Le microbiote intestinal constitue un élément important pour l’hôte, il est impliqué notamment au niveau immunologique ou physiologique. La connaissance de la composition de ce microbiote est la première étape dans la compréhension des phénomènes qui lui sont associés. Les travaux de cette thèse se sont articulés selon plusieurs objectifs. La première étape a été de faire un état des lieux de la composition du microbiote de deux types génétiques parentaux : le canard Pékin (Anas Platyrhynchos), le canard de Barbarie (Cairina Moschata) ainsi que de leur hybride ; le canard mulard. Nous avons ainsi pu observer des compositions différentes selon le type génétique avec tout de même la prédominance dans chacune des trois espèces de deux phyla : les Firmicutes et les Bacteroidetes. Différentes conditions rencontrées dans l’environnement sont à même de créer un déséquilibre dans la composition du microbiote. Une des conditions possibles est un changement dans l’alimentation ainsi la seconde étape a été de voir l’impact du gavage sur les communautés bactériennes composant le microbiote. Celui-ci induit bien des modifications au sein du microbiote en privilégiant certaines classes bactériennes notamment les Bacilli et les Clostridia selon le type génétique. Un effet du gavage a été montré au niveau du microbiote iléal tandis que l’on retrouve un effet du type génétique ainsi que du gavage mais plus faible que dans l’iléon au niveau des caeca. Deux autres travaux ont été réalisés, le premier concernait l’ajout d’un probiotique (Lactobacillus sakei) sur le microbiote des canards mulards durant la phase de gavage. Nous avons montré que lors de cet ajout, nous observions une forte augmentation des lactobacilli au niveau de l’iléon. Enfin suite aux fortes contaminations retrouvées dans le sud-ouest ainsi que ses effets toxiques montrés dans différentes études, le dernier travail effectué a été de voir l’effet du cadmium sur le microbiote des canards Pékin et Barbarie. Nous avons pu ainsi observer les modifications de la communauté microbienne lors de l’ajout de cadmium ainsi l’accumulation de celui-ci dans les reins au cours du gavage. Des effets combinés entre le cadmium et la période de gavage ainsi qu’avec le type génétique ont été mis en lumière. Une tendance à une accumulation différentielle du cadmium a été observé selon le type génétique. / The intestinal microbiota is an important element for the host; it is particularly involved in immunological or physiological level. Knowledge of the composition of the microbiota is the first step in understanding the phenomena associated with it. The work of this PhD was organized according to several objectives. The first step was to realize a molecular inventory of the microbiota composition of the two parental genetic types: the Pekin duck (Anas Platyrhynchos), the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) and their hybrid, the mule duck. We have observed different compositions depending on the genetic type although with a predominance of two phyla: the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes for all ducks species. Different conditions encountered in the environment are likely to create an imbalance in the composition of the microbiota. One is a change in diet; therefore the second step was to see the impact of overfeeding on bacterial communities. Overfeeding causes many changes in the bacterial microbiota and increase two classes: Bacilli and Clostridia according to the genetic type. The effect of overfeeding has been shown principally on the ileal microbiota while genetics and overfeeding both affected weekly cecal microbiota. We then studied the impact of adding a probiotic strain (Lactobacillus sakei) on the microbiota of mule ducks during the overfeeding period. We could see here a significant effect of this addition only in the ileum with a sharp increase in lactobacilli. Finally, due to high levels of contamination found in the southwest of France and its toxic effects on metabolism shown in various studies, the last work was to see the effect of cadmium on the microbiota of Pekin and Muscovy ducks. We observed changes in the microbial community when adding cadmium and see the accumulation of it in the kidneys during overfeeding. Combined effects between cadmium and the feeding period as well as the genetic type were highlighted. Finally

A isquemia aguda mesentérica é uma condição de grande emergência vascular, que é fatal na população mundial em 60% a 80% dos casos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar, os efeitos da isquemia/reperfusão intestinal sobre o receptor P2X2 e diferentes classes neuronais no plexo mioentérico. Foram analisados o íleo de ratos: controle, Sham e isquemia/reperfusão intestinal (I/R-i) com de 24h e 1 semana de reperfusão. Foram realizadas colocalização do receptor P2X2 com a NOS, ChAT, Calb, Calr, S100 e anti-HuC/D. Os resultados mostraram diminuição de neurônios P2X2-ir colocalizados com a NOS, ChAT e Hu, e um aumento com S100 no grupo I/R-i 1 semana. A densidade apresentou um aumento de células P2X2-ir e S100 e diminuição de ChAT e Hu no grupo I/R-i de 1 semana. O perfil neuronal apresentou um aumento nos neurônios NOS-ir, ChAT, Calb (Dogiel Tipo II) e Calr. Conclui-se que a isquemia levou a alterações diferenciadas no receptor P2X2, células gliais e neurônios entéricos, que podem causar disfunções gastrintestinais, como por exemplo, problemas na motilidade intestinal. / The acute mesenteric ischemia is a vascular condition of extreme emergency, which is fatal in the world population by 60% to 80% of cases. The aim of this work was to study the effects of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion on the P2X2 receptor and different neuronal classes in the myenteric plexus. We analyzed the ileum of rats: control, Sham and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R-i) with 24 hours and 1 week of reperfusion. The colocalization were performed by P2X2 receptor with NOS, ChAT, Calb, Calr, S100 and anti-HUC/D. The results showed a decrease of P2X2-ir neurons colocalizated with ChAT and Hu, and an increase in the group with S100 in the I/R-i 1 week group. The density of cells showed an increase of P2X2-ir and S100 and a decrease of Hu and ChAT in I/R-i 1 week group. The profile area showed an increase in NOS-ir, ChAT-ir, Calb (Dogiel Type II) and Calr-ir neurons. We conclude that ischemia led to different changes in P2X2 receptor, enteric neurons and glial cells, which can cause gastrointestinal disorders, such as intestinal motility disorder.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-06T13:43:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2157033 bytes, checksum: c35af421ba5130163d96afa847c031de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-06T13:43:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2157033 bytes, checksum: c35af421ba5130163d96afa847c031de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Abnormalities in intestinal contractile reactivity represent one of the pathophysiological processes that characterize intestinal colic, diarrhea and constipation. Exercise is an activity that affects all organs and tissues, resulting in many health benefits. E interferes with intestinal contractility in mice exercised on a treadmill, this decreasing contractility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chronic aerobic exercise swimming contractile reactivity, lipid peroxidation and morphology of the intestinal smooth muscle of rats. For this, we used Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into two groups, the sedentary group (SED), which was in contact with water for 2 minutes during the training of exercised rats. Exercised group (EX), who underwent a swim for an hour, being attached to the trunk of the animal a metal ring, corresponding to 3% of their body weight. The animals were divided into groups exercised that this procedure performed 5 days per week for 2 (EX2), 4 (EX4), 6 (EX6) or 8 (EX8) weeks. After the fifth day of training, the animals rested for 48 h. Then the animals were euthanized, ileum was removed and suspended in isolated organ baths and sinks to the isotonic contractions were recorded. All experimental protocols were previously approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use the CBiotec / UFPB (Protocol: 0907/13). Cumulative concentration-response curves to KCl were attenuated due to the exercise, as the values of Emax, which was reduced from 100% (SED) to 63.1 ± 3.9, 48.8 ± 3.8, 19.4 ± 1.8, 59.4 ± 2.8% in the groups exercised by 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. However, no significant difference in the power parameter. Similarly, the concentration-response curves to cumulative carbachol (CCh), were attenuated due to the exercise, as Emax values of 100% (SED) to 74.1 ± 5.4, 75.9 ± 5.2 62.9 ± 4.6% in the groups exercised by 2, 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. And EX8 group (E max = 89.7 ± 3.4%) was not significantly different from the SED group. However, the power of CCh contraction was not changed in relation to the SED group, but changed between groups EX2 (EC50 = 1.5 ± 0.5 x 10-6 M) EX8 (EC50 = 2.1 ± 0,4 x 10-7 M) EX6 (EC50 = 1.5 ± 0.3 x 10-6 M) EX8. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), which indicates that lipid peroxidation was increased from 20.6 ± 3.6 mM/mL (SED) to 44.3 ± 4.4 mM/mL (EX4), but this was not peroxidation changed in EX6 (20.0 ± 3.6 mM/mL) and EX8 (17.2 ± 3.6 mM/mL) group. The total muscle layer (TML) was reduced from 75.5 ± 0.9 μm (SED) to 63.0 ± 1.3 μm (EX6), and no significant difference in the other exercise groups. The circular muscle layer (CML) was reduced from 50.9 ± 0.3 μm (SED) to 44.0 ± 1.8, 43.5 ± 1.3, 35.5 ± 1.4 and 41.6 ± 0.6 μm in groups trained for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. Already the longitudinal muscle layer (LML) was increased from 21.6 ± 0.3 μm (SED) to 31.8 ± 1.0, 36.2 ± 2.5, 29.6 ± 1.8 and 30.8 ± 1.3 μm in groups trained by 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. According to the results, aerobic exercise alters the response of the ileum to KCl and CCh, reducing the amplitude of the intestinal contraction. Reduces oxidative damage, decreasing lipid peroxidation. And promotes changes in tissue level to establish an adaptation of the body to exercise. The data indicate a direct relationship between swimming exercise and reactivity of the intestinal smooth muscle of rat, which should be better studied and thus clarify the mechanisms involved and possible therapeutic implications. / Anormalidades na reatividade contrátil intestinal representam um dos processos fisiopatológicos que caracterizam a cólica intestinal, diarreia e constipação. Analisando essa reatividade contrátil no íleo de camundongos exercitados em esteira, verificou-se que houve redução dessa reatividade. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do exercício aeróbio crônico de natação na reatividade contrátil, peroxidação lipídica e morfologia do íleo de ratos. Todos os protocolos experimentais foram previamente aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais da UFPB (Protocolo: 0907/13). Para isso, utilizou-se ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus), inicialmente foi realizada uma padronização das intensidades de exercício para confirmar em quais intensidades o exercício era considerado aeróbico. Os animais foram divididos em 6 grupos, grupo controle (GC) e grupos exercitados, estes foram submetidos a uma sessão de exercício de natação, tendo fixado ao seu tronco um anel de metal com as seguintes intensidade: 3, 4, 5, 6 ou 8% do peso corporal do animal, durante 1 hora. Após esse protocolo foi coletado o sangue do animal e realizada dosagem de lactato, cujo limiar de lactato era de 5,5 mmol/L. Verificou-se que intensidade inferiores a 5% do peso corporal do animal submetido à natação, o exercício é do tipo aeróbico. A partir disso, foi escolhida a menor intensidade analisada para seguir com o exercício crônico. Os animais foram divididos nos seguintes grupos, sedentário (SED) e exercitado (EX), os animais do grupo exercitado foram submetidos a um exercício de natação por uma hora, sendo fixado ao tronco do animal um anel de metal, correspondente a 3% do seu peso corporal. Os animais exercitados realizaram um treinamento de 5 dias por semana, sendo os grupos exercitados por 2 (EX2), 4 (EX4), 6 (EX6) ou 8 (EX8) semanas. A cada cinco dias de treinamento, os animais descansaram por 48 h. Após a realização do protocolo, os animais foram eutanasiados, o íleo era retirado, suspenso em cubas de banhos para órgãos isolados e eram registadas as contrações isotônicas. Curvas concentrações-resposta cumulativas ao KCl foram atenuadas em função do exercício, conforme os valores de Emax, que foi reduzido de 100% (SED) para 63,1 ± 3,9, 48,8 ± 3,8, 19,4 ± 1,8, 59,4 ± 2,8% nos grupos exercitados por 2, 4, 6 e 8 semanas, respectivamente. Porém, não apresentou diferença significante no parâmetro de potência contrátil. De forma similar, as curvas concentrações-resposta cumulativas ao carbacol (CCh), foram atenuadas em função do exercício, conforme os valores de Emax de 100% (SED) para 74,1 ± 5,4, 75,9 ± 5,2, 62,9 ± 4,6% nos grupos exercitados por 2, 4 e 6 semanas, respectivamente. E o grupo EX8 (Emax = 89,7 ± 3,4%) não apresentou diferença significante do grupo SED. E a potência contrátil do CCh também não foi alterada em relação ao grupo SED, mas foi alterada entre grupos EX2 (CE50 = 1,5 ± 0,5 x 10-6 M) e EX8 (CE50 = 2,1 ± 0,4 x 10-7 M), EX6 (CE50 = 1,5 ± 0,3 x 10-6 M) e EX8. A concentração de malondialdeído (MDA) foi realizada através de dosagens bioquímicas, e foi aumentada de 20,6 ± 3,6 μM/mL (SED) para 44,3 ± 4,4 μM/mL (EX4), porém essa peroxidação não foi alterada no grupo EX6 (20,0 ± 3,6 μM/mL) e EX8 (17,2 ± 3,6 μM/mL. As medidas das camadas musculares foram registradas através de cortes histológicos, sendo a camada muscular circular (CMC) reduzida de 50,9 ± 0,3 μm (SED) para 44,0 ± 1,8, 43,5 ± 1,3, 35,5 ± 1,4 e 41,6 ± 0,6 μm, nos grupos exercitados por 2, 4, 6 e 8 semanas, respectivamente. Já a camada muscular longitudinal (CML) foi aumentada de 21,6 ± 0,3 μm (SED) para 31,8 ± 1,0, 36,2 ± 2,5, 29,6 ±1,8 e 30,8 ± 1,3 μm, nos grupos exercitados por 2, 4, 6 e 8 semanas, respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados, o exercício aeróbico: altera a reatividade contrátil do íleo ao KCl e CCh, diminuindo a amplitude da contração intestinal. Promove um aumento da peroxidação lipídica no grupo EX4, que pode ter servido como estímulo para célula produzir antioxidantes e inibir o estresse oxidativo. E promove alterações morfológicas para estabelecer uma adaptação do órgão ao exercício. A diminuição da reatividade contrátil e as alterações histológicas parecem não estar correlacionadas com a peroxidação lipídica. Dessa forma, demonstra-se pela primeira vez uma relação direta entre o treinamento de natação e a reatividade intestinal do músculo liso de rato.

A isquemia aguda mesentérica é uma condição de grande emergência vascular, que é fatal na população mundial em 60% a 80% dos casos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar, os efeitos da isquemia/reperfusão intestinal sobre o receptor P2X2 e diferentes classes neuronais no plexo mioentérico. Foram analisados o íleo de ratos: controle, Sham e isquemia/reperfusão intestinal (I/R-i) com de 24h e 1 semana de reperfusão. Foram realizadas colocalização do receptor P2X2 com a NOS, ChAT, Calb, Calr, S100 e anti-HuC/D. Os resultados mostraram diminuição de neurônios P2X2-ir colocalizados com a NOS, ChAT e Hu, e um aumento com S100 no grupo I/R-i 1 semana. A densidade apresentou um aumento de células P2X2-ir e S100 e diminuição de ChAT e Hu no grupo I/R-i de 1 semana. O perfil neuronal apresentou um aumento nos neurônios NOS-ir, ChAT, Calb (Dogiel Tipo II) e Calr. Conclui-se que a isquemia levou a alterações diferenciadas no receptor P2X2, células gliais e neurônios entéricos, que podem causar disfunções gastrintestinais, como por exemplo, problemas na motilidade intestinal. / The acute mesenteric ischemia is a vascular condition of extreme emergency, which is fatal in the world population by 60% to 80% of cases. The aim of this work was to study the effects of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion on the P2X2 receptor and different neuronal classes in the myenteric plexus. We analyzed the ileum of rats: control, Sham and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R-i) with 24 hours and 1 week of reperfusion. The colocalization were performed by P2X2 receptor with NOS, ChAT, Calb, Calr, S100 and anti-HUC/D. The results showed a decrease of P2X2-ir neurons colocalizated with ChAT and Hu, and an increase in the group with S100 in the I/R-i 1 week group. The density of cells showed an increase of P2X2-ir and S100 and a decrease of Hu and ChAT in I/R-i 1 week group. The profile area showed an increase in NOS-ir, ChAT-ir, Calb (Dogiel Type II) and Calr-ir neurons. We conclude that ischemia led to different changes in P2X2 receptor, enteric neurons and glial cells, which can cause gastrointestinal disorders, such as intestinal motility disorder.

Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammation of the bowel, is a multi-factorial condition where uncontrolled immune responses to luminal bacteria occur in genetically predisposed individuals. The first observable clinical signs are small ulcers that form at a specialised form of epithelium, follicle-associated epithelium (FAB). The FAB covers immune inductive sites, Peyer's patches, which function primarily as sensory areas that sample the externaI gut environment. Dendritic cells are one of the key cells that are involved in sensing luminal contents and orchestrating the gut immune system. The main aim of this thesis was to determine whether the barrier of the FAB is breached in Crohn's disease and if dysfunctional immune regulators, namely dendritic cells, playaroIe in initiating and/or maintaining the chronic intestinal inflammation. Using biopsies and surgical specimens, we were able to show that in Crohn's disease, there was an increased transmucosaI transport of Escherichia coli compared to specimens from ulcerative colitis and non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) controIs. Dendritic cells internalised a higher percentage of bacteria that had translocated across the FAB in the Crohn's samples. Furthermore, significantly higher concentrations of TNF-u was released upon bacterial stimulation by tissues from patients with Crohn's disease than in controIs. We went on to characterise the dendritic cells present in the Peyer's patches of patients with Crohn's disease. We found an accumulation of both immature and mature dendritic cells beneath the FAB, in the sub-epithelial dome (SED). Normally, mature dendritic cells migrate towards T cell-rich areas. However, we observed mature dendritic cells accumulating in the SED because they lacked the CCR7 migratory receptor. Furthermore, they were more prone to take-up bacteria, and produced TNF-α. To study the function of mucosal dendritic cells, we performed isolation experiments and mixed Iymphocyte reactions. Dendritic cells from both the ileum and blood of patients with active Crohn's had reduced capacity for inducing T cell proliferation than non-IBD controIs. Blood dendritic cells of patients in remission had normalised function that was similar to dendritic cells from healthy controls. The SAMPl/YitFc mice, considered an appropriate murine model for Crohn's disease, had an inherent permeability defect that increased with the chronicity of intestinaI inflammation. However unlike in human Crohn's disease, dendritic cells did not seem to playaroIe in murine ileitis. This thesis highlights the accumulation of the actively surveying dendritic cells that are prone to bacterial internalisation, and points to their possible different functional roles in active versus in-active disease; thereby confirming dendritic cells as one ofthe key components in the pathogenesis ofCrohn's disease.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2456836 bytes, checksum: 09d3f72dc7985812ae8e5dab865bed8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Solanum paludosum Moric. (Solanaceae), popularly known as "jurubeba roxa" in Brazil Northeast, is used as a substitute for Solanum paniculatum ( jurubeba-verdadeira ) in folk medicine to treat hypertension and gastrointestinal disorder. In previous studies performed by Monteiro (2009) with total alkaloid fraction obtained from the root bark of this species (FAT-SP) was shown that its presented spasmolytic activity on smooth muscle, being more potent on guinea pig ileum and rat aorta. On guinea pig ileum, the relaxing effect involved antimuscarinic activity, and on rat aorta the NO/GC pathways. As the fraction has constituted by glycoalkaloids and many are known to exhibit cytotoxic activity, this activity was assessed in longitudinal layer myocytes from guinea pig ileum. In this work, we found that FAT-SP has no cytotoxic activity in these cells even the highest concentration tested (750 μg/mL), then we proceeded with the investigation of the relaxant action mechanism of FAT-SP on guinea pig ileum and rat aorta until that concentration. FAT-SP showed a relaxant effect on guinea pig ileum resistant simultaneous blockade of cholinergic and adrenergic pathways with guanethidine and atropine, respectively, suggesting there is involvement of NANC pathway; L-NAME (NOS competitive inhibitor) reduced FAT-SP relaxing potency, which was reversed in the presence of L-arginine, the substrate for NOS, suggesting that NO may be via NANC neurotransmitter. However, no reduction of the relaxing potency in the presence of ODQ, selective inhibitor of GC soluble, suggesting no participation of the GC in the FAT-SP relaxant action mechanism on guinea pig ileum. In the other hand, K+ channels participation (BKCa and SKCa) was evidenced by FAT-SP relaxing potency reduction on CsCl 5 mM presence (K+ channels nonselective blocker), TEA+ 1 mM (BKCa selective blocker) or apamin 100 nM (SKCa selective blocker). On rat aorta, it was observed participation pathway NO/cGMP/PKG, as can be evidenced by FAT-SP relaxing potency reduction in L-NAME 3 x 10-4 or 10-4 M presence and by inhibitory effect reversibility in L-arginine presence, as well as relaxing potency reduction in Rp-8-Br-cGMP 3 x 10-5 M presence, PKG selective inhibitor. Also, it was shown endothelial calmodulin participation because FAT-SP relaxing potency was reduced in presence calmidazolium 10-5 M, endothelial calmodulin selective inhibitor. The channel K+ participation (KV, SKCa and KATP) was evidenced by experiments with TEA+ 10 mM (K+ channels nonselective blocker), 4-AP 1 mM (KV selective blocker), apamin 5 x 10-8 M, glibenclamide 10-5 M (KATP selective blocker). Further, was showed partial inhibition of Ca2+ mobilization induced by IP3 of RS, but not by caffeine (20 mM). Thus, FAT-SP relaxing effect involves NO, BKCa and SKCa participation, on guinea pig ileum and endothelial calmodulin, NO/cGMP/PKG pathway and K+ channels (KV, SKCa and KATP) on rat aorta. / Solanum paludosum Moric. (Solanaceae), conhecida popularmente como jurubeba-roxa no Nordeste do Brasil, é utilizada como sucedânea de Solanum paniculatum ( jurubeba-verdadeira ) na medicina popular para tratamento de hipertensão e desordem gastrintestinal. Estudos anteriores, realizados por Monteiro (2009) com a fração de alcaloides totais obtida da casca da raiz desta espécie (FAT-SP) demonstraram que a mesma apresentou atividade espasmolítica em músculos lisos, sendo mais potente em íleo de cobaia e aorta de rato. Em íleo de cobaia, o efeito relaxante envolve atividade antimuscarínica e, em aorta de rato, a participação da via NO/GC. Como a fração possui na sua composição glicoalcaloides e muitos destes são conhecidos por apresentar atividade citotóxica, avaliou-se esta atividade em miócitos da camada longitudinal do íleo de cobaia. Neste trabalho, observou-se que a FAT-SP não apresenta atividade citotóxica nessas células na concentração máxima testada (750 μg/mL), portanto prosseguiu-se com a investigação do mecanismo de ação relaxante da FAT-SP em íleo de cobaia e aorta de rato até essa concentração. A FAT-SP apresentou um efeito relaxante em íleo de cobaia resistente ao bloqueio simultâneo das vias adrenérgica e colinérgica com guanetidina e atropina, respectivamente, sugerindo-se que há a participação da via NANC; o L-NAME (inibidor competitivo da NOS), reduziu a potência relaxante da FAT-SP, que foi revertida na presença da L-arginina, substrato para a NOS, sugerindo que o neurotransmissor da via NANC pode ser o NO. Porém, não houve redução da potência relaxante na presença de ODQ, inibidor seletivo da GC solúvel, o que sugere a não participação da GC no mecanismo de ação relaxante da FAT-SP em íleo de cobaia. Por outro lado, a participação dos canais de K+ (BKCa e SKCa) foi evidenciada pela redução da potência relaxante da FAT-SP na presença de 5 mM de CsCl (bloqueador não seletivo dos canais de K+), de 1 mM de TEA+ (bloqueador seletivo dos BKCa) ou 100 nM de apamina (bloqueador seletivo dos SKCa). Em aorta de rato, observou-se que há a participação da via NO/GMPc/PKG, como evidenciado pela redução da potência relaxante da FAT-SP na presença de 10-4 ou 3 x 10-4 M de L-NAME, e da reversibilidade do efeito inibidor na presença da L-arginina, bem como, da redução da potência relaxante na presença de 3 x 10-5 M de Rp-8-Br-cGMPS, inibidor seletivo da PKG. Ademais, foi demonstrado que há a participação da calmodulina endotelial, pois houve redução da potência relaxante da FAT-SP na presença de 10-5 M de calmidazolium, inibidor seletivo da calmodulina endotelial; participação dos canais de K+ (KV, SKCa e KATP) evidenciado pelos experimentos com 10 mM de TEA+ (bloqueador não seletivo dos canais de K+), 1 mM de 4-AP (bloqueador seletivo dos KV), 5 x 10-8 M de apamina e 10-5 M de glibenclamida (bloqueador seletivo dos KATP). Observou-se ainda a inibição parcial da mobilização do Ca2+ do RS induzida pelo IP3, mas não por cafeína (20 mM). Assim, o efeito relaxante da FAT-SP envolve a participação do NO e dos BKCa e SKCa em íleo de cobaia, e da calmodulina endotelial, bem como da via NO/GMPc/PKG e canais de K+ (KV, SKCa e KATP) em aorta de rato.

Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2016-03-29T19:52:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2685795 bytes, checksum: 4ec45796766163ba90a711b655c68fbf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-29T19:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2685795 bytes, checksum: 4ec45796766163ba90a711b655c68fbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Xylopia frutescens Aubl. species, popularly known as “embira”, “semente-de-embira” and “embira-vermelha”, is used in folk medicine as antidiarrhoeal. From leaves of these species was extract the essential oil (XF-OE), that in previous studies, showed spasmolytic activity on phasic contractions induced by CCh or histamine on guinea pig ileum. Considering this premise, the aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism of spasmoliytic action of XF-OE on intestinal smooth muscle. For this, were used functional and cellular methodologies. XF-OE inhibited cumulative concentration-response curves to histamine, and these were shifted to the right, in a non-parallel manner, with Emax reduction, discarding thus a competitive type antagonism and relaxed the guinea pig ileum contracted by KCl (40 mM) or histamine (10-6 M). How the relaxant potency of the essential oil was smaller in organ pre-contracted by KCl, it was hypothesized that XF-OE would be acting as a K+ channels positive modulator. In presence of CsCl (5 mM), a non-selective blocker of these channels, the relaxant potency of XF-OE was not altered, showed a non-participation of K+ channels on the essential oil spasmolytic effect. Thus, we decided to check whether the essential oil would prevent calcium influx through CaV, for this were obtained cumulative concentration-response curves to CaCl2 in depolarizing medium (70 mM KCl) nominally without Ca2+ in absence (control) and presence of different concentrations of XF-OE. The essential oil shifted to the right CaCl2 control curves, with reduction of its Emax, in addition to relaxed the ileum pre-contracted by S-(-)-Bay K8644 (3 x 10-7 M), a CaV1 selective agonist, demonstrating that the essential oil inhibited Ca2+ influx through CaV1. As the Ca2+ mobilization mechanisms into circular and longitudinal muscle layers are differentiated, it was hypothesized that XF-OE would preventing Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores in order to promote its spasmolytic effect. To test this hypothesis, in experiments with ileum circular layer, the essential oil antagonized phasic contractions induced by histamine (10-5 M), negatively modulates the Ca2+ release to exert their spasmolytic effect. In cellular experiments, the viability of longitudinal layer myocytes from guinea pig ileum was not altered in XF-OE (81 μg/mL) presence and the fluorescence intensity in these intestinal myocytes stimulated by histamine was reduced by the essential oil, indicating a [Ca2+]c reduction. Thus, the XF-OE spasmolytic action mechanism on guinea pig ileum involves blocking the Ca2+ influx, by CaV1, in addition to negative modulation of Ca2+ release mechanisms from intracellular stores, that lead to reduction of this ion cytosolic levels and consequently muscle relaxation. / A espécie Xylopia frutescens Aubl., conhecida popularmente como “embira”, “semente-de-embira” e “embira-vermelha”, é utilizada na medicina popular como antidiarreica. Das folhas dessa espécie foi extraído o óleo essencial (XF-OE), que, em estudos anteriores, apresentou atividade espasmolítica frente às contrações fásicas induzidas por CCh ou por histamina em íleo de cobaia. Diante dessa premissa, o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar o mecanismo de ação espasmolítica do XF-OE em musculatura lisa intestinal. Para isso, foram utilizadas metodologias funcionais e celulares. O XF-OE inibiu as curvas concentrações-resposta cumulativas à histamina, desviando-as para a direita, de maneira não paralela e com redução do seu Emax, descartando um antagonismo do tipo competitivo, além de relaxar o íleo pré-contraído com KCl (40 mM) ou com histamina (10-6 M). Como a potência relaxante do óleo essencial foi menor quando as contrações foram induzidas por KCl, hipotetizou-se que o XF-OE estaria atuando como um modulador positivo de canais de K+. Na presença do CsCl (5 mM), bloqueador não seletivo desses canais, a potência relaxante do XF-OE não foi alterada, sendo descartada a participação dos canais de K+ no efeito espasmolítico do óleo essencial. Diante disso, decidiu-se verificar se o óleo essencial estaria inibindo o influxo de cálcio através dos CaV, para isso foram obtidas curvas concentrações-resposta cumulativas ao CaCl2 em meio despolarizante (KCl 70 mM) nominalmente sem Ca2+ na ausência (controle) e na presença de diferentes concentrações do XF-OE. O óleo essencial deslocou para a direita as curvas controle de CaCl2 com redução do seu Emax, além de relaxar o íleo pré-contraído com o S-(-)-Bay K8644 (3 x 10-7 M), um agonista dos CaV1, demonstrando que o óleo essencial inibe o influxo de Ca2+ através dos CaV1. Sendo os mecanismos de mobilização de Ca2+ em células musculares das camadas circular e longitudinal diferenciados, hipotetizou-se que o XF-OE estaria impedindo a mobilização de Ca2+ dos estoques intracelulares para promover seu efeito espasmolítico. Para testar essa hipótese, em experimentos utilizando a camada circular do íleo, o óleo essencial antagonizou as contrações fásicas induzidas por histamina (10-5 M), modulando negativamente a liberação de Ca2+ para exercer seu efeito espasmolítico. Nos experimentos celulares, a viabilidade dos miócitos da camada longitudinal do íleo de cobaia não foi alterada na presença do XF-OE (81 μg/mL) e a intensidade de fluorescência nos miócitos intestinais estimulados por histamina foi reduzida pelo óleo essencial, indicando a redução na [Ca2+]c. Assim, o mecanismo de ação espasmolítica do XF-OE em íleo de cobaia envolve bloqueio do influxo de Ca2+, via CaV1, além da modulação negativa dos mecanismos de liberação de Ca2+ dos estoques intracelulares, levando à redução dos níveis citosólicos desse íon e, consequente, relaxamento muscular.

Abstract The etiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is still unknown but genetic and enviromental factors play role in the pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to detect endoscopic and immunohistological changes in the gut in JIA compared with the controls and potential correlation of mucosal immunological activation with clinical activity of JIA. JIA patients (n=26) and negative controls (n=71) suffering from gastrointestinal symptoms without significant gastrointestinal disease were recruited for the study. Positive controls were patients with cows milk protein sensitive enteropathy (n=24). The intraepithelial lymphocytes counts, cytotoxic (granzyme A, B) and gamma/delta T-cell count and HLA-DR antigens were evaluated by using immunohistochemistry and messenger RNA expression levels of important immune mediators were assessed with real time PCR (RT-PCR) from fresh frozen intestinal mucosal samples. In JIA compared with negative controls, there was increased presence of lymphonodular hyperplasia and expression of HLA-DR antigens in abnormal mucosal cites, in crypts of the ileum. These changes were correlating with activity of JIA. In JIA compared with negative controls, there were found elevated granzyme B but decreased cytoprotective heat shock protein expression. The mRNA expression levels of anti- inflammatory mediators like TGFβ, IL10 and transcriptor factor of regulatory T-cells FOXP3, inversely correlated with activity of JIA. In conclusion, patients with JIA suffering from gastrointestinal symptoms display evidence of intestinal mucosal immune activation and there is an association between levels of mucosal immune alteration and clinical activity of JIA. These findings support the hypothesis that there is a link between the intestinal immune system and pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In order to confirm these findings, more extensive series of JIA patients without gastrointestinal symptoms needs to be examined. / Tiivistelmä Lastenreuman tautimekanismi on tuntematon. Geneettiset ominaisuudet ja ympäristötekijät ovat yhteydessä taudin syntyyn. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, onko suolen limakalvolla endoskooppisia tai immunohistologisia muutoksia enemmän lastenreumassa kuin kontrolleilla, ja että liittyvätkö muutokset niveltaudin aktiivisuuteen. Tutkimukseen otettiin 26 suolioireista lastenreumapotilasta, 76 verrokkia joilla ei ollut autoimmuunisairautta sekä 24 viivästynyttä maitoallergiaa sairastavaa lasta, joille tehtiin suolen tähystystutkimus. Ohutsuolinäytteistä arvioitiin immunohistologisesti solunsisäisten lymfosyyttien, gamma/delta-positiivisten lymfosyyttien sekä sytotoksisten (grantsyymi-A ja -B) lymfosyyttien määrä. Lisäksi määritettiin immunohistologisesti ohutsuolen limakalvon epiteelisolujen HLA-DR- antigeenien ja epiteelisolua suojaavien lämpöshokkiproteiinien ilmenemistä sekä käänteis-PCR-menetelmällä keskeisten välttäjäaineiden lähetti-RNA-tasoja. Tutkimuksessa lastenreumaa sairastavilla esiintyi enemmän suolen imukudoskertymää (lymfonodulaarinen hyperplasia) negatiiviseen verrokkiryhmään nähden sekä HLA-DR antigeenejä epätyypillisellä alueella ohutsuolen loppuosan limakalvon kryptassa. Nämä löydökset olivat yhteydessä lastenreuman aktiivisuuteen. Lastenreumassa oli verrokkeja enemmän sytotoksisia lymfosyyttejä ja vähemmän lämpöshokkiproteiineja. Tulehdusta suojaavat lähetti- RNA-tasot korreloivat käänteisesti lastenreumataudin aktiivisuuteen. Väitöstutkimuksen suolioireisilla lastenreumapotilailla oli suolen limakalvolla muutoksia, jotka sopivat poikkeavaan antigeenien käsittelyyn. Nämä löydökset tukevat hypoteesia, että lastenreumassa suolen limakalvon immunologinen aktivaatio on yhteydessä taudin puhkeamiseen. Jotta tulokset voisi yleistää, tarvittaisiin jatkotutkimus, joka on tehty suolioireettomilla lastenreumapotilailla ja riittävällä otoskoolla.

Opioids such as morphine are frequently used in the clinic to treat pain. However, the perennial bane of chronic opioid use is the rapid development of tolerance to the analgesic effects but delayed development of tolerance to the respiratory depressant and constipating effects. As constipation is one of the most common opioid-related adverse effects in humans, it is important to delineate mechanisms that drive opioid tolerance in the ileum and lack of it in the colon. The overarching goal of this thesis was to investigate mechanisms of morphine tolerance in the ileum by comparing the mechanism of morphine tolerance in ileum myenteric plexus neurons and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Myenteric plexus neurons are integral to the motor function of the ileum, whereas DRG neurons are important components of peripheral nociceptive sensation. We also examined the mechanism of morphine tolerance development to small intestinal transit and to antinociception at the systemic level in male and female mice. Studies presented in this dissertation demonstrate that the mechanism of morphine tolerance in the mouse ileum is not contingent on b-arrestin 2. In fact, tolerance in the small intestine might be mediated by a b-arrestin 2-independent mechanism following protein kinase C-induced phosphorylation of the m-opioid receptor. We also demonstrate that morphine tolerance to antinociception is not solely dependent on b-arrestin 2, and is mediated by b-arrestin 2-dependent and-independent mechanisms. Lastly, we have shown how sex of the animal can influence mechanisms underlying the development of morphine tolerance. Collectively, the findings presented here increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which morphine tolerance develops in the ileum and to antinociception.