Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-08T12:46:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcosviniciusdacostameireles.pdf: 1025983 bytes, checksum: cea549ed4e95d1fc32f3195af73c96f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-09T13:40:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcosviniciusdacostameireles.pdf: 1025983 bytes, checksum: cea549ed4e95d1fc32f3195af73c96f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-09T13:40:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcosviniciusdacostameireles.pdf: 1025983 bytes, checksum: cea549ed4e95d1fc32f3195af73c96f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Este trabalho que fala sobre O Homo religiosus: a antropologia filosófica de Viktor Emil Frankl tem como objeto a antropologia frankliana e visa, como objetivo, compreender tal modo de pensar sobre o ser humano em sua dinâmica espiritual na vivência da religiosidade. A partir de uma pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica, tendo como obras principais A presença ignorada de Deus (1948), O homem incondicionado (1949), Homo patiens (1950) e A busca de Deus e questionamentos sobre o sentido da vida (1984), a pesquisa versa sobre a antropologia frankliana, a dimensão espiritual, a busca do sentido e o relacionamento com Deus. A pesquisa é dividida em três momentos, sendo o primeiro uma contextualização e crítica na concepção de homem a qual Frankl recebe da tradição, o segundo uma proposta de superação desta compreensão e o terceiro momento a vivência do Homo religiosus. / This study that talks about The Homo religiosus: the philosophical anthropology of Viktor Emil Frankl has as its object Frankl‘s anthropology and seeks, as its objective, to understand this way of thinking about the human being in his spiritual dynamics in living religiosity. From a theoretical literature, having as the main works: The Unconscious God ( 1948) , The unconditioned man (1949) , Homo patiens (1950) and The search for God and questions about the meaning of life (1984), the research focuses on the anthropology of Frankl, the spiritual dimension , the search for meaning and the relationship with God. The research is divided in three diferent phases, the first being a contextualization and a critic about the conception of man which Frankl receives from tradition, the second is a proposal to overcome this understanding and the third moment, the experience of the Homo religiosus.

This thesis investigates the morphology of internal tooth structures of fossils attributed to the genus Homo and explores the implications for the systematics of the earliest members of our genus. The origins and evolution of the genus Homo are poorly understood, and one of the major unresolves issues concerns the relationship between the species Homo habilis and other taxa. The enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) is useful for studies of hominin systematics because its morphology contains taxonomically important information that may otherwise be lost due to the effects of occlusal dental wear. Few studies focus on the EDJ morphology of early Homo due to a lack of microtomographic scans that preserve adequate contrast between dental tissues. This thesis presents the first analysis of new scans of important H. habilis specimens from Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, including the type specimen OH 7. Overall EDJ shape is quantified using landmark-based geometric morphometric methods, revealing that a number of H. habilis specimens retain a very primitive EDJ morphology, largely within the range of Australopithecus. Conversely, H. habilis specimen OH 16 shows a suite of derived traits, particularly in the premolars, suggesting considerable variability within the species hypodigm. Analysis of the mandibular premolar EDJ of the species Homo naledi reveals a distinctive and remarkably consistent morphology that differs in several key traits from those of comparative taxa, including H. habilis and H. erectus. However, two specimens from sites in South Africa show H. naledi-like traits, suggesting a possible phylogenetic link with much earlier hominins. Finally, the thesis also investigates the EDJ expression of mandibular molar accessory cusps, outlining a scoring system for these traits at the EDJ. There are taxon-specific patterns in accessory cusp expression, with early Homo molars frequently displaying a lingual accessory cusp but no distal accessory cusp. However, the EDJ reveals a number of developmental complexities. This is well-illustrated by three Olduvai H. habilis first molars; each has a lingual accessory cusp, but the form of the trait clearly differs in each, raising questions over the use of accessory cusps for taxonomy. This thesis demonstrates the importance of studying the EDJ of fossil hominin teeth alongside the outer enamel surface and improves our understanding of the dental morphology of early Homo.:Acknowledgements............i Bibliographical Data............iii Summary............1 Zusammenfassung............8 Chapter 1............15 Chapter 2............29 Chapter 3............57 Appendix............81 Supplementary Information – Chapter 1............82 Supplementary Information – Chapter 2............95 Supplementary Information – Chapter 3............265 Co-author contributions............279 Certificate of exclusive authorship – Chapter 3............282 Declaration of independent work............284

Denna uppsats undersöker hur den kristologi som kommer till uttryck i Elisabeth Ohlson Wallins fotoutställning Ecce Homo kan förstås i relation till det kristologiska projekt som artikulerats av Marcella Althaus-Reid. Undersökningen sker i två steg där Althaus-Reids kristologi först rekonstrueras utifrån de texter i hennes författarskap som tydligt behandlar ämnet, varefter en serie bildanalyser görs av fem fotografier ur Ecce Homo. Studien visar att både Althaus-Reids texter och Ecce Homo innehåller inte en utan flera olika kristologier. De kristologier som uttrycks i Ecce Homo visar sig på många sätt överensstämma med Althaus- Reids kristologiska strävanden, samtidigt som Ohlson Wallins och Althaus-Reids projekt skiljer sig åt på väsentliga punkter, framförallt vad gäller bredd och metodologiska/tematiska ingångar. Medan Althaus-Reids kristologi förstås som intersektionell och alltså som berörande flera olika maktordningar visar sig Ecce Homo framförallt tematisera icke- heterosexuell erfarenhet i relation till Kristus.

Ce travail à pour but de déterminer le mode d’acquisition des ressources carnées par les groupes d’hominidés au cours du Paléolithique inférieur en Europe. La présence du genre Homo en Europe, antérieur à l’épisode paléomagnétique de Jaramillo est attestée dans plusieurs sites archéologiques. Cette dispersion hors d’Afrique est signalée par des industries lithiques appartenant à l’horizon culturel du Préoldowayen et par des restes squelettiques affiliés au genre Homo. Cette étude est axée sur l’analyse taphonomique et archéozoologique, de trois assemblages fauniques associés à une industrie du mode 1 (Barranco León, Fuente Nueva 3, la grotte du Vallonnet) et un assemblage associé à une industrie du mode 2 (la Caune de l’Arago). Les analyses permettent de comprendre les processus de formation de ces assemblages en contexte de plein air et en grotte et d’estimer la part des agents qui sont intervenus. L’implication des Hommes est attestée dans la modification des carcasses de grands mammifères. Des ossements présentent des stries, qui impliquent que les éclats étaient bien utilisés pour prélever la chair et une fracturation caractéristique, liée à l’éclatement des os par les outils aménagés. L’analyse des assemblages osseux révèle une variabilité des systèmes d’approvisionnement en matière carnée. La comparaison de ces accumulations formées en grotte et en plein air, apportent une meilleure compréhension des comportements de subsistances et permet de proposer un aperçu de la variabilité et de la chronologie des comportements alimentaires des Hommes en Europe méridionale pendant le Pléistocène inférieur et moyen. / The purpose of this work is determinated the mode of acquisition of the meat-based resources by the groups of hominids during the lower Palaeolithic in Europe. The presence of the genus Homo in Europe previous to the paleomagnetic Jaramillo event, is attested in several archeological sites. This dispersal outside Africa is indicated by litic industry belonging to the cultural horizon of Préoldowayen and by human fossils affiliated to genus Homo. This study is centred on taphonomical and zooarcheological analysis, of three faunal assemblages associated with a mode 1 industry (Barranco León, Fuente Nueva 3, the Vallonnet cave) and an assemblage associated with a mode 2 industry (Caune de l' Arago). Analyses allow to understand the processes formation of these assemblages in open air site and in cave, and to estimate the part of the agents who intervened. The implication of human is attested in the modification of the carcasses of big mammals. Bones present cutmarks which imply that flakes were used to discard flesh and a characteristic fracturation connected to the percussion of bones by stones tools. The analysis of the bones assemblages reveals a variability of the systems of supply in meat-based subject. The comparison of theses accumulations, bring a better understanding of the subsistences behavior and allows to propose an outline of the variability and the chronology of the eating habits of the Paleolitic People in Southern Europe during Lower and Middle Pleistocene.

Former creative resistance to environmentally hazardous activities has during the last decades, through discussions on climate change, been increasingly reoriented by meteorology, expert knowledge and policy discourse. The ecological system’s perspective on climate change, proclaiming the human not simply as a disturbance in a natural balancing system, but as changing it, has become a causal model for the possibility to change that human. This PhD thesis interrogates how statements in IPCC reports and a Swedish newspaper (DN) constitute truth claims on climate change. What subjectivities does parlance on climate change produce and what type of citizen is called upon to optimize vitality in relation to atmospheric molecules? How is self-management of every-day activities established by help to interactivity and self-techniques framed by technical artefacts? These questions are addressed by a governmentality perspective on how discourse, conceived as partaking in a process of productive power, strives to make climate change an ethico-politic question that fosters ‘Homo Clima’, climate man. What strategies and techniques this form of ‘government’ deploys are described by six interconnecting themes; “Atmospheric biopolitics fosters contingency”, “Mortality/Vitality”, “The moral population in the atmosphere moral economy”, “Homo Clima” and “Bioaesthetics through technical artefacts”, ending in a discussion upon these themes as an act which “Re-thematizes climate change”. The chapters illustrate how statements on the prevention and mitigation of climate risks mold scientific rationalities, mathematically modelled futures and calculations of molecular compounds with how these same futures and molecules correlate to individual culpability, responsibility and morality. From Foucauldian biopolitics to Foucauldian ethics, this can be conceived as an optimization of the vitality of the population by inserting the idea of the population as moral into history and foster moral en masse. Homo Clima is in line with this power/knowledge regime investigated, regarding his ambitions and receptiveness to adapt into a self-governing communicative ethico-politically active neoliberal subject, predicted to inhabit a not yet fully flourished relation between its climate moral self and its actions. By statements in the perimeter of technical artefacts, death, reproduction and consumption, Homo Clima is to become an ideal citizen, investing its own changeability in relation to those beings that are investigated, mapped, localized, archived, systematized and segmented; to simultaneously amend and protect a climate authorized aesthetizised life. This formation, together with the atmosphere as a new terrain for ‘government’ with market solutions for climate risks that links vitalisation with individual morality to moral at an aggregate level, offers an ostensible confrontation of the enterprising subject in the advanced liberal society. Homo Clima is thus conceptualized as a relay of bioaesthetics rather than as a protector of the environment. / <p>QC 20110608</p>

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-04-13T12:06:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO GERALDO DE CARVALHO.pdf: 1527876 bytes, checksum: 40e81b9802f1d77c6211d92205fe80d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T12:06:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO GERALDO DE CARVALHO.pdf: 1527876 bytes, checksum: 40e81b9802f1d77c6211d92205fe80d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-05 / A presentifica??o do fen?meno religioso na realidade da finitude humana, enquanto possibilidade de transforma??o em condi??es de absoluta adversidade ou de extremo sofrimento, procurar? desvelar profundamente a vida, a temporalidade, as emo??es e a f? esperan?osa que anima os seres humanos a superar situa??es extremas que atentam contra a vida. Nesta perspectiva, surge um questionamento: de que maneira uma pessoa em situa??o de sofrimento consegue humanamente re-significar sua finitude atrav?s do fen?meno religioso que permeia a rela??o entre iman?ncia e transcend?ncia? A resposta a essa quest?o vir? a partir de reflex?o te?rica pr?pria ao campo da bio?tica, da teologia como, ainda, da filosofia, em especial, das formula??es relativas ? absoluta exclus?o humana presente na contemporaneidade, provenientes da teoria de Giorgio Agamben acerca do Homo Sacer. Configura-se uma realidade que est? al?m da possibilidade de controle das pessoas, por se tratar de uma conjectura globalizante, segundo a qual um conceito mais abrangente de vulnerabilidade faz-se necess?rio. Destarte, o fen?meno religioso iluminado pelo ?evangelho? da Vida deduz que ao sofrimento pode-se dar sentido, de modo a tornar-se acontecimento de salva??o, ao respeitar a vida e orientar o ser humano para o seu desenvolvimento integral. Em realidades de sofrimento, ? poss?vel constatar-se que na manifesta??o da pot?ncia de vida, a pessoa desenvolve a pedagogia da resili?ncia e tangencia de forma adequada a conting?ncia das circunst?ncias existenciais; com liberdade interior ativa, reconhece sua humanidade e de outrem. / A presentifica??o do fen?meno religioso na realidade da finitude humana, enquanto possibilidade de transforma??o em condi??es de absoluta adversidade ou de extremo sofrimento, procurar? desvelar profundamente a vida, a temporalidade, as emo??es e a f? esperan?osa que anima os seres humanos a superar situa??es extremas que atentam contra a vida. Nesta perspectiva, surge um questionamento: de que maneira uma pessoa em situa??o de sofrimento consegue humanamente re-significar sua finitude atrav?s do fen?meno religioso que permeia a rela??o entre iman?ncia e transcend?ncia? A resposta a essa quest?o vir? a partir de reflex?o te?rica pr?pria ao campo da bio?tica, da teologia como, ainda, da filosofia, em especial, das formula??es relativas ? absoluta exclus?o humana presente na contemporaneidade, provenientes da teoria de Giorgio Agamben acerca do Homo Sacer. Configura-se uma realidade que est? al?m da possibilidade de controle das pessoas, por se tratar de uma conjectura globalizante, segundo a qual um conceito mais abrangente de vulnerabilidade faz-se necess?rio. Destarte, o fen?meno religioso iluminado pelo ?evangelho? da Vida deduz que ao sofrimento pode-se dar sentido, de modo a tornar-se acontecimento de salva??o, ao respeitar a vida e orientar o ser humano para o seu desenvolvimento integral. Em realidades de sofrimento, ? poss?vel constatar-se que na manifesta??o da pot?ncia de vida, a pessoa desenvolve a pedagogia da resili?ncia e tangencia de forma adequada a conting?ncia das circunst?ncias existenciais; com liberdade interior ativa, reconhece sua humanidade e de outrem.

Esta é uma pesquisa antropológica sobre agenciamentos, disputas e segregações socioespaciais entre homens que se autoidentificam como gays ou homossexuais em contextos de periferia das cidades de São Paulo e Belém. Objetivamos perscrutar o processo de produção social das diferenças entre esses homens, frequentadores de bares com expressiva sociabilidade homossexual, localizados em regiões periféricas da zona leste de São Paulo e em um bairro de periferia de Belém: o Guingas Bar (em São Mateus), a Plasticine Party, que acontece quinzenalmente no Luar Rock Bar (em Itaquera), e o bar Refúgio dos Anjos (no Guamá), respectivamente. A chave analítica que nos conduziu à temática e aos espaços mencionados partiu da problemática, ainda pouco explorada na antropologia urbana brasileira, entre periferia e homossexualidade, ou melhor, entre os estudos urbanos e os estudos de gênero e sexualidade. Compreendemos que a partir dos anos 2000 a relação destes campos de conhecimento ganhou fôlego no cenário nacional a partir das pesquisas antropológicas sobre sociabilidade homossexual, porém parte desses esforços se concentraram nas regiões centrais das cidades brasileiras. Mais do que reconhecermos distinções regionais e geográficas, procuramos esquadrinhar narrativas sobre cidade que borram o binômio centro-periferia. Para isso, tomamos como um dos vetores argumentativos a mobilidade, enquanto alusão e/ou prática, mas sobretudo como empoderamento, articulando-o aos marcadores sociais de gênero, sexualidade, classe social, raça/cor e territorialidade, com vistas a observarmos como os interlocutores negociam suas existências no espaço urbano. Nossa empreitada propõe contribuir aos estudos urbanos e aos estudos de gênero e sexualidade seja para fazer conversar periferias e homossexualidades, cidades, produção da diferença e sociabilidades homossexuais, seja para mostrar que as transformações urbanas de cada contexto citadino, relacionadas ao percurso histórico dos bares e ao que denominamos de movimento-ações, são peças-chave para a compreensão de termos como resistência, família, comunidade, amizade, sinalizando, desta feita, que tais compósitos extrapolam os sinônimos da ausência e da precariedade, ao mesmo tempo em que as relações estabelecidas não se bastam pela via do lazer e da diversão. Portanto, ao longo da tese percebemos que tais contextos estão em constantes negociações e disputas interpeladas diretamente pelos modos como as cidades são acessadas e desejadas. / This is an anthropological research on socio-spatial agency, disputes and segregations between men who self-identify themselves as gays or homosexuals in periphery contexts of the cities São Paulo and Belém, Brazil. We aim to examine the social production process of the differences between these men, who are frequenters of bars with expressive homosexual sociability, located in peripheral regions of the east side of São Paulo and in a periphery neighborhood of Belém: the Guingas Bar (in São Mateus), the Plasticine Party, held every two weeks in the Luar Rock Bar (in Itaquera), and the bar Refúgio dos Anjos (in Guamá), respectively. The analytical key that led us to the theme and spaces mentioned came from the problematic, still little explored in Brazilian urban anthropology, between periphery and homosexuality, or rather, between urban studies and the gender and sexuality studies. We understand that from the 2000s the articulation of these fields of knowledge gained ground in the national scenario based on anthropological research on homosexual sociability, but part of these efforts were concentrated in the central regions of Brazilian cities. Rather than recognizing regional and geographical distinctions, we seek to sift through city narratives that blur the downtown-periphery binomial. In order to do this, we take as one of the argumentative vectors the mobility, as allusion and/or practice, but above all as empowerment, articulating it with social markers of gender, sexuality, social class, race/color and territoriality, as a way of observing the management of the interlocutors in the urban space. Our project proposes to contribute to urban studies and the gender and sexuality studies, either to talk about peripheries and homosexuality, cities, the production of difference and homosexual sociabilities, or to show that the urban transformations of each urban context, related to the history of bars and what we call movement-actions, are key pieces for the understanding of terms such as resistance, family, community, friendship, signaling, this time, that such composites extrapolate the synonyms of absence and precariousness, at the same time that established relationships are not enough for the way of leisure and fun. Therefore, throughout the thesis we perceive that such contexts are in constant negotiations and disputes directly questioned by the ways in which the cities are accessed and desired.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:57:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlo Ralph de Musis.pdf: 534050 bytes, checksum: 0792c172fe0da8a05cdb9ab7d8e60b9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work researched and reflected about the possibility of developing a process of evaluation in Higher Education Institutions by the meanings developed by the people who belong to them. At first, the construction of this process implies in the interpretation of the Higher Education Institutions as a group that is at the same time formal, contradictory and dialogic. In the conceptual plan, the concept of judgment and enlightenment was developed in Immanuel Kant e Hannah Arendt s perspective, followed by the reflections done by Theodor W. Adorno to the Kantian categorical imperative. Finally, the sociological model developed by Pierre Bourdieu was used to understand the complex that the individuals that are being studied use to structure their actions, defined the line that would be followed in this evaluation and, according to the specificities of the locus, demanded the use of different instruments, in this case: questionnaires, observation and interviews (individually and in group). Analyses of the content based on associated and implicative figure, multidimensional stagger and non parametric correlation were done. From this comparison a statement was made that the Higher Education Institution used in the research had a behavior in which the heteronomy, on the one hand, establishes components that make the educational process more difficult and spreads discourses guided by the clichés, and on the other hand, shows a complex with potential for the free knowledge and practices / Este trabalho pesquisou e refletiu sobre a possibilidade de desenvolver um processo avaliativo em instituições de ensino superior tendo em vista as significações desenvolvidas pelas suas populações instituintes. Partiu da compreensão de que a construção deste processo implica na interpretação de Instituições de Ensino Superior como um complexo concomitantemente formal, contraditório e dialógico. No plano conceitual, trabalhou o conceito de juízo e esclarecimento na perspectiva de Immanuel Kant e Hannah Arendt, seguido das ponderações feitas por Theodor W. Adorno ao imperativo categórico kantiano. Por fim, utilizou o modelo sociológico desenvolvido por Pierre Bourdieu para apreender o complexo que os indivíduos estudados utilizam para estruturar suas ações, definiu o fio da meada desta avaliação e, conforme as especificidades do locus, exigiu o uso de diferentes instrumentos, no caso, questionários, observação e entrevistas (individuais e em grupo). As análises de conteúdo feitas tiveram apoio em estatística coesitiva e implicativa, escalonamento multidimensional e correlação não paramétrica. Desse confronto foi possível construir o argumento de que a instituição de ensino superior pesquisada possuía uma prática em que a heteronomia, por um lado, instaura componentes que criam entraves ao processo educativo e difunde discursos orientados a clichês e, por outro, deixa entrever um complexo com potencial para conhecimentos e práticas emancipatórias

Frente aos preceitos ditados por Vitrúvio em seu De Architectura, arquitetos tratadistas do Quatrocentos e do Quinhentos, absortos em requalificar a arquitetura e a cidade, divisam symmetria e decor como premissas excelsas a corporificar na ars aedificatoria a perfeita ordem e beleza da natureza. A perquirição de suas acepções, não obstante os obstáculos postos à exegese dos tratados, desvela novos juízos sobre os sentidos de ordem então exalçados. Instituídas, desde a fonte antiga, pelas analogias com o homo ad circulum e ad quadratum, os tratados de Antonio Averlino, detto il Filarete, Francesco di Giorgio Martini e Cesare Cesariano consolidam e multiplicam as possibilidades de associações macro e microcósmicas com a ordo divina. Congêneres ao decor, tais symmetriai e razões do homem bene figuratus precisam expedientes inescusáveis de adequação e variedade, inerentes à vera práxis arquitetônica. / Before the precepts stated by Vitruvius in his De Architectura, architects from the 15th and 16th centuries, absorbed in requalifying the architecture and the city, perceive symmetria and decor as excelling premises that embodied the perfect order and beauty of nature in the ars aedificatoria. The search of their significances, despite the obstacles placed by the treatises exegesis, discloses new judgments about the senses of order extoled at that age. Antonio Averlino, detto il Filarete, Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Cesare Cesariano\'s treatises consolidate and multiply the possibilities of macro and microcosmic associations with the divine ordo, already settled in the ancient source through the analogy with the homo ad circulum and ad quadratum. Congeneric to decor, such symmetriai and the reasons of the homo bene figuratus determine required expedients for adequacy and variety inherent in the veracious architectural praxis.

Les récentes découvertes fossiles en Europe (Dmanissi, Ceprano 1, Gran Dolina) complexifient les théories phylétiques concernant les Hominidés précédant les Néandertaliens : les Anténéandertaliens. Afin de mieux appréhender les relations phylétiques entre les différentes espèces connues (Homo georgicus, H. cepranensis, H. antecessor, H. heidelbergensis et H. neanderthalensis), nous avons étudié morphologiquement les fragments originaux et proposé deux reconstitutions virtuelles de deux spécimens fossiles incomplets du Pléistocène moyen : Arago 21-47, Caune de l'Arago, Pyrénées-Orientales, France, et un spécimen inédit, Biache-Saint-Vaast 2, Pas-de-Calais, France. L'imagerie numérique a permis de corriger les déformations taphonomiques, d'assembler les fragments isolés et de proposer des reconstructions crâniennes après prélèvements virtuels sur d'autres spécimens du Pléistocène moyen, des pièces osseuses manquantes. Nous avons relevé les coordonnées 3D d'une série de points de repères sur ces reconstructions et sur un ensemble représentatif d'Hominidés fossiles pour procéder : aux comparaisons Procustes de Modélisations Segmentaires Inter Points (méthode des Thin Plates Splines) et aux Analyses en Composantes Principales de chaque modélisation crânienne (crâne, calotte crânienne, os frontal, voûte bipariétale et os pariétal droit isolé). Nous avons objectivé après comparaisons morphologiques et Procustes des fragments puis de leurs assemblages, une très grande similitude de conformation spatiale entre ces deux individus, les Néandertaliens et Ceprano 1 et anatomique entre Biache-Saint-Vaast 2 (moindre pour Arago 21) et les Néandertaliens. Nous proposons de : 1/ Considérer Arago 21 et Biache-Saint-Vaast 2 comme des Homo heidelbergensis ancien et récent ; 2/ Reconnaître la présence d'une conformation de type néandertalienne en Europe depuis le Pléistocène inférieur final ; 3/ Nommer Anténéandertaliens tous les individus présentant cette morphologie tridimensionnelle.