The following article describes the development, validation and series introduction of a novel highly integrated smart electrohydraulic 4-quadrant displacement machine. Starting in 2012, an unique unit consisting of a hydraulic internal gear machine combined with a newly developed electric machine with integrated electronic unit was created. The developed unit aims at the application in fully active automotive chassis in combination with hydraulic shock absorbers. The very special requirements of this application resulted in a new development with numerous detailed solutions which are described below. Parallel and interacting with the product development, all new series assembly and testing devices tailored to this product was developed.

In Germany alone, 10,000 to 12,000 transfemoral amputations occur every year. Persistent rehabilitation efforts and advanced medical devices like prosthetic knee joints are crucial to reintegrating amputees into daily life successfully. Modern knee joints represent a highly integrated mechatronic system including special kinematics, a lightweight design, various sensors, microprocessors and complex algorithms to control a damping system in the context of the given situation. A knee joint is a passive system and normally has no actuator for an active movement. To enable a natural gait pattern, dampers decelerate the swinging speed of the prosthesis depending on the walking speed and situation. The invention of a novel knee joint called VarioKnie provides two kinematics - a monocentric and a polycentric one. Both kinematics have diametrical advantages and the user can choose the preferred setting through an electromechanical switching unit. With this knee joint in mind, a special hydraulic damper is developed to support both kinematics. Requirements and technical data are provided in the present paper. State of art are microprocessor-controlled knee joints with only one kinematic and either a hydraulic, a pneumatic, or a rheological damper.

Låga tillverkningskostnader är en viktig konkurrensfaktor inom verkstadsindustrin. Ett sätt för att uppnå en mer automatiserad och kostnadseffektiv tillverkningsindustri är att använda hydrauliska fixturer. När dessa fixturer tillverkas och monteras ihop behövs en funktionsprovning samt injustering utföras innan de levereras och börjar användas i serietillverkningen. På marknaden saknas en ergonomisk, användarvänlig och väl anpassad teststation för hydrauliska fixturer. Syftet och målet är att skapa en förståelse för hur man uppnår en ergonomisk och användarvänlig teststation för hydrauliska fixturer, för att i slutändan presentera en virtuell prototyp som en totallösning där även hudraultryck och flöde är justerbart. För att uppnå detta används relevanta teorier inom produktutveckling och ergonomi. Genomförandet bygger på olika produktutvecklingssteg, som leder till en totallösning. Efter att ha sammanställt en detaljkonstruktion på teststationens komponenter presenteras en virtuell prototyp som slutresultat / Low manufacturing costs are an important competitive factor in the manufacturing industry. A way to achieve a more automated and cost-effective manufacturing industryis is to use hydraulic fixtures. When these fixtures are manufactured and assembleda function test and adjustment are needed before they are delivered and startbe used in series production. The market lacks an ergonomic, user-friendlyand well-adapted test station for hydraulic fixtures. The purpose and goal are to create an understanding of how to achieve an ergonomic and user-friendly test station for hydraulic fixtures, to ultimately present a virtual prototype as a total solution where both hydraulic pressure and flow are adjustable. The work will only affect the test station and not the hydraulic fixtures which it is connected. To achieve this, relevant theories in product development and ergonomics are used. The implementation is based on different product development steps, which lead to one total solution. After compiling a detailed design of the test station components, a virtual prototype is presented as the end result

The growing concern with the environmental impacts of disposable products has placed an emphasis on ensuring the sustainability of material systems. A shift in the selection of material can decrease the negative effects of disposable products. One class of materials with good credentials is biocomposite materials, a material partly consisting of biodegradable products. In this thesis project a compression molding machine suitable for the pressing of biocomposite materials are developed for the start-up Trash to Gold. The start up is in a early process of developing compression molding machine. As of now they use a modified workshop press to test out the pressing of to-go coffee cups made out of biodegradable a biocomposite material partly consisting of coffee grounds. The current press is not optimised for their expected customer group and it is therefore appropriate to develop a new one. The aim of this thesis project is to assist Trash to Gold in their development of a compression molding machine, suitable for upcycling biodegradable waste into disposable products. The objective of this thesis project is to develop a concept of a compression molding machine that can be used to print to-go coffee cups partly made of coffee grounds. The concept to be developed will be for a press that weighs less and has smaller dimensions than the current one to suit the target group. The product development methodology of the project is based on Ulrich and Eppinger’s book ”Product Design and Development”. Some of the approaches used from book are modified for better application on the project. The project also includes digital and theoretical tools to determine if the concept can withstand the pressure generated when the machine is in use. The result of the thesis project is a concept of a compression molding machine that meet requirements given by the start up. Suitable parts for the basic structure of the compression molding machine is presented such as how the pressing function will occur and the outer frame with where the different components will sit. The resulting concept is smaller and more light weight compared to the current machine. / Den växande oron för negativa effekter engångsprodukter har på miljön har lett till ett ökat intresse att säkerställa materialsystemens hållbarhet. En förändring av materialvalet fÅNor produkterna kan minska dessa negativa effekterna. En materialklass som hade kunnat minska de negativa effekterna är biokomposita material. Biokomposit material är ett material som delvis består av biologiskt nedbrytbara produkter. I detta examensarbete utvecklas en formpressningssmaskin anpassad för formpressning av biokomposita material. Projektet görs på uppdrag av startup-företaget Trash to Gold. Företaget håller på att utveckla en formpressningsmaskin och använder just nu en modifierad verkstadspress för att testa tillverkningen av engångskaffemuggar som delvis består av kaffesump. Den nuvarande pressen är inte anpassad för den förväntade kundgruppen och det är därför l'mpligt att utveckla en ny. Syftet bakom detta examensarbete är att hjälpa Trash to Gold att utveckla en formpressningsmaskin som är anpassad för återanvändningen av bionedbrytbara restprodukter till engångsartiklar. Målet med det här examensarbetet är att utveckla ett koncept av en formpressningsmaskin som kan användas för att formpressa engångskaffemuggar delvis bestående av kaffesump. Konceptet som tas fram ska vara för en press som väger mindre och har mindre dimensioner än den nuvarande för att passa målgruppen. Arbetets produktutvecklingsmetodik är baserad på Ulrich och Eppingers (U&E) bok ”Product design and Development”. Exempel på metoder som använts är identifiering av kundbehov, produktspekification, konceptgeneration, extern- och intern undersökning samt olika poängsättningsmetoder. Arbetet omfattar också teoretiska modeller och verktyg för att räkna på konceptets hållfasthet, materialval och val av komponenter. Resultatet av examensarbetet är ett koncept för en formpressningsmaskin som uppfyller de krav som ställts av start up-företaget. Lämpliga delar för grundkonstruktionen av formpressningsmaskinen presenteras. Till dessa hör vad som ska ge upphov till pressfunktionen samt den yttre ramen där de olika komponenterna kommer att sitta. Det resulterande konceptet väger mindre och har mindre dimensioner jämfört med den nuvarande maskinen.

<p>Advanced computer simulations will play a more and more important role in future aircraft development and aeronautic research. Hardware-in-the-loop simulations enable examination of single components without the need of a full-scale model of the system. This project investigates the possibility of conducting hardware-in-the-loop simulations using a hydraulic test rig utilizing modern computer equipment. Controllers and models have been built in Simulink and Hopsan. Most hydraulic and mechanical components used in Hopsan have also been translated from Fortran to C and compiled into shared libraries (.dll). This provides an easy way of importing Hopsan models in LabVIEW, which is used to control the test rig. The results have been compared between Hopsan and LabVIEW, and no major differences in the results could be found. Importing Hopsan components to LabVIEW can potentially enable powerful features not available in Hopsan, such as hardware-in-the-loop simulations, multi-core processing and advanced plotting tools. It does however require fast computer systems to achieve real-time speed. The results of this project can provide interesting starting points in the development of the next generation of Hopsan.</p>

Degradation of water resources has become one of the most pressing global concerns currently facing mankind. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) represent a concept to combat deterioration of water resources by acting as buffers between wastewater and receiving water bodies. Still, constructing wetlands for the sole purpose of wastewater treatment is a challenging task. To contribute to this research area, the fundamental question raised in this doctorate thesis was: how do factors such as vegetation and residing water movements (hydraulics) influence wastewater treatment in CWs? Also, effects of different data analysis methods for results of CW hydraulics and wastewater treatment were investigated. Research was focused on  phosphorus (P), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) and solids (TSS) in wastewater and o n P in macrophyte biomass. Studies were performed in pilot-scale free water surface (FWS) CW systems in Kenya (Chemelil) and Sweden (Halmstad) and as computer simulations. Results from the Chemelil CWs demonstrated that meeting effluent concentration standards simultaneously for all water quality parameters in one CW was difficult. Vegetation harvest, and thus nutrient uptake by young growing macrophytes, was important for maintaining low effluents of NH4+-N and P, especially during dry seasons. On the other hand, mature and dense vegetation growing for at least 4 months secured meeting TSS standards. Phosphorus in above-ground green biomass accounted for almost 1/3 of the total P mass removal, demonstrating high potential for P removal through macrophyte harvest in CWs. Also, results suggested that harvest should be species-specific to achieve high P removal by macrophytes and overall acceptable wastewater treatment in CWs. Still, different methods to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) from the Chemelil CWs showed that water balance calculations greatly impacted estimations of wastewater treatment results. Hydraulic tracer studies performed in the Chemelil and Halmstad CWs showed that mature and dense emergent vegetation in CWs could reduce effective treatment volumes (e-values), which emphasized the importance of regulating this type of vegetation. Also, it was shown that hydraulic tracer studies with lithium chloride performed in CWs with dense emergent vegetation had problems with low tracer recoveries. This problem could be reduced by promoting the distribution of incoming tracer solution into the CW using a barrier near the CW inlet pipe. Computer simulation results showed that the choice of tracer data analysis method greatly influenced quantifications of CW hydraulics and pollutant removal. The e-value could be 50% higher and the pollutant removal 13% higher depending upon used method. Moreover, unrealistic evalues (above 100%) in published literature could to some extent be explained by tracer data analysis method. Hence, to obtain more reliable hydraulic data and wastewater treatment results from CWs, more attention should be paid to the choice of tracer data analysis method. / Konstruerade våtmarker representerar ett koncept för möjligheten att nå en hållbar vattenresurshantering genom att agera som ”filter” mellan föroreningskälla och viktiga vattenresurser såsom sjöar och hav. Mycket kunskap saknas däremot om hur man konstruerar våtmarker med en optimal och pålitlig vattenreningskapacitet. Den här avhandlingen undersöker därför hur vegetation och vattnets väg genom våtmarken (hydrauliken) påverkar avloppsvattenrening i våtmarker. Dessutom undersöktes hur valet av dataanalysmetod av insamlad data påverkar resultaten. Studier genomfördes i Kenya och Sverige i experimentvåtmarker (ca. 40-60 m2) och inkluderadedatainsamling av vattenkvalité, hydraulik (spårämnesexperiment) samt biomassa och fosfor i biomassan av två olika våtmarksväxter. Dessutom genomfördes datorsimuleringar. Resultaten från Kenya visade att växtskörd och efterföljande näringsupptag av nyskördade växter var viktig för att uppnå låga utgående koncentrationer av fosfor och ammonium i en tropisk våtmark, speciellt under torrsäsongen. Däremot var en välutvecklad och tät vegetation viktig för reningen av partiklar. Fosfor i grön växtbiomassa representerade cirka 1/3 av våtmarkernas totala fosforrening, vilket påvisade potentialen i att genom skörd ta bort fosfor från avloppsvatten m.h.a. konstruerade våtmarker. Resultaten pekade också på att skörden bör vara art-specifik för att uppnå en hög fosforrening och generellt bra vattenreningsresultat. Dock visade olika beräkningsmetoder att vattenbalansen i en tropisk våtmark markant kan påverka vattenreningsresultaten. Resultaten från spårämnesexperimenten demonstrerade att den effektiva våtmarksvolymen för vattenrening blev mindre vid hög täthet av övervattensväxter. Detta pekade på att regelbunden växtskörd var viktig för att uppnå god vattenrening i våtmarker. Experiment med spårämnet litium visade att man kan få felaktiga resultat p.g.a. att en del spårämne fasthålls på botten i våtmarken om denna har mycket övervattensväxter. Därför bör spridningen av spårämnet i sådana våtmarker underlättas m.h.a. en spridningsbarriär nära inloppsröret. Simuleringar visade också att valet av dataanalysmetod av spårämnesdata starkt kan påverka resultaten och därmed också vår tolkning av en våtmarks hydraulik och reningskapacitet. Den effektiva volymen kunde vara 50% högre och reningseffekten 13% högre beroende på vilken metod som användes. Likaså kan valet av dataanalysmetod ha bidragit till överskattade och orealistiska effektiva volymer (över 100%) i artiklar publicerade de senaste 25 åren. Genom att fokusera mer på valet av dataanalysmetod och t.ex. jämföra resultaten från två olika metoder kan man minimera risken för bristfälliga resultat och därmed felaktiga slutsatser om en våtmarks vattenreningskapacitet.

Advanced computer simulations will play a more and more important role in future aircraft development and aeronautic research. Hardware-in-the-loop simulations enable examination of single components without the need of a full-scale model of the system. This project investigates the possibility of conducting hardware-in-the-loop simulations using a hydraulic test rig utilizing modern computer equipment. Controllers and models have been built in Simulink and Hopsan. Most hydraulic and mechanical components used in Hopsan have also been translated from Fortran to C and compiled into shared libraries (.dll). This provides an easy way of importing Hopsan models in LabVIEW, which is used to control the test rig. The results have been compared between Hopsan and LabVIEW, and no major differences in the results could be found. Importing Hopsan components to LabVIEW can potentially enable powerful features not available in Hopsan, such as hardware-in-the-loop simulations, multi-core processing and advanced plotting tools. It does however require fast computer systems to achieve real-time speed. The results of this project can provide interesting starting points in the development of the next generation of Hopsan.

This thesis presents a novel analytical solution strategy for the zero-inertia (ZI) equations of free surface flow. These equations are utilized herein for routing flood flow in open channels and for simulating excess rainfall runoff on overland planes. The novel solution approach is shown to be both accurate and robust, especially under the complicated and intricate conditions of infiltrating flow on initially dry river beds or soils, e.g., as present in arid and semiarid areas. This is underlain by comparing modeling results of the novel analytical procedure with those of validated numerical solutions. Furthermore, it is shown that the analytical ZI model can deliver a process-oriented portrayal of runoff concentration in the flood-generating parts of the catchment. Subsequently, the novel analytical ZI model is applied for a real-world water management problem in the Sultanate of Oman, Arabian Peninsula. Within an integrated flash flood routing model—which is also presented in this thesis—the novel analytical routing approach helps in accurately matching the dynamics of advancing and infiltrating ephemeral river flow, established as a consequence of release from a groundwater recharge dam. The integrated modeling system houses the aforementioned analytical downstream model and tailor-made, state-of-the-art modeling components to portray the upstream flow processes, dam operation (including evaporation), and spillway release flow. The proposed modeling system can aid in rendering a realistic image of transient transmission losses and dependent flow dynamics. This is of extremely high importance for water resources assessment, as well as for optimizing recharge dam operation strategies in order to maximize downstream transmission losses and, thus, groundwater recharge. / Diese Dissertation präsentiert einen neuartigen analytischen Lösungsansatz für das beschleunigungsfreie Wellenmodell (bzw. „Zero-Inertia-Modell“, „ZI-Modell“, oder „diffusives Wellenmodell“). Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird das hergeleitete hydrodynamische Modell sowohl zur Simulation von Freispiegelabflüssen in nichtprismatischen und durchlässigen Gerinnen, als auch für die Beschreibung von auf der Landoberfläche abfließendem Infiltrationsüberschuss eingesetzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass der neuartige analytische Ansatz — im Hinblick auf Massenerhaltung und die exakte Abbildung der Abflussdynamik — akkurate Ergebnisse liefert und gleichzeitig unter komplexen und verwickelten Prozessbedingungen anwendbar ist. So belegt eine vergleichende Analyse mit validierten numerischen Lösungsansätzen die Robustheit des analytischen ZI-Modells. Insbesondere die im Sinne der numerischen Mathematik stabile und genaue Modellierung der gekoppelten Abfluss- und Infiltrationsvorgänge in anfänglich trockenen Gerinnen ist dabei ein Novum. Weiterhin wird die Eignung und Anwendbarkeit des neuartigen Modellansatzes zur Beschreibung der Abflusskonzentrationsprozesse gezeigt. Der neuartige Lösungsansatz wird im Folgenden für ein reales Wassermanagementproblem im Sultanat Oman, Arabische Halbinsel eingesetzt. Als Bestandteil eines integrierten Modellsystems, welches ebenfalls im Rahmen der Dissertation vorgestellt wird, dient das analytische ZI-Modell zur Simulation von infiltrierendem Wadiabfluss, welcher unterstrom von Grundwasseranreicherungsdämmen starke Verluste von Masse und Impuls erfährt. Zusammen mit maßgeschneiderten und dem Stand der Technik entsprechenden Komponenten für die Betriebssimulation des Anreicherungsdammes (inklusive Verdunstung von der freien Seefläche) sowie für die Abbildung der oberstromigen hydrodynamischen Prozesse (ebenfalls inklusive Infiltration) wird der neuartige analytische Ansatz in einem Modellsystem zusammengefasst. Das Modellsystem ist in der Lage ein realistisches Bild der raumzeitlichen Dynamik des Abflusses sowie der Grundwasserneubildung aus infiltrierendem Wadiabfluss zu liefern. Damit stellt das Modellsystem ein wertvolles Werkzeug sowohl zur Wasserdargebotsermittlung, als auch für die Optimierung des Betriebes von Grundwasseranreicherungsdämmen dar.

Increased oil prices and environmental issues have increased a need of loweringthe emissions from and the fuel consumption in heavy construction machines. Anatural solution to these issues is a lowered input power through downsizing ofthe engine. This implies a demand on higher transmission efficiency, in order tominimize the intrusion on vehicle performance. More specifically, alternatives tothe conventional torque converter found in heavier applications today, must beinvestigated. One important part of this is the task of controlling the transmissionwithout jeopardising the advantages associated with the torque converter, such asrobustness and controllability.In this thesis, an alternative transmission concept for a backhoe loader is investigated.The studied concept is referred to as a 2-mode Jarchow power-splittransmission, where a mechanical path is added to a hydrostatic transmission inorder to increase transmission efficiency. The concept is evaluated in computerbased simulations as well as in hardware-in-the-loop simulations, where a physicalhydrostatic transmission is exposed for the loads caused by the vehicle duringvarying conditions. The loads are in turn simulated according to developed modelsof the mechanical parts of the vehicle drive line.In total, the investigated concept can be used instead of the torque converterconcept, if the hydrostatic transmission is properly controlled. The results alsoshow that there is a high possibility that the combustion engine in the backhoeloader can be downsized from 64 kW to 55 kW, which would further increase thefuel savings and reduce the emissions.

With a surface area of about 10,000 km², the Salar de Uyuni is the largest salt flat in the world. It is located at an altitude of 3,653 m on the Altiplano, a high plateau in the south of the Bolivian Andes. The Salar de Uyuni consists of an alternating sequence of highly porous salt layers (mainly composed of halite) and lacustrine clay sediments. The pore volume of the uppermost salt layer which has a thickness of up to 11 m is filled by brine. The brine contains high amounts of Mg, K, Li and B. The element lithium is an especially important raw material for the production of batteries. Thus, it plays an important role for the development of the electric mobility. With this background, extensive hydrogeological exploration activities were carried out at the Salar de Uyuni in the context of this dissertation. The hydraulic properties of the uppermost salt crust and the physical properties (density and viscosity) of the brine must be characterized. In order to do this, several core drillings were made, observation wells were installed, brine samples were taken and pumping tests were conducted between 2009 and 2012. The stratigraphic documentation of the obtained sediment cores provided insights about the deposit structure and the upper salt layer thickness. The determination of the salt core porosity was carried out by three different methods: (a) by using X-ray computed tomography, (b) gravimetrically by saturation with 2-octanol and (c) by completion of the core volume with plasticine and calculation of the porosity under consideration of the particle density of the salt. The laboratory investigations showed a depth-dependent porosity distribution in the upper salt layer. The uppermost 2 m were characterized by very high porosity values between 30 and 39%. However at greater depth, the total porosity decreases on average to 13.5%. Geochemical analyses of brine samples confirmed the general spatial distribution of the lithium concentrations as already published by previous studies. On the basis of the lithium distribution in the brine, the thickness of the upper salt layer and the depth-dependent porosity distribution, the total lithium deposit in the Salar de Uyuni was calculated to be about 7 million tons. The evaluation of the pumping tests under consideration of the density and viscosity of the pumped brine showed that the salt has a very high permeability in the horizontal direction. In contrast, flow-through experiments on drill cores indicated a clear vertical anisotropy of the permeability. This is caused by the inhomogeneous sediment stratification for instance by interbedded fine gypsum or clay lamina. Thus, horizontal brine movements are possible, but a deep vertical flow component can hardly be expected. This assumption is confirmed by radiocarbon dating the brine samples from different salt depths. The influence of annual floods during the rainy season could be observed by long-term brine level measurements. Throughout the time-series analysis, distinct periodic brine fluctuations of a few centimeters per day could be identified during the dry season. These daily fluctuations indicated an impermeable crust probably formed by the evaporation of near-surface brine and subsequent crystallization of salts in the pore volume. Thus, daily temperature and atmospheric pressure changes could directly affect the brine level. Due to the extensive hydrogeological investigations, this dissertation contributes to the essential understanding of the hydraulic conditions in the Salar de Uyuni. / Mit einer Fläche von rund 10.000 km² ist der Salar de Uyuni die größte Salz-Ton-Ebene der Welt. Er befindet sich in einer Höhe von 3653 m NN im Altiplano, einer Hochebene im Süden der bolivianischen Anden. Der Salar de Uyuni besteht aus einer Wechsellagerung von hochporösen Salzschichten (überwiegend aus Halit bestehend) und lakustrinen Tonsedimenten. Die Porenräume der obersten bis zu 11 m mächtigen Salzschicht sind mit einer Sole gefüllt, die hohe Gehalte an Mg, K, Li und B aufweist. Insbesondere das Element Lithium ist ein wichtiger Rohstoff u.a. für die Herstellung von Batterien und spielt damit eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Entwicklung der Elektromobilität. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation umfassende hydrogeologische Erkundungsarbeiten am Salar de Uyuni durchgeführt, um die hydraulischen Eigenschaften der obersten Salzkruste sowie die physikalischen Eigenschaften (Dichte und Viskosität) der Sole zu charakterisieren. Dazu wurden zwischen 2009 und 2012 zahlreiche Kernbohrungen abgeteuft, Beobachtungsbrunnen installiert, Soleproben entnommen und Pumpversuche durchgeführt. Die stratigraphische Dokumentation der gewonnenen Bohrkerne lieferte Erkenntnisse zur Ablagerungsstruktur und zur Mächtigkeitsverteilung der obersten Salzschicht. Die Bestimmung der Porosität der Salzkerne erfolgte mit drei verschiedenen Methoden: (a) mittels Computertomographie, (b) gravimetrisch durch Aufsättigung mit 2-Oktanol und (c) durch Volumenergänzung der Kernproben mit Plastilin und Berechnung der Porosität unter Einbeziehung der Reindichte des Salzes. Die Laboruntersuchungen zeigten eine tiefenabhängige Porositätsverteilung in der obersten Salzschicht. Während die obersten 2 m durch sehr hohe Porositäten zwischen 30 und 39% gekennzeichnet sind, nimmt die Gesamtporosität in größerer Tiefe auf durchschnittlich 13.5% ab. Geochemische Analysen von Soleproben bestätigten die grundsätzliche räumliche Verteilung der Lithium-Konzentrationen, wie sie bereits durch frühere Studien veröffentlicht wurde. Auf Basis der Lithium-Verteilung in der Sole, der Mächtigkeit der oberen Salzschicht sowie der tiefenabhängigen Porositätsverteilung wurde ein Lithium-Vorkommen im Salar de Uyuni von rund 7 Millionen Tonnen berechnet. Die Auswertung der Pumpversuche unter Berücksichtigung der Dichte und Viskosität der geförderten Sole zeigte, dass das Salz eine sehr hohe Permeabilität in horizontaler Richtung aufweist. Allerdings zeigten Durchströmungsversuche an Bohrkernen eine deutliche vertikale Anisotropie der Permeabilität, was auf die inhomogene Sedimentschichtung durch z.B. eingeschaltete feine Gips- oder Tonschichten zurückzuführen ist. Somit sind zwar horizontale Solebewegungen möglich, jedoch ist kaum mit einer tiefgreifenden vertikalen Strömungskomponente in der Salzschicht zu rechnen. Diese Vermutung wird durch 14C-Altersdatierungen von Soleproben aus unterschiedlichen Tiefen des Salzes bestätigt. Der Einfluss der jährlichen Überschwemmungen während der Regenzeit konnte anhand von Langzeitmessungen des Solespiegels beobachtet werden. Im Zuge der Zeitreihen-Analyse zeigten sich zudem ausgeprägte periodische Tageschwankungen von einigen Zentimetern während der Trockenzeit. Diese deuten darauf hin, dass durch Verdunstung oberflächennaher Sole und damit einhergehender Kristallisation von Salzen im Porenraum eine undurchlässige Kruste entsteht. Dadurch haben tägliche Temperatur- und Luftdruckschwankungen direkten Einfluss auf den Solespiegel. Die vorliegende Dissertation trägt aufgrund der umfangreichen hydrogeologischen Untersuchungen wesentlich zum Verständnis der hydraulischen Verhältnisse im Salar de Uyuni bei. / Con una superficie de aproximadamente 10.000 kilómetros cuadrados el Salar de Uyuni es el mayor lago de sal en el mundo. Se encuentra a una altura de 3.653 m sobre el nivel del mar en el altiplano en el sur de los Andes bolivianos. El Salar de Uyuni consiste en una alternancia de capas de sal altamente porosa (que consiste predominantemente de halita) y lacustre sedimentos de arcilla. La capa superior de sal tiene un espesor de hasta 11 metros. Los espacios de poros del sal se llenan con una salmuera que contiene altos contenidos de Mg, K, Li y B. En particular, el elemento litio constituye una importante materia prima para la producción de baterías que son utilizadas en la construcción de vehículos eléctricos. Bajo estos antecedentes y en el contexto de la presente tesis, se han desarrollado extensas actividades de exploración hidrogeológica en el Salar de Uyuni. Las propiedades hidráulicas de la corteza de sal superior y las propiedades físicas (densidad y viscosidad) de la salmuera debían caracterizadas. Para ello, entre 2009 y 2012 se realizaron varios perforaciones con la finalidad de obtener muestras de núcleos, se instalaron pozos de supervisión, se realizaron pruebas de bombeo y se tomaron muestras de salmuera. La documentación estratigráfica de los núcleos de perforacíon proporciona conocimientos para la estructura de los depósitos y para el espesor del superior capa de sal. La porosidad de los núcleos de sal fue determinada por medio de tres métodos diferentes: (a) por tomografía computarizada (TC), (b) gravimétricamente mediante la saturación con 2-octanol y (c) mediante de compleción del volumen del núcleo con plastilina y computacíon de la porosidad en atención a la densidad real del sal. Las investigaciones de laboratorio demostraron una distribución de la porosidad dependiente de la profundidad en la capa superior de sal. Mientras que la parte superior 2 m se caracterizan por altas porosidades entre el 30 y 39%, la porosidad total decrese en una profundidad mayor a un promedio de 13,5%. Los análisis geoquímicos de muestras de salmuera confirmaron la distribución espacial fundamental de las concentraciones de litio, como ya se ha publicado por estudios anteriores. A base de la distribución de litio en la salmuera, el espesor de la capa superior de sal, y la porosidad dependiente de la profundidad determinaron que todos los recursos minerales de litio en el salar de Uyuni son alrededor de 7 millones de toneladas. La evaluación de las pruebas de bombeo en consideración de la densidad y la viscosidad de la salmuera transmitido mostró que la sal generalmente tiene una permeabilidad muy alta. Pero, las pruebas de flujo en muestras de núcleo mostró una anisotropía significativa de la permeabilidad con la profundidad, que se debe a una estratificación de sedimentos no homogénea debido las láminas finas de yeso o arcilla intercaladas. Por lo tanto, es correcto que los movimientos de salmuera horizontales son posibles, pero es poco probable que movimientos verticales de salmuera ocurran. Esta hipótesis se ve confirmada por la datación por radiocarbono de muestras de salmuera de diferentes profundidades de la sal. El impacto de las inundaciones anuales durante la estación lluviosa se puede observar a partir de las mediciones a largo plazo del nivel de salmuera. En el curso del análisis de series de tiempo también mostraron pronunciadas variaciones diarias periódicas de unos pocos centímetros en la estación seca. Esto sugiere que hay una corteza impermeable que se forma por evaporación de salmuera cerca de la superficie y la cristalización de sales en el espacio de los poros. En esta manera, las fluctuaciones diarias de temperatura y de preción de aire influyen directamente el nivel de salmuera. Gracias a las extensas investigaciones hidrogeológicas realizadas, la presente tesis contribuye significativamente a la comprensión de las condiciones hidráulicas en el Salar de Uyuni.