten visade på signifikanta korrelationer mellan upplevelsen av ledarens förmåga att uppfylla de grundläggande psykologiska behoven enligt Self Determination Theory (SDT) och spelarnas grad av upplevd inre oro, yttre oro och press. Variansanalyser med upplevd press och motivation som beroende variabler påvisade signifikanta skillnader mellan individer av högre ålder kontra lägre ålder, där spelare i lägre ålder känner mindre press än spelare i högre ålder. Konklusioner utifrån resultaten är att en kontrollerande miljö verkar ha negativ påverkan på upplevd press, medan upplevd autonomi verkar vara en viktig faktor för minskad inre oro samt ökat välmående. Bland spelarna i den äldre ålderskategorin var ledarens engagemang den främsta faktorn som påverkade press, medan spelarna i den yngre ålderskategorin värdesatte struktur högt. Resultaten i den aktuella studien kan eventuellt användas som en del i arbetet att få förståelse för hur man som ledare kan skapa ett positivt motivationsklimat bland ishockeyspelare på elitnivå. / Researchers have spent many years studying the relationship between social factors and motivation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between coaches’ ability to support basic psychological needs and perceived pressure amongst elite ice hockey players. Male ice hockey players (n=100, mean age 23.15 ± 4.58) from teams playing in the SHL or Hockeyallsvenskan were recruited. Participants filled out two different questionnaires, Interpersonal Supportiveness Scale-Coach (ISS-C) and a questionnaire regarding perceived pressure. Results showed significant correlations between the players’ perception of their coaches’ ability to support the basic psychological needs according to Self Determination Theory (SDT) and perceived intrinsic anxiety, extrinsic anxiety and pressure. Analyzes of variance with perceived pressure and motivation as dependent variables showed significant differences between older players and younger players, where younger players perceived less pressure than older players. Conclusions based on the results are that a controlling environment seems to have a negative impact on perceived pressure while perceived autonomy was an important factor to decrease intrinsic anxiety and well-being. The coach’s engagement was the most important factor for perceived pressure when looking at the older age group, while structure was important for players in the younger age group. The result of the present study might be used as a part of the work of creating a positive motivational climate amongst elite level ice hockey players.

One of the most talked about subjects in today's society is gender equality. Sport is a huge part of the Swedish society and gender equality issues are therefore also very evident in sports. The Swedish Sports Confederation have developed gender equality goals, but reports show that there seems to be a gap between theory and practice when it comes to these goals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine how leaders in ice hockey relate to gender equality work in their sport. To fulfill the purpose of this study I have also examined the leaders' understanding of gender equality. An online survey with a quantitative approach was sent out to ice hockey leaders all over Sweden. The study found that the majority of the leaders have a positive and united understanding of gender equality. In addition, they also have a more positive look on the ice hockey clubs gender equality work than the Swedish Ice Hockey Associations’ gender equality work. The leaders have split opinions when it comes to how much the ice hockey club and the Swedish Ice Hockey Association should prioritize working with gender equality. The study concludes that the leaders have a relatively positive approach to gender equality work, and they all also have a similar understanding of gender equality.

Cette étude poursuit trois objectifs: a) identifier des motif s de participation et de démission de bénévoles en hockey mineur, b) déterminer les effets de variables sociologiques sur le degré d'implication des bénévoles dans le rôle d'entraîneur c) pro poser une stratégie de formation pour les bénévoles. Un questionnaire a été rempli par 333 entraîneurs et 175 ex-entraîneurs de la région de Québec. Les résultats démontrent que l'ensemble des répondants présente sensiblement le même profil. Ils sont pères d'un fils qui joue au hockey et proviennent de toutes les couches sociales. La majorité des bénévoles avouent que la participation de leur enfant les a influencé dans leur décision de s'impliquer. Les données révèlent également un degré élevé de consommation de l'activité, une bonne participation à titre de joueur, la perception d'un appui appréciable de l'entourage et un bon degré de satisfaction envers les organismes régissant le hockey mineur. Ils se perçoivent compétents comme entraîneurs et satisfaits des résultats obtenus. Ils valorisent le hockey comme moyen éducatif pour les jeunes. Les motifs invoqués pour expliquer leur participation révèlent un souci de se rendre utiles auprès des jeunes. Cependant, lorsqu'ils se prononcent sur les autres bénévoles, ils pensent que ceux-ci s'impliquent pour s'occuper de leur propre enfant et satisfaire des besoins personnels. Par ailleurs, la perception du degré de compétence s'avère la variable la plus importante dans la prédiction du degré d'implication. Le degré de consommation des activités d'équipes professionnelles de hockey, des facteurs associés au contexte et l'appui des pairs constituent des éléments à considérer lorsqu'on cherche à prédire le degré d'implication des bénévoles comme entraîneurs. Les résultats permettent de constater également que plus le bénévole se déclare influencé par son enfant dans sa décision de participer, moins il a tendance à s'impliquer réellement. Suite aux résultats, l'auteur propose une stratégie progressive en trois étapes en tenant compte des modèles de supervision classique, clinique et d'auto-supervision pour améliorer la qualité de l'enseignement offert par les bénévoles. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2016

Cette thèse interroge les pratiques de mémoire hétérogènes qui ont émergé à propos de l’équipe de hockey du Canadien de Montréal dans le cadre du centenaire de l’équipe en 2009. Elle a le double objectif 1) d’apporter un éclairage théorique communicationnel sur l’objet « mémoire » et 2) de développer une analyse contextuelle des pratiques de mémoire et des enjeux qu’elles rendent effectifs. Mon travail s’inscrit dans le champ des memory studies, et particulièrement dans le tournant médiatique actuel, ainsi que dans celui des cultural studies. Au cours du chapitre consacré à la problématisation, je développe une approche communicationnelle de la mémoire en interrogeant la matérialité des pratiques de mémoire ainsi que leur relation co‐constitutive avec les médias de mémoire, réalisées dans le cadre du centenaire. Dans les deux chapitres analytiques, je procède à une analyse d’archives hétérogènes (articles de journaux, captures de sites internet, notes d’observation, interviews, émissions spéciales, publireportages etc.) issues de registres de mémoire différents. Le deuxième chapitre questionne les pratiques de mémoire à propos de l’ancien joueur du Canadien Léo Gravelle, telle la numérisation d’archives et la constitution de la « boîte à chaussures », la « biographisation », la conservation et la fétichisation, ainsi que leurs façons spécifiques de rendre présent des passés. Ce chapitre met en évidence comment des rapports familiaux, des enjeux liés au vieillissement et des formes de camaraderie sont réarticulés par ces pratiques. Le troisième chapitre investigue les pratiques de mémoire développées par l’organisation du Canadien de Montréal, telle la commémoration et la patrimonialisation de l’équipe ainsi que du hockey, et leur manière particulière de réarticuler la relation du sport professionnel à la ville ainsi que des enjeux liés à la philanthropie et au consumer activism. Le quatrième chapitre propose une discussion sur les faire mémoire, comme moyen d’ « espacer », de s’engager « en public » et comme projet qui mobilise et organise. Cette thèse conclue finalement sur ce qui constitue la singularité de ce centenaire. / This dissertation explores the heterogeneous practices of memory that emerged during the centennial anniversary of the hockey team Canadien de Montréal in 2009. The dissertation’s goals are twofold: 1) bring a theoretical and a communicational light on the object ‘memory’; 2) produce a contextual analysis of these memory practices and of the issues they render effectives. My dissertation is situated in the fields of memory studies (especially in its current media turn) and cultural studies. In the first chapter dedicated to the ‘problematization’ of the centennial, I explore this event by a communicational approach of memory. This approach aims to interrogate the materiality of the practices of memory and their co‐constitutive relation with media of memory. In the two following analytical chapters, I proceed by analyzing a heterogeneous archive (newspaper articles, websites excerpts, observation notes, interviews, tv shows, etc.) from different registers of memory.The second chapter focuses on the practices of memory regarding the former hockey player Léo Gravelle. I analyze how practices –such as archive digitalization, constitution of a ‘shoebox’,‘biographization’, conservation and ‘fetichization’ –render present some pasts in specific manners. This chapter highlights how familial relations, aging issues and particular forms of friendships are rearticulated through these practices of memory. The third chapter analyses the practices of memory developed by the organization of the Canadien de Montréal. I explore the commemoration and the patrimonialisation of the team. I also focus on the particular ways in which these practices of memory rearticulate the relationships between a professional sport team and the city of Montreal and how they put forward new issues such as philanthropy and consumer activism. The fourth chapter discusses about the implications of ‘doing memory’, which I conceive as a means to ‘space’, as a manner of being involved as well as a project that mobilizes and organizes. I conclude the dissertation by outlining the singular elements which constitute this centennial anniversary.

Syftet med studien är att kartlägga hur klubblag med försäljning av merchandise går tillväga för att överleva på en ständigt utvecklande och konkurrerande marknad. Metoden är av kvalitativ abduktiv forskningsansats där djupintervjuer med svenska klubblag ligger till grund för empirin. Urvalet utgörs av sju respondenter som arbetar med merchandise, marknad, försäljning samt en klubbdirektör. Sammanfattningsvis anser studiens respondenter att merchandise är en viktig finansiell intäkt som används för att stärka banden till fans och sponsorer. Merchandise bidrar utifrån analysen även till att klubblagen lättare kan nå ut i samhället med sitt varumärke genom att tillämpa sportmanagement i hela organisationen. Utifrån analysen och teorierna är slutsatsen att merchandise utgör stor vikt för klubblag i arbetet kring att bibehålla en stark relation mellan evenemang, fans och sponsorer. Utifrån dessa faktorer har ytterligare faktorer identifierats för att mynna ut i en ny modell för att förstå hur svenska klubblag går tillväga för att överleva på en konkurrerande marknad. De ytterligare framtagna faktorerna är Merchandise, Klubben och Marknadsföring av klubblags varumärken, som tillsammans med evenemang, fans och sponsorer bildar “The Pentagon Modell for Sportteams”. / A qualitative abductive research approach where depth interviews with Swedish sport teams that form the basis of the empirical data. The selection consists of seven respondents who work with merchandise, marketing, sales and a club director. The purpose of the study is to identify how sport teams with the sale of merchandise proceed in order to survive in a constantly evolving and competitive market. From the basis of the analysis the respondents consider that merchandise is an important financial income but that it also is use to strengthen the ties to their fans an well as sponsors. Based on the analysis merchandise also contribute to the sport teams brand in the community by applying sport management throughout the organization. Based on the analysis and the presented theories the underlying conclusion is that merchandise is of great importance for sport teams work with maintaining a strong relationship between the events, fans and sponsors. Based on these factors, additional elements where found that resulted in a new model in order to understand how sport teams in Sweden proceed in order to survive on a competitive market. The additional factors are merchandise, the club and Marketing of the sport teams brand, along with the events, fans and sponsors form the model: "The Pentagon Model for Sport teams".

Title: Marketing research of PSG Zlín fans' satisfaction Objectives: The aim of the diploma thesis is to find PSG Zlín fans' satisfaction and propose actions that would lead to an increase fans' satisfaction in following seasons. Methods: To determine the satisfaction of the fans of the PSG Zlin hockey club it has been used the method of a quantitative research with the help of an electronic questionnaire. This electronic questionnaire based on a large sample of fans enables to uncover sufficient data and analyses fans' satisfaction by various aspects. Results: The analysis and interpretation of data gained from marketing research have found that fans are very satisfied with many aspects. The most important thing for fans is the atmosphere in the stadium and the sport performance. The least interesting aspect was the supporting program, whom the fans are not completely satisfied. Overall, the greatest range for improvement was found in the allocation of a place for families and the improving of service during home matches. Regarding social networks, websites and merchandising exists mostly good satisfaction about the value of 2 (1 - very satisfied, 5 - very dissatisfied). Generally, fans would welcome more information, coverages and interviews behind the scenes of the club. Keywords: sports...

This thesis explores how a group of 17 male youth athletes, and their families, experience competitive hockey. Many of the youths seem to forge fantasy relationships with hockey celebrities, heroes, and stars -- e.g. Sidney Crosby -- emulating them with regard to the "best" attitudes, equipment, and styles of play to have or use. Their parents invest considerable amounts of money and time into their sons' participation in hockey, not because they necessarily share their sons' dreams of athletic stardom, but because they hope that it will help instill community-defined "positive" values into their sons--tools needed to become "successful" youths and, eventually, adults.

This thesis explores how a group of 17 male youth athletes, and their families, experience competitive hockey. Many of the youths seem to forge fantasy relationships with hockey celebrities, heroes, and stars -- e.g. Sidney Crosby -- emulating them with regard to the "best" attitudes, equipment, and styles of play to have or use. Their parents invest considerable amounts of money and time into their sons' participation in hockey, not because they necessarily share their sons' dreams of athletic stardom, but because they hope that it will help instill community-defined "positive" values into their sons--tools needed to become "successful" youths and, eventually, adults.

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