Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-05-09T17:30:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Aplicabilidade de modelos de hidrograma unitário em bacias hidrográficas hidrologicamente distintas.pdf: 14911634 bytes, checksum: 81a2209820b64f7bee6b4bd3366bfaac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-05-09T17:31:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Aplicabilidade de modelos de hidrograma unitário em bacias hidrográficas hidrologicamente distintas.pdf: 14911634 bytes, checksum: 81a2209820b64f7bee6b4bd3366bfaac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-05-09T17:31:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Aplicabilidade de modelos de hidrograma unitário em bacias hidrográficas hidrologicamente distintas.pdf: 14911634 bytes, checksum: 81a2209820b64f7bee6b4bd3366bfaac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T17:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Aplicabilidade de modelos de hidrograma unitário em bacias hidrográficas hidrologicamente distintas.pdf: 14911634 bytes, checksum: 81a2209820b64f7bee6b4bd3366bfaac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / Eventos extremos de precipitação, combinados com aumento da população, intensificação de atividades agrícolas e uso inadequado do solo, têm culminado em inúmeros problemas relacionados a cheias em bacias hidrográficas. A gestão dos recursos hídricos é considerada bastante desafiadora e o monitoramento hidrológico tem sido uma importante ferramenta. No entanto, o monitoramento hidrológico ainda é um fator limitante de modo que comumente técnicos da área de recursos hídricos se deparam com a ausência de dados no local de interesse. No caso da gestão de cheias em bacias hidrográficas, os dados de vazão são substanciais na compreensão do comportamento hidrológico quando da ocorrência de um evento de chuva intensa. Esta carência de dados hidrológicos tem resultado no desenvolvimento de modelos para estimativa de hidrogramas de escoamento superficial direto (ESD) resultantes de eventos de precipitação. O ESD é o componente mais importante para análise de vazões decorrentes de eventos extremos de chuva. Dentre as técnicas de modelagem de ESD, deve ser destacada a teoria do Hidrograma Unitário (HU) e do Hidrograma Unitário Instantâneo (HUI). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os modelos de HU Triangular (HUT), HU Adimensional (HUA), HUI de Nash (HUIN), HUI de Clark (HUIC), HUI de Nash Geomorfológico (HUING) e HUI de Clark Geomorfológico (HUICG) para determinação do hidrograma de ESD decorrentes de eventos de precipitação em uma bacia hidrográfica localizada no Rio Grande do Sul e outra em Minas Gerais. As informações básicas para utilização de tais modelos de HU e HUI foram as variáveis topográficas extraídas dos modelos digitais de elevação e dados hidrológicos de cada bacia. Foi estabelecida a curva-chave de cada seção de controle no intuito de converter dados linimétricos em dados de vazões. Com base nos eventos chuva-vazão escolhidos para cada bacia, pôde-se constituir o hietograma de cada evento e o hidrograma correspondente. A separação de escoamento foi realizada usando o método das inflexões, enquanto a determinação das precipitações efetivas (Pe’s) foi realizada pelos métodos do Índice , CN e CN modificado. Foi possível constatar que: i) as suposições da técnica de HU e de HUI foram válidos para a modelagem do hidrograma de ESD para as duas bacias hidrográficas analisadas; ii) houveram diferenças nos hidrogramas de ESD estimados nas duas bacias pelos modelos de HU e HUI empregados; iii) além de ter sido verificado o impacto das diferenças de características fisiográficas entre as bacias, especialmente aquelas vinculadas ao solo, na modelagem de cheias, também foi constatado que a diferença do padrão de chuvas entre as duas regiões exerceu influência na referida modelagem; iv) o método de determinação de Pe exerceu influência significativa sobre os resultados dos diferentes modelos de HU e HUI, especialmente quando da estimativa de vazões de pico; e v) o modelo HUIC foi o que estimou os hidrogramas de ESD para as duas bacias hidrográficas de forma mais satisfatória, seguido do HUIN, sendo que ambos apresentaram substancial superioridade em relação aos modelos de HU tradicionalmente empregados (HUT e HUA) e também aos modelos de HUING e HUICG. / Heavy rainfall events in conjunction with increase in population, intensification of agricultural activities and inappropriate land use, have resulted in countless problems related to floods in watersheds. Water resources management is considered challenging and hydrological monitoring has been a fundamental tool. However, this type of monitoring is a limiting factor such that practitioners and engineers have to commonly deal with the inexistence or lack of information in the site of interest. Streamflow data sets are essential for flood management in watersheds in order to allow the understanding of hydrological behavior due to the occurrence of a heavy rainfall event. Such lack of hydrological data has culminated in the development of models for estimation of direct surface runoff (DSR) hydrographs resulting of rainfall events. DSR is the main component when analyzing stream flows originated from extreme rainfall events. Among the existing techniques available for DSR modeling, it should be highlighted the theory of Unit Hydrograph (UH) and of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH). The objective of this study was to evaluate the Triangular UH (TUH), Dimensionless UH (DUH), Nash IUH (NIUH), Clark IUH(CIUH), Geomorphological Nash IUH (GNIUH) and Geomorphological Clark IUH (GCIUH) for estimation of DSR hydrographs resulting of extreme rainfall events in a watershed situated in Rio Grande do Sul State and another located in Minas Gerais State. The basic information for use of the aforementioned UH and IUH models were topographical variables extracted from digital elevation models and hydrological data (rainfall and water level). The stage-discharge rating curve of each outlet was obtained in order to convert water levels into streamflow records. Based on the rainfall-streamflow events, which were chosen for each watershed, it was possible to develop the hyetograph of each event and the corresponding hydrograph. DSR separation was performed through the inflexion method, while the determination of effective rainfalls (Pe’s) was done by means of the methods known as  index, CN and Modified CN. The main results and conclusions were: i) the suppositions of UH and IUH were valid for DSR modeling in the studied watersheds; ii) differences among DSR hydrographs estimated by the different models of UH and IUH were found; iii) there was impact of the differences in physiographical characteristics between watersheds, especially those parameters associated with soil, on flood modeling, and it was also observed that the difference in the rainfall patters between watersheds exerted influence on flood modeling; iv) the method for determination of Pe had substantial influence on the results obtained through the different UH and IUH models, especially when analyzing the estimation of peak stream flows; and v) CIUH was the most satisfactory model to estimate DSR hydrographs for the watersheds, followed by NIUH, and both presented substantial superiority in relation to the UH models, which are traditionally employed (TUH and DUH), and to the GNIUH and GCIUH.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T21:37:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Aprimoramento computacional do modelo Lavras Simulation of Hydrology.pdf: 18241232 bytes, checksum: 8066a641ca6665c34c70a177efe853e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T22:26:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Aprimoramento computacional do modelo Lavras Simulation of Hydrology.pdf: 18241232 bytes, checksum: 8066a641ca6665c34c70a177efe853e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T22:26:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Aprimoramento computacional do modelo Lavras Simulation of Hydrology.pdf: 18241232 bytes, checksum: 8066a641ca6665c34c70a177efe853e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-03T22:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Aprimoramento computacional do modelo Lavras Simulation of Hydrology.pdf: 18241232 bytes, checksum: 8066a641ca6665c34c70a177efe853e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Sem bolsa / A modelagem hidrológica em bacias hidrográficas consiste numa das principais e mais modernas ferramentas para gestão de recursos hídricos e dimensionamentos hidrológicos, no entanto, muitos modelos demandam um grande número de informações temporais e espaciais, o que muitas vezes impede que sejam aplicados, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Brasil, onde é mais observado o monitoramento de bacias de grande porte. Frente a este fato, em 2008 uma equipe de pesquisadores da Universidade Federal de Lavras, em parceria com a Universidade de Purdue (EUA), deram início ao desenvolvimento de um modelo hidrológico conceitual voltado à bacias com limitações na base de dados; em 2008 surgia a primeira versão deste modelo e, em 2009, a segunda, quando passaria a ser chamado de Lavras Simulation of Hydrology (LASH). O modelo LASH passou por aprimoramentos computacionais entre o desenvolvimento da primeira e da segunda versão, contudo, não apresentava-se “amigável” para suprir a demanda por parte de profissionais fora do ambiente acadêmico. Foi então que surgiu a ideia de desenvolver sua terceira versão, contando agora também com a parceria da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e apresentar a terceira versão do modelo LASH, contemplando módulos auxiliares, inúmeros aprimoramentos computacionais e a adaptação da rotina hidrológica e de calibração automática para modelagem com discretização espacial por sub-bacias hidrográficas, bem como avaliar a aplicabilidade desta versão à duas bacias hidrográficas localizadas no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, sob duas estratégias distintas de calibração. Os resultados obtidos apontam para um enorme avanço computacional: i) o módulo para processamento da base de dados temporal (SYHDA) tomou grandes proporções durante seu desenvolvimento, ao ponto de ter sido registrado junto ao Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e vir sendo empregado de forma isolada ao modelo, como uma importante ferramenta de análises hidrológicas; ii) o módulo de processamento da base dados espaciais se mostrou bastante eficiente e, neste momento, encontra-se sob aguardo de deferimento de registro junto ao INPI iii) os módulos de banco de dados, integração e calibração automática se mostraram indispensáveis frente às funcionalidades que lhes foram atribuídas; e iv) o tempo de processamento foi bastante inferior quando comparado à segunda versão. Do ponto de vista hidrológico, a análise do desempenho da terceira versão do LASH frente à calibração e validação para as bacias analisadas indica que o modelo foi capaz de capturar o comportamento geral das vazões observadas, no entanto, a representatividade espacial dos processos hidrológicos é menor quando comparada à segunda versão. No que tange à calibração, as estratégias empregadas apresentaram resultados distintos, assim como as funções objetivo, tendo sido o modelo mais eficiente quando todos parâmetros foram calibrados de forma concentrada. Esta constatação dá indícios de que a estrutura do módulo de calibração automático precisa ser melhor avaliada e de que deve-se analisar a possibilidade de empregar métodos de calibração multiobjetivo, os quais são mais aconselháveis, segundo a literatura, quando objetiva-se a utilização do modelo em ambientes não acadêmicos. / Hydrological watershed modeling is considered one of the main and most modern tools for water resources management and hydrological designs; however, many models require a large amount of temporal and spatial information. This commonly makes it difficult their application, especially in Brazil and in other developing countries, where hydrological monitoring has been predominantly observed for large watersheds. In 2008, a research team from Federal University of Lavras in collaboration with Purdue University (USA) began the development of a conceptual hydrological model intended for data-scarce watersheds. The researchers finished the first version of such model in 2008 and, its second version in 2009, which was known as Lavras Simulation of Hydrology (LASH). The second version of LASH model had many computational refinements in relation to its first version; nevertheless, it does not have a friendly integrated development environment (IDE) to fulfil the needs of non-academic professionals. Then, the research team decided to develop its third version, having collaboration with Federal University of Pelotas. The objectives of this study were to: i) develop and present the third version of the LASH model, addressing auxiliary modules, countless computational enhancements and adaptation of hydrological and automatic calibration routines for modeling with spatial discretization of subwatersheds; and ii) evaluate the applicability of this version to two watersheds situated in the southern Rio Grande do Sul State, considering two calibration schemes. The results found in this study indicated a considerable computational upgrade: i) the module designed for processing of temporal data bases (SYHDA) has been frequently used in many applications as an independent software since its development, such that it was protected by copyright (Instituto de Propriedade Industrial – INPI); ii) the module for processing of spatial data bases was considered efficient and also protected by copyright (INPI); iii) the modules of database, integration and automatic calibration were indispensable considering their designed functionalities; and iv) the time of processing was undoubtedly less than that spent by the second version. Under the hydrological point of view, the performance analysis of the third version of LASH, with respect to calibration and validation of the studied watersheds, indicated that the model was able to capture the overall behavior of the observed hydrograph; however, it should be mentioned that the spatial representativeness of the hydrological processes is inferior when compared to that existing in the second version. Relative to calibration, the used schemes and objective functions presented somewhat contrasting results; the most efficient scheme was that in which all the calibration parameters were lumped. This finding suggests that the framework of the automatic calibration module needs to be better evaluated and that there might be the necessity to implement multi-objective calibration algorithms, which have drawn attention in scientific community, when the goal is the model application for non-academic purposes.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T19:24:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Cristian Veber .pdf: 4396179 bytes, checksum: e16ff0b1e5568507720a03591574c162 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T19:24:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Cristian Veber .pdf: 4396179 bytes, checksum: e16ff0b1e5568507720a03591574c162 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T19:25:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Cristian Veber .pdf: 4396179 bytes, checksum: e16ff0b1e5568507720a03591574c162 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-07 / Alterações no meio ambiente e os efeitos naturais e antropogênicos resultantes têm chamado a atenção na comunidade científica em virtude do alto impacto sobre os ecossistemas, especialmente ligado a desastres naturais originados a partir de eventos extremos de precipitação. Uma das técnicas fundamentais, no que se refere ao gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos, do meio ambiente e, consequentemente, do manejo adequado de bacias hidrográficas, é a modelagem hidrológica. Contudo, uma das principais limitações de sua aplicação é a carência de dados hidrológicos, especialmente de vazões. Esta limitação tem estimulado o desenvolvimento e a calibração de modelos hidrológicos que possibilitam a estimativa do escoamento superficial direto (ESD). Neste sentido, as teorias do Hidrograma Unitário (HU) e do Hidrograma Unitário Instantâneo (HUI) têm se destacado no tocante à modelagem hidrológica de cheias. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicabilidade de modelos conceituais (HUI de Clark – HUIC e HUI de Nash – HUIN), modelos sintéticos (HU Adimensional – HUA e HU Triangular - HUT) e modelos geomorfológicos (HUI Geomorfológico de Clark – HUIGC e HUI Geomorfológico de Nash – HUIGN) visando à estimativa de vazões de pico e de hidrogramas de ESD, tomando como base duas pequenas bacias hidrográficas experimentais (sanga Ellert – BHSE e ribeirão Lavrinha – BHRL), com características geomorfoclimáticas e comportamento hidrológico contrastantes. As informações básicas para este estudo foram obtidas a partir dos modelos digitais de elevação e de dados monitorados de chuva e vazão nas referidas bacias. As principais conclusões deste trabalho foram: a) Os modelos HUIC e HUIN foram os que tiveram melhor acurácia nas duas bacias hidrográficas; b) Os modelos HUA e HUT não foram adequados para a BHRL, mas estimaram de forma satisfatória a maioria dos eventos na BHSE; c) O HUIGC se sobressaiu em relação ao HUIGN para a BHSE, mas teve comportamento similar ao HUT e HUA; d) O HUIGN teve desempenho superior ao HUIGC, HUT e HUA para a BHRL. / Alterations in the environment and the resulting natural and anthropogenic effects have attracted attention in the scientific community due to the high impact on ecosystems, especially related to natural disasters originated from extreme precipitation events. Hydrological modeling is one of the main techniques used for the management of water resources, environment and watersheds. However, one of the major limitations of its application is the lack of hydrological data, primarily associated with stream flow. This limitation has stimulated the development and calibration of hydrological models intended for estimation of direct surface runoff (DSR). In this context, the theories of Unit Hydrograph (UH) and Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) have stood out for the hydrological modeling of floods. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of conceptual models (Clark’s IUH - CIUH and Nash’s IUH - NIUH), synthetic models (Dimensionless UH - DUH and Triangular UH - TUH) and geomorphological models (Clark’s Geomorphological IUH - CGIUH and Nash’s Geomorphological IUH -NGIUH) for estimation of peak stream flows and DSR hydrographs, taking as reference two small experimental watersheds (Ellert Creek Watershed - ECW and Lavrinha Creek Watershed - LCW), which have contrasting geomorphoclimatic characteristics and hydrological behavior. The basic information for this study were obtained from digital elevation models and monitorated data (rainfall and stream flow) in these watersheds. The main conclusions of this study were: a) CIUH and NIUH models were those that resulted in the greatest accuracy for both watersheds; b) DUH and TUH models were not suitable for LCW, but estimated hydrographs satisfactorily for most of the events in ECW; c) CGIUH out performed NGIUH for ECW, but presented behavior similar to TUH and DUH; d) NGIUH had performance better than CGIUH, TUH and DUH for LCW.

The fresh water resources of the world are stressed due to the increasing population. Theclimate change has also affected the water resource availability due to the occurrence offrequent and uneven extreme events such as drought and flash floods. In the context ofPeloponnese, Greece water resource management is an important issue for tourism developmentas well as the water supply for the people in the peninsula. To assess the potential climatechange and to quantify the water resource availability linear regression trend analysis andhydrological modeling has been done in this study. The hydro-climatic data (Temperature,precipitation, evapotranspiration and precipitation surplus) show a decreasing trend when a longstudy period (1951-2008) is considered; however, all the trends are not statistically significantexcept precipitation, actual evapotranspiration and precipitation surplus. Similarly, the case isquite opposite when IPCC standard period (1961-1990) is considered. In this period,precipitation and precipitation surplus is increasing but not statistically significant, whereastemperature and potential evapotranspiration has decreasing and statistically significant trendand actual evapotranspiration is decreasing but not statistically significant. Hence, it cannot beconcluded that the climate has changed in the peninsula with reference to linear regressionanalysis. On the other hand, it should be noted that the water resource availability will decreasein the peninsula if the current trend in the hydro-climatic data continues. Furthermore, a spatialanalysis shows that water availability is less in the eastern part and the coastal area of thepeninsula due to low precipitation and high evapotranspiration. Hence, these areas need to befocused on for the better water resource management and planning. However, the uncertaintiesrelated to data and model should be accounted for in the water resource management andplanning.

La partie centrale de la chaîne himalayenne présente d’importantes hétérogénéités, en particulier en termes de topographie et de climatologie. La caractérisation des processus hydro-climatiques dans cette région est limitée par le manque de descriptif des milieux. La variabilité locale est alors difficilement représentée par les modélisations mises en œuvre à une échelle régionale.L’approche proposée dans ce travail est de caractériser les systèmes hydro-climatiques à l’échelle locale pour réduire les incertitudes liées à l’hétérogénéité du milieu. L’intégration de données localement précises est testée pour la modélisation de bassins versants peu instrumentés et fortement hétérogènes.Deux sous-bassins du bassin de la Dudh Koshi (Népal) sont utilisés comme échantillons représentatifs des milieux de haute et moyenne montagne, hors contribution glaciaire. Le schéma de surface ISBA est appliqué à la simulation des réponses hydrologiques des types de surface décrits à partir d’observations de terrain. Des mesures de propriétés physiques des sols sont intégrées pour préciser la paramétrisation des surfaces dans le modèle. Les données climatiques nécessaires sont interpolées à partir des observations in situ disponibles. Une approche non déterministe est appliquée pour quantifier les incertitudes liées à l’influence de la topographie sur les précipitations, ainsi que leur propagation aux variables simulées. Enfin, les incertitudes liées à la structure des modèles sont évaluées à l’échelle locale à travers la comparaison des paramétrisations et des résultats de simulation obtenus d'une part avec le schéma de surface ISBA, couplé à un module de routage à réservoir et d'autre part avec le modèle hydrologique J2000. / The central part of the Hindukush-Himalaya region presents tremendous heterogeneity, in particular in terms of topography and climatology. The representation of hydro-climatic processes for Himalayan catchments is limited due to a lack of knowledge regarding their hydrological behavior. Local variability is thus difficult to characterize based on modeling studies done at a regional scale. The proposed approach is to characterize hydro-climatic systems at the local scale to reduce uncertainties associated with environmental heterogeneity.The integration of locally reliable data is tested to model sparsely instrumented, highly heterogeneous catchments. Two sub-catchments of the Dudh Koshi River basin (Nepal) are used as representative samples of high and mid-mountain environments, with no glacier contribution. The ISBA surface scheme is applied to simulate hydrological responses of the surfaces that are described based on in-situ observations. Measurements of physical properties of soils are integrated to precise surface parametrization in the model. Necessary climatic data is interpolated based on available in-situ measurements. A non deterministic approach is applied to quantify uncertainties associated with the effect of topography on precipitation and their propagation through the modeling chain. Finally, uncertainties associated with model structure are estimated at the local scale by comparing simulation methods and results obtained on the one hand with the ISBA model, coupled with a reservoir routing module, and on the other hand, with the J2000 hydrological model.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de parvenir à un outil de gestion fiable des bassins de rétention d'eaux pluviales en utilisant les données radar en bande X. Il s’est avéré que cela nécessite plusieurs développements de recherche. Le cas d’étude considéré comprend un bassin de 10000 m3 situé en Val-de-Marne et construit en aval d'un bassin versant urbain de 2.15 km2. Il assure un double rôle de traitement des eaux pluviales et de prévention des inondations par stockage du volume. Opérationnellement les modes de gestion associés à chacun de ces objectifs sont antagonistes si bien qu’une gestion prédictive a été mise en place ; exploitation routinière en mode anti-pollution et basculement vers le mode anti-inondation en cas de besoin. Il doit se faire sur la base d’une connaissance sûre de la situation pluvieuse prévue à court terme. Une façon courante de répondre aux besoins opérationnels de la gestion prédictive est de mettre en place un système d’alerte basé sur l’utilisation des données radar. Le système CALAMAR par exemple, repose sur l’utilisation des données radar brutes à mono polarisation du réseau radar de Météo-France; traitées avec des méthodes de conversion classiques Z-R et une calibration avec des pluviomètres. Cependant, la fiabilité de ce système fait débat, notamment vis-à-vis de la qualité de la mesure radar obtenue. Une nouvelle méthodologie de comparaison de produits radar a été développée au cours de cette thèse. Elle repose sur le cadre théorique des multifractals et permet une comparaison de la structure et de la morphologie des champs de précipitations dans l'espace et le temps à travers les échelles. Cette méthode a d'abord été appliquée sur les produits CALAMR et Météo-France, puis, pour confirmer certains des résultats, sur les premières données d’un radar bande X, acquis par l’Ecole des Ponts ParisTech dans le cadre du projet Européen RainGain et fournissant des mesures de précipitations à des échelles plus fines (jusqu’à 100m en espace et 1 min en temps). Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence non seulement l'influence cruciale des méthodes de traitement des données brutes sur la variabilité spatio-temporelle à travers les échelles, mais permettent également de prédéfinir les conditions dans lesquelles la calibration CALAMAR peut aggraver la qualité des mesures. Elles seraient très difficiles à détecter par les méthodes classiques largement répandues, n’impliquant qu’un nombre très limité de pixels radar (seulement ceux correspondants aux pluviomètres au sol). Des extensions de la méthodologie proposée ouvriront de nouveaux horizons pour la calibration des données de pluie. Alors que la littérature scientifique, notamment autour expériences TOMACS au Japon et CASA aux Etats-Unis, souligne l’importance opérationnelle d’une mesure de pluie plus détaillée grâce au radar en bande X, son impact sur les performances des modèles hydrologiques fait encore débat. Les recherches antérieures, basée pour la plupart sur des modèles conceptuels, ne sont pas concluantes. Ainsi pour dépasser ces limites, nous avons utilisé deux modèles impliquant des approches de modélisation différentes : CANOE (semi-distribué et conceptuel) et Multi-Hydro (distribué et à base physique ; développé à l’ENPC). Une version opérationnelle de CANOE et une nouvelle configuration plus fine améliorant considérablement la sensibilité du modèle à la variabilité de la pluie ont été utilisées. Plusieurs développements ont été apportés à Multi-Hydro, y compris une optimisation de sa résolution, ce qui améliore grandement l'ensemble de ses fonctionnalités. Il ressort de ce travail qu’en prenant en compte la variabilité spatio-temporelle des précipitations à petite échelle, la performance des modèles hydrologiques peut être augmentée jusqu'à 20%.Nous pensons que cette thèse a contribué à la mise au point de nouveaux outils opérationnels, fiables ayant la capacité de prendre en compte les données en bande X haute résolution / The main goal of this thesis was to achieve a reliable management tool of storm water storage basins using high resolution X-band radar. It turned out that it required several research developments. The analysed case study includes a retention basin of 10000 m3 located in Val de Marne county downstream of a 2.15 km2 urban catchment. It has a twofold goal: storm water decontamination and flood protection by volume storage. Operationally the management strategies associated with these two aims are conflicting; hence, a predictive management has been set up: a routine exploitation of the basin in the anti-pollution mode, and a switch to the flood protection mode when needed. It should be based a reliable knowledge of short-term rainfall forecasts. A common way to respond to operational needs of the predictive management is to set up a warning system based on the use of radar data. For example, the CALAMAR system relies on the use of single-polarization raw radar data, coming from Meteo-France radar network, being processed with the conventional Z-R conversion methods followed by a calibration with rain gauge. However, the reliability of such warning systems has been subject to debate, often due to a questionable quality of the resulting radar rainfall estimates, compared to local rain gauges. Therefore a new methodology for more meaningful comparison of radar rainfall field products was developed during this PhD project. Being rooted to the multifractal theory, it allows a comparison of the structure and the morphology of rainfall fields in both space and time through scales. It was initially tested on CALAMAR and Meteo-France rainfall products before being applied for results confirmation on initial data from a X band radar, acquired by Ecole des Ponts ParisTech in the framework of the European project RainGain and providing data at higher resolution (up to 100 m in space and 1 min in time). The obtained results not only highlight the crucial influence of raw data processing on the scaling behaviour, but also permit to pre-define the conditions when the CALAMAR optimization may worsen the quality of rainfall estimates. Such conditions would be very difficult to detect with widely used conventional methods, which rely on a very limited number of radar pixels (only those containing rain gauges). Further extensions of the proposed methodology open new horizons for the rainfall data merging. While the scientific literature, notably around the TOMACS experiment in Japan and CASA one in the United States, highlights the operational benefits of higher resolution rainfall measurements thanks to X-band radars, its impact on the performance of hydrological models still remains a subject of debate. Indeed previous research, mainly based on conceptual models remains inconclusive. To overcome these limitations, we used two models relying on two very distinct modelling approaches: CANOE (semi-distributed and conceptual) and Multi-Hydro (fully distributed and physically based research model developed at ENPC). An operational version of CANOE and a new much finer configuration, which increases the sensitivity of the model to spatio-temporal variability of small-scale rainfall, were used. Several extensions of the Multi-Hydro were developed, including an optimization of its resolution, which greatly improves its whole functionality. It appears from this work that by taking into account the spatial and temporal variability of small-scale rainfall, the performance of hydrologic models can be increased up to 20%.Overall, we believe that this dissertation contributes to the development of new, reliable, operational tools to use in their full extent the high-resolution X-band data

Les aquifères karstiques représentent des ressources en eau essentielles dans de nombreuses régions du monde comme le bassin Méditerranéen. Cependant, de par les processus complexes de karstification, ces aquifères sont hétérogènes à de nombreuses échelles et vulnérables. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le potentiel de la gravimétrie et du bruit sismique ambiant pour la modélisation hydrologique en milieu karstique.Le site dolomitique de l’observatoire « GEK », sur le bassin du Durzon dans le Larzac, est le site d’étude privilégié de ces travaux. Dans l’observatoire, un gravimètre supraconducteur dédié à l’hydrologie mesure depuis 2011 les variations de gravité en continu et à une très haute précision, pour la première fois sur un karst. Des modèles hydrologiques conceptuels ont été réalisés à partir de cette surveillance gravimétrique et ont permis de poser les bases de modèles physiques d’écoulements 1-D. En effet la gravimétrie, intégratrice, permet 1) de considérer l’épikarst localement hétérogène comme un milieu tabulaire équivalent et 2) de définir les types de transfert à l’œuvre sur le site. En particulier, l’absence de transfert rapide dans l’épikarst a été quantifiée avec précision pour la première fois à l’échelle du terrain (~100m). A l’aide de données météorologiques locales, un bilan de masse précis a permis de définir le flux en limite inférieure du modèle à 1 mm.jour-1. Ce flux s’est montré représentatif du débit de basses-eaux de la source drainant l’ensemble du bassin. Ce résultat suppose une homogénéité de l’épikarst dolomitique quasiment à l’échelle du bassin. Les paramètres des modèles physiques ont ensuite pu être calibrés à l’aide d’un an d’intercorrélation du bruit sismique ambiant entre deux stations. Les variations de vitesses de phase obtenues entre 6 et 8Hz nous ont servi de « chronomètre » pour suivre l’infiltration entre 30 et 60m de profondeur. La surveillance passive des variations de vitesses sismiques par intercorrélation du bruit sismique ambiant montre ainsi un fort potentiel pour l’étude des zones critiques profondes et complexes à l’échelle du terrain et peut combler la lacune instrumentale qui existe actuellement en hydrologie.Des campagnes répétées de mesures avec un gravimètre portable à ressort ont également mis en évidence le fonctionnement différent de deux épikarsts et leur variabilité à l’échelle de la centaine de mètres. Des mesures mensuelles autour de l’observatoire ont mis en évidence l’homogénéité spatiale de cet épikarst dolomitique : toutes les stations ont les mêmes variations temporelles de stock d’eau. Au contraire, des mesures saisonnières en surface et en profondeur le long de la galerie souterraine calcaire de l’abîme de Saint-Ferréol ont montré une variabilité spatiale forte du stockage ainsi que du transfert rapide. La lithologie de l’épikarst est donc suspectée de jouer un rôle dans sa capacité de stockage. Lors de ces campagnes, la faiblesse du signal recherché a nécessité une méthodologie précautionneuse et un effet de température sur les mesures des gravimètres relatifs à ressort a été observé sur le terrain et quantifié en laboratoire. / Karstic aquifers represent the most important fresh water reservoirs in many regions of the world like the Mediterranean Basin. However, because of complex processes of karstification, those aquifers are highly heterogeneous at all spatial scales and vulnerable to contamination. In this dissertation, we studied the potential of gravimetry and ambient seismic noise for hydrological modeling in karstic areas.The dolomitic area surrounding the “GEK” observatory in the Durzon catchment on the Larzac plateau, in France, is the preferred site for these studies. Inside the observatory, a superconducting gravimeter dedicated to hydrology has continuously measured gravity changes since 2011 with high precision, undertaken for the first time on a karst. From this gravity monitoring, we made conceptual hydrological models which laid the foundation of 1-D flow physical models. Indeed, gravimetry is an integrative hydro-geophysical method which allows 1) to consider the epikarst, locally heterogeneous as an equivalent tabular medium and 2) to define the types of transfer (fast & slow) occurring at the site. Especially, the lack of fast transfer through the GEK epikarst was precisely quantified for the first time at the field scale (~100m). Gravity-driven water mass balance with local meteorological data (evapotranspiration from a flux tower and precipitation) allowed setting the bottom outlet of the model to 1 mm.day-1. This flow has proved to be representative of the low-flow discharge at the only spring which represents all groundwater outflows from the catchment. This result supposes the homogeneity of the dolomitic epikarst almost at the basin scale. Model parameters were next calibrated using one year of ambient seismic noise monitored at two stations. Phase velocity changes obtained by cross-correlating the noise between 6 and 8 Hz were used as a ”timer” to follow the water infiltration between a depth of 30 and 60 meters. Thus, monitoring seismic velocity changes using ambient seismic noise demonstrates great potential for the study of deep and complex critical zones and could fill the instrumental gap currently existing in hydrology.Time-lapse gravity measurements with a spring-based portable gravimeter have also demonstrated the different behavior of two epikarsts and their variability at the scale of a few hundred meters. Monthly measurements around the observatory revealed the spatial homogeneity of this dolomitic epikarst: all the stations showed the same water storage changes. On the contrary, seasonal surface to depth gravity measurements along the underground passage of the Saint-Ferréol sinkhole, in limestone, have shown fast transfer and strong spatial variability of water storage. Lithology is then expected to play a part in the epikarst capacity to retain water. The precision needed to measure the weak hydrological induced signals during those surveys required robust methodology and an ambient temperature effect on measurements with spring-based gravimeter was observed in the field and quantified in the laboratory.

The growing pressure on the world‘s fresh water resources is enforced by population growth that leads to conflicts between demands for different purposes. A main concern on water use is the conflict between the environment and other purposes like hydropower, irrigation for agriculture and domestic and industry water supply, where total flows are diverted without releasing water for ecological conservation. As a consequence, some of the common problems related to water faced by many countries are shortage, quality deterioration and flood impacts. Hence, utilization of integrated water resources management in a single system, which is built up by river basin, is an optimum way to handle the question of water. However, in many areas, when planning for balancing water demands major gaps exist on baseline knowledge of water resources. In order to bridge these gaps, hydro-logical models are among the available tools used to acquire adequate understanding of the characteristics of the river basin. Apart from forecasting and predicting the quantity and quality of water for decision makers, some models could also help in predicting the impacts of natural and anthropogenic changes on water resources and also in quantifying the spatial and temporal availability of the resources. However, main challenges lie in choosing and utilizing these models for a specific basin and managerial plan. In this study, an analysis of the different types of models and application of a selected model to characterize the Awash River basin, located in Ethiopia, is presented. The results from the modeling procedure and the performance of the model are discussed. The different possible sources of uncertainties in the modeling process are also discussed. The results indicate dissimilar predictions in using different methods; hence proper care must be taken in selecting and employing available methods for a specific watershed prior to presenting the results to decision makers. / QC 20110516

La recharge de l'eau souterraine est un paramètre encore peu connu du bilan hydrologique. La connaissance des processus et l'estimation précise de la recharge de l'eau souterraine est une condition préalable à une gestion efficace et durable des eaux souterraines dans les régions arides et semi-arides. En plus la recharge de l'eau souterraine est considérée comme le paramètre le plus direct avec lequel le changement climatique peut affecter les ressources renouvelables des aquifères. Les présents travaux de thèse s'intéressent à la recharge de l'aquifère alluvial de la plaine du Haouz par les crues de l'oued Rheraya (rivière intermittente), qui descend des montagnes du Haut-Atlas et traverse la plaine du Haouz du sud vers le nord. Ces travaux ont deux objectifs principaux (i) d'abord simuler le régime hydrologique de l'oued Rheraya dont les crues sont à l'origine de la recharge de l'eau souterraine, et ensuite (ii) aborder la quantification de la recharge de l'eau souterraine du Haouz par ces crues dans la zone du piémont atlasique. La modélisation des débits de l'oued Rheraya dans le Haut-Atlas marocain (225 km², altitudes comprises entre 1030 m et 4165 m) est réalisée en prenant en compte la composante nivale. Pour cela, le modèle conceptuel global GR4J est appliqué sur la période 1989-2009 en y adjoignant le module CemaNeige qui simule la dynamique de la composante neigeuse de manière semi- distribuée. La fraction enneigée simulée se révèle corrélée avec celle extraite du produit neige MODIS durant la période 2000-2009 (R2 = 0,64). De plus, l'équivalent en eau de la neige simulé est cohérent avec celui mesuré par la station automatique au sommet de l'Oukaimeden durant la période 2004-2006 (R2 = 0,81). Enfin, nous obtenons une simulation des débits qui reproduit bien la très forte variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle. En conclusion, le régime hydrologique de l'oued Rheraya est pluvio-nival avec une distribution unimodale des débits dont le maximum en avril coïncide avec la fonte des neiges. L'étude de la recharge de l'eau souterraine est effectuée à travers l'analyse du suivi des fluctuations de l'eau souterraine sous le lit de l'oued Rheraya sur deux cycles hydrologiques 2014-2015 et 2015-2016.[...] / Groundwater recharge is a little known parameter in the water balance. Knowledge of processes and accurate estimation of groundwater recharge is a prerequisite for effective and sustainable management of groundwater resources. In addition, groundwater recharge is considered the most direct parameter by which climate change affects the renewable groundwater resources. The present PhD thesis focuses on the recharge of the alluvial aquifer of the Haouz plain by the floods of the Rheraya wadi (intermittent river), which descends from the High-Atlas Mountains and crosses the southern plain towards the North. This work has two main objectives: (i) simulating the hydrological regime of the Rheraya River whose floods are at the origin of the groundwater recharge, and (ii) Quantifying the groundwater recharge by the floods of the Rheraya in the zone of the High-Atlas piedmont. The runoff modeling of the Rheraya wadi in the High-Atlas (225 km², elevations ranging between 1030 and 4165 m.a.s.l.) takes into account the snow component. For this purpose, the GR4J conceptual and global model was applied over the period 1989- 2009, coupled with the CemaNeige module for semi-distributed snow dynamics. The daily snow coverage simulated by CemaNeige is in good agreement with that extracted from the MODIS snow product in the period 2000-2009 (R² = 0,64). In addition, the simulated daily snow water equivalent is consistent with that measured at the weather station of Oukaimeden (2004-2006, R² = 0,81). Finally, the runoff simulation reproduces quite well the strong seasonal and inter-annual variability. In conclusion, the hydrological regime of the Rheraya wadi is pluvio-nival with an unimodal distribution whose maximum in April is linked with snowmelt. The study of groundwater recharge is carried out through the analysis of the monitoring of groundwater fluctuations in the streambed of the Rheraya wadi, over two hydrological cycles 2014-2015 and 2015-2016.[...]

La gestion efficace de l'eau dans les régions arides et semi-arides est un problème majeur, principalement dans les zones irriguées. La conception d'outils fournissant des estimations régionales des composantes du bilan hydrique peut aider à la gestion durable de la ressource en eau dans ces régions. La télédétection multi-capteurs a démontré un très fort potentiel pour le suivi des ressources hydriques agricoles à différentes échelles. Cette thèse vise à développer des techniques et des méthodes efficaces pour estimer les variables hydrologiques (évapotranspiration et les volumes d'irrigation) afin d'évaluer, dans l'espace (résolutions "métrique" et "kilométrique"), les besoins en eau des cultures du couvert végétal de la plaine de Kairouan (Tunisie centrale) ainsi que les volumes d'irrigation extraits de son aquifère surexploité. L'approche adoptée combine l'expérimentation, la modélisation et l'utilisation de données de télédétection multi-capteurs / multi-résolutions. Les deux types d'outils utilisés sont le modèle de bilan hydrique SAMIR et le modèle de bilan d'énergie SPARSE. Les variables estimées par SAMIR et SPARSE sont évaluées à l'aide des mesures terrain (mesures d'un scintillomètre XLAS) et des enquêtes de terrain (volumes d'irrigation observés). Les volumes d'irrigation saisonniers estimés par SAMIR sont acceptables, même si les résultats à des échelles de temps plus fines (mensuelles) doivent être améliorés. Ainsi, les paramètres de SAMIR, en particulier les paramètres non calibrés, sont revisités afin d'améliorer les performances de simulation de l'ET et des volumes d'irrigation. Les estimations des flux de chaleur sensible et latente par SPARSE sont en étroit accord avec celles obtenues à partir du XLAS. Cependant, l'extrapolation de l'évapotranspiration instantanée au pas de temps journalier est moins évidente. / In arid and semi-arid regions, efficient agricultural water management is a major issue, mainly in irrigated areas. The design of tools that provide an estimate of water balance components at the regional scale may help sustainable management of limited water resources in the water scarce regions. Remotely sensed Earth observation has become a major research field for agricultural water resources management. The main objective of this thesis is to develop and test efficient techniques and methods to estimate hydrological variables (Evapotranspiration (ET) and irrigation volumes) in order to assess, at "metric" and "kilometric" resolution , the crop water requirements and the extracted irrigation volumes in the Kairouan plain (central Tunisia). The adopted approach combines field experimentation, modeling and the use of multi-sensor / multi-resolution remote sensing data. Two modeling tools are used: the soil water balance model SAMIR and the energy balance model, SPARSE. SAMIR and SPARSE estimates are assessed using field measurements (Scintillometer XLAS measurements) and field surveys (observed irrigation volumes). The seasonal irrigation volumes estimated by the SAMIR model are acceptable, even though results at finer timescales (monthly and below) needed to be improved. Hence, the SAMIR model parameters, especially the uncalibrated ones are revisited in order to improve the results. SPARSE estimates of sensible and latent heat ?uxes are in close agreement with those obtained from the XLAS. However, the extrapolation from instantaneous to daily ET is less obvious.