This content analysis examined the portrayal of refugees in the United States by comparing four online news outlets—two conservative outlets: Fox News and Breitbart; and two liberal outlets: CNN and The New Yorker. Fox News and CNN are the most popular outlets among conservatives and liberals, respectively, while Breitbart and The New Yorker are the most polar. The study explored whether the frames used by online U.S. news outlets differ based on the ideological leaning of the outlet, specifically in regards to stories about refugees. Media outlets can influence the public opinion by controlling what they publish and how often they publish it. They can also present information in ways that can alter the way the consumer processes it. For this content analysis, the search term "refugee crisis" was used to collect articles from each outlet's online page. Two online news articles from each of the four news outlets were randomly selected from each month of the year 2016. The frames used to report on refugees were identified and compared between all outlets. The five frames coded for were the responsibility frame, conflict frame, human-interest frame, morality frame, and the economic frame. The difference in the use of the five frames by the four news outlets was analyzed. Breitbart, the most conservative outlet of the four, used the human-interest frame significantly less than CNN and The New Yorker. Breitbart scored the lowest on the human-interest frame while The New Yorker scored the highest. CNN scored higher than Fox News and lower than The New Yorker; however, no significance was established. Comparing the score of the human-interest frame items between groups showed that Breitbart used less personal vignettes and adjectives that generate feelings of empathy-caring, sympathy or compassion than CNN and The New Yorker. On the other hand, The New Yorker used significantly more visuals that generated feelings of empathy-caring, sympathy, or compassion than Fox News and Breitbart. No significant differences between any of the outlets were found in their use of the responsibility, economic, conflict, and morality frames. However, when the mean scores of the 20 items were individually compared between outlets, significant differences were found. Breitbart and The New Yorker scored significantly lower on (morality) item-2 than both CNN and Fox News. This suggests that the coverage of the refugee crisis by highly polarized news outlets on both sides are less likely to reference morality, God, or other religious tenets when compared with more central news outlets.

Abstract     Titel: Det förvärvade innanförskapets tecken på utanförskap. En diskursanalytisk studie av Dagens Nyheters rapportering kring Ludmila Engquist.   Författare: Ulrika Apell   Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är främst att undersöka om, och i sådana fall hur, konstruktionen av Ludmila Engquist har skiftat vid olika tillfällen i hennes karriär. Detta görs utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv, där hänsyn tas till aspekterna genus, nationalism, etnicitet och utanförskap. Ett annat syfte är att, utifrån teorin om ”the human interest story”, undersöka hur den mediala berättelsen om Engquist konstrueras i Dagens Nyheter.   Metod/Material: Undersökningen utgörs av en reflexiv diskursanalys i tre steg av de artiklar om Engquist som publicerats i Dagens Nyheter från december 1995 till december 2001. Det första steget utmynnar i en kommenterad sammanställning av rapporteringen i sin helhet. I det andra steget urskiljs de diskursiva teman som framträtt i materialet och i det tredje utförs en detaljanalys av artiklar från utvalda tillfällen: OS-guldet 1996, bröstcancerbeskedet 1999, ”comebacken” på DN-galan och i VM samma år samt dopningserkännandet 2001.   Resultat: Engquists liv har dramatiserats, först som en framgångssaga och, så småningom, som en mörkare berättelse. Hon är bärare av ett flertal stigman och gentemot övriga svenska friidrottare tycks hon hela tiden ha befunnit sig i ett utanförskap. Av journalister och allmänhet accepteras hon tämligen snabbt som svenska¸ men det är en acceptans som tycks villkorad med en förväntan om goda idrottsprestationer. Beträffande genus är konstruktionen av Engquist tämligen konstant. Däremot ändras konstruktionen av hennes make och tränare Johan radikalt när friidrottskarriären övergår i en bobsatsning.   Antal sidor: 156   Kurs: Medie- och kommunikationvetenskap C och D   Lärosäte: Högskolan i Gävle   Period: Våren 2012

<p>The purpose of this BA-thesis was to study how three daily Swedish newspapers use a specific type of exemplars, which are recognized by a number of attributes. A photograph of the person that is interviewed always illustrates this type of exemplars and at least two persons are asked the same question.    The three newspapers that have been compared in this study each represent one of the major types of Swedish newspapers: morning press, tabloids and local press. By using a quantitative content analysis, one month was examined in all three newspapers in the year of 1997 and 2007.  Two of the theories that have been central in the thesis are Colin Sparks model of tabloidization, which demonstrates the process of tabloidization and McQuail′s description of commercialization.  The results of the study indicate that there are many similarities between the three newspapers use of exemplars. However, there are some differences when it comes to frequency and function. Noteworthy is that the newspaper “Dagens Nyheter” did not publish a single exemplar the first year of the study, 1997. Ten years later the very same paper published 15 exemplars during the month of examination.</p>

The purpose of this BA-thesis was to study how three daily Swedish newspapers use a specific type of exemplars, which are recognized by a number of attributes. A photograph of the person that is interviewed always illustrates this type of exemplars and at least two persons are asked the same question.    The three newspapers that have been compared in this study each represent one of the major types of Swedish newspapers: morning press, tabloids and local press. By using a quantitative content analysis, one month was examined in all three newspapers in the year of 1997 and 2007.  Two of the theories that have been central in the thesis are Colin Sparks model of tabloidization, which demonstrates the process of tabloidization and McQuail′s description of commercialization.  The results of the study indicate that there are many similarities between the three newspapers use of exemplars. However, there are some differences when it comes to frequency and function. Noteworthy is that the newspaper “Dagens Nyheter” did not publish a single exemplar the first year of the study, 1997. Ten years later the very same paper published 15 exemplars during the month of examination.

Inom ledarskapsteori skrivs det mycket om ledarens roll vad gäller organisationens framgång. Däremot finns det mindre skrivet om kopplingen mellan ledaren som person och dennes framgång i ledarskapet. Många människor hamnar i en ledarroll till följd av stor skicklighet inom det de gör men är olämpliga som ledare, många människor gör samtidigt ett fantastiskt jobb som ledare. Ledarrollen är inte en yrkesroll som går att kliva i och ur utan ett förhållningssätt som personen lever med. Ledarskapsförmågan går dock att utveckla på många sätt om ledaren har drivkraft och mod att vilja utvecklas. I grunden handlar det om individens självbild och självkänsla. Studien syftar till att belysa det personliga ledarskapets påverkan på det professionella ledarskapet och baseras på åtta samtal med människor vilka alla har lång erfarenhet av ledarskap på professionell nivå. Idag arbetar samtliga med eller föreläser om personlig utveckling och/eller ledarskap på ett eller annat vis. Resultatet behandlar frågor om; gott ledarskap, det personliga ledarskapet, kopplingen där emellan och utveckling av ledarskap. Ämnesområdena är kopplade till teorierna; Transformativt ledarskap och Autentiskt ledarskap, slutsatser är sedan dragna från det. I dagsläget ökar förståelsen för betydelsen av personligt ledarskap för ett bra ledarskap i arbetslivet, men forskningen inom ämnet är bristfällig. Ord som mod, människointresse och insikt är ständigt återkommande i empirin. Dock inte i teorin och är därmed faktorer som behöver mer efterforskning. / Leadership theory provides much of the manager's role in the organization's success. However, there is less written about the connection between the leader as a person and his success in profession. Many people get into a leadership role due to great skills in what they do but they are unsuitable as a leader, while many people do a fantastic job as leader. Leadership is not a profession that you are able to leave at desk; leadership is a lifestyle or a personality. Leadership ability can be developed in many ways if the leader has the driving force, courage and willingness to develop, in essence it is all grounded in the individual's self-image and self esteem. The study aims to highlight the personal leadership’s impact on the professional leadership and based on eight interviews with people who have extensive experience of leadership at the professional level, and also in one way or another work with or have lectures on personal development and leadership. The result is dealing with questions about; good leadership, personal leadership, the link between these and development of leadership. The subject is linked to the theories about Transformational Leadership and Authentic Leadership; conclusions are then drawn from it. In the current situation the understanding about the importance of personal leadership for the professional leadership is increasing, but research on the subject is inadequate. Words like; courage, human interest and insight are a constant factor in the empire, but not in the theory, this indicates that those factors need more research.

隨著社群媒體的熱潮持續延燒，許多科學新聞機構也開始透過臉書的粉絲專頁來發佈自己的新聞以增加新聞曝光率。過去有關於媒體粉絲專頁的研究多探討行銷行為，鮮少針對新聞機構的臉書專頁做研究，對於粉絲專頁社群編輯的引言所形成的框架效果研究也付之闕如。本研究包含兩個實驗法，將兩則不同主題的科學新聞（基因改造、奈米科技）各自配上三種不同框架的臉書引言-技術性框架、爭議性框架、和人情趣味框架，來探討臉書的引言對於科學新聞閱聽眾的影響。 結果發現，人情趣味的臉書引言只會增進讀者想要點擊新聞全文的慾望，卻不會對新聞主文的詮釋造成影響。爭議性臉書引言除了增進讀者閱讀新聞全文的慾望之外，也會再強化讀者對新聞全文的認知。然而這兩種框架對於讀者的新聞注意度、理解度和議題相關性沒有影響。 / As social media continue to gain popularity, scientific news agencies also adopt the trend to increase online presence and fuel exposure because of the growing need to strengthen the communication between scientists and the general public. This study investigated the potential power of the current most popular social media- Facebook in fostering public understanding of science by employing two one-factor between-subject web-based experimental factorial designs. Experiment 1 used genetic modification news and experiment 2 used nanotechnology news. Each piece of science news had three different Facebook framed leads: technique, conflict and human interest. Research results found human interest frame only served to arouse reader’s situational interest to click on the news feed to access to the full story but didn’t affect how readers interpret the main theme of the science news articles. On the other hand, conflict frame not only enhanced reader’s intention to click on the news feed but also reinforced how they perceive the main theme of the news story. However, the two soft news frames have no effect on reader’s perceived news attention, understanding and relevance. This study aimed to contribute to the literature as one of the first studies on the use of the social media in the realm of the public understanding of science.

This thesis examines how four of the national newspapers in Sweden portray the events in late 2015 referred to as the refugee crisis. According to previous research, theimmigration received a lot of media attention and has often been portrayed negatively. Due to the size of the wave and the time it lasted, it is necessary to narrow the selection of published news articles about the topic to a specific time frame and event, which is the introduction of temporary border controls in Sweden, that became a turning point during the wave. The selection makes this thesis unique among the broad previous research. The framing theory is a substantial part of this study, that uses both qualitative framing analysis and quantitative content analysis in order to examine whether the events are portrayed by newspapers through a crisis frame or a human interest frame. The mentioned frames mean that the wave is either portrayed as a negative impact on the country or that the media focuses on the humanitarian situation. The study will alsotake into consideration whether the Swedish newspapers frame politics as strategy andgame. As well as who is quoted in the articles and whether there are differences between news coverage before and after the introduction of temporary border controls. The examined newspapers most often portray the refugee wave as a burden to the society. Framing of the events is rarely done through the human interest frame while the crisis frame is applied in most articles. In addition, most of the quotes come from politicians and political commentators and it is only occasionally that quotes from the refugees occur. The applied framing can be then seen as one of politics as strategy andgame, where there are political winners and losers. The analysis showed no significant difference between news coverage before and after the introduction of border controls.

Le reportage de fait divers diffusé au Journal Télévisé (JT) est questionné dans cette recherche d’un point de vue « pathémique », c’est-à-dire à travers l’analyse des figures rhétoriques propres à émouvoir le public. Ces figures sont élaborées autour d’une absence d’images explicites, absence paradoxale pour la télévision. Pour analyser la rhétorique émotionnelle construite autour de cette absence iconique — de ce creux —, on a sélectionné une sous-catégorie du fait divers privilégiée par les médias : le drame personnel.La partie I analyse la position du drame personnel vis-à-vis du fait divers ainsi que ses ressorts émotionnels, mettant en évidence l’imaginaire pathémique du fait divers. La recherche se focalise ensuite sur les contextes de production et de présentation des reportages du JT de 20 heures de TF1 (partie II). Le contexte de production renvoie à la part invisible du dispositif, aux différents paramètres symboliques et techniques qui jouent un rôle dans l’élaboration du texte. Le contexte de présentation fonde les cadres instituants de l’information qui guident la lecture du reportage. Tenant compte du sujet raconté et du dispositif chargé d’en rendre compte, la recherche aborde alors l’écriture du drame et les mises en scène télévisuelles à visée dramatisante (partie III). Cette analyse morphologique questionne les enjeux communicationnels et émotionnels d’une forme générique du fait divers au JT. Favorisant l’imagination et l’appropriation du texte, la forme symbolique du drame — composée d’images allusives et banales — vient compenser la singularité des faits exposés. / This research analyses human interest stories on television news from a “pathemic” point of view, namely through the analysis of rhetorical figures aiming to move an audience. These figures are constructed around the absence of explicit images, which is a paradox for the television world. In order to analyze the emotional rhetoric constructed around this iconic absence, we have selected the most popular subcategory in the media, which we have called personal drama.The first part of this research analyzes the position of personal drama in relation to human interest stories and its emotional mainsprings. The second part of the research focuses on the contexts of production and presentation. The production context refers to the invisible part, that is to say, the technical and symbolic parameters which play a central role in the elaboration of the report. Whereas the presentation context acts as a framework which guides the audience in reading the report in a certain way. Considering the event being related and the means to do so, the ultimate aim of the research is to analyse the actual writing of the news story and its dramatization for TV. This morphological analysis questions the communicational and emotional stakes of a generic form of human interest stories on television news. Favouring the imagination and the appropriation of the text, the symbolic form of the drama - composed of allusive and mundane images - compensate for the singular nature of the facts being exposed.

Mot bakgrund av den negativa påverkan läsarnas flykt till Facebook har haft på dagspressens ekonomi ämnar denna uppsats undersöka om det finns ett förhållande mellan hur en nyhet på Facebook gestaltas och hur mycket engagemang den får. För att åstadkomma detta har en blandad metod för dataanalys grundad i tidigare forskning om gestaltningsteori. Eftersom morgontidningar och kvällstidningar traditionellt sätt har haft olika publiceringsstrategier har undersökningen även tittat på om eventuella skillnader mellan morgontidningar och kvällstidningar. Studiens resultat har visat att human interest frame och conflict frame, är de gestaltningar som både förekommer mest och har mest engagemang, något som visar att Facebook har påverkat vilka generella gestaltningar som återkommer i flödet. Resultatet tyder även på att morgontidningar och kvällstidningar har separata publiceringsstrategier, även om studien inte innefattade tillräckligt med inlägg för att utläsa ett tydligt samband mellan vilken gestaltning Facebooknyheterna har och om tidningen är en kvälls- eller morgontidning Utöver detta noterade studien att samma ämne gick igen bland Facebooknyheterna och det finns därför ett intresse för att åter studera materialet i framtiden för att ta fram sakfrågsgestaltningar, alternativt att genomföra en kvalitativ totalundersökning av samtliga dataenheter.

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