Les précipitations, notamment la pluie, constituent un phénomène naturel qui a un très fort impact socio-économique, surtout lorsqu'elles ont un caractère torrentiel. Pour prendre en compte cet aspect, les systèmes hydrologiques d'alerte et de prévision ont besoin d'une information spatio-temporelle plus détaillée et des prévisions fiables de précipitation à très court terme. Ceci a une importance particulière dans de situations d'urgence (crues éclair, gestion de réseaux d'assainissement urbain, des barrages, etc.). Les champs de nuages et de précipitations demeurent les champs les plus difficiles a simuler pour les actuels modèles de prévision météorologiques. En effet, les échelles spatiotemporelles de ces modèles restent largement supérieures a celles qui sont pertinentes pour les précipitations : les mécanismes des précipitations sont essentiellement parametrisés et les pluies ne sont estimées que sur des échelles relativement grossières. De plus, le temps de mise en route de ces modèles est souvent prohibitif pour des prévisions à court terme. Différentes méthodes statistiques de traitement des images satellites et radar ont été développées pour combler ce déficit de prévision. Ces méthodes prennent en compte un grand nombre d'information à petite échelle, mais elles n'ont pas de base physique, en particulier elles ne prennent pas en compte la dynamique fortement non linéaire des cellules orageuses. Une alternative permettant a priori de dépasser, à l'aide des méthodes multi fractales, les limites des précédentes méthodes a été récemment considérée. Elle est fondée sur les modèles de cascade et prend en compte la hiérarchie des structures ainsi que leurs interactions non linéaires sur une grande gamme d'échelle spatio-temporelles, l'anisotropie entre espace et temps, et causalité. Fondamentalement, les processus de cascade développent des gradients de contenu en eau des plus en plus grands sur des fractions de plus en plus petites de l'espace physique. Ce type de modèles a l'avantage d'avoir un nombre limite de paramètres qui ont une signification physique forte et peuvent être évalues soit théoriquement, soit empiriquement. Dans cette thèse on présente la mise en oeuvre d'une procédure correspondant à cette alternative et son application à l'événement du 8-9 septembre 2002 a Nîmes, en utilisant des données radar fourni par la Direction de la Climatologie de Meteo-France, pour déterminer leurs caractéristiques multi fractales. On présente aussi la mise en oeuvre d'une procédure pour la simulation et prévision de champs de pluie multifractale et l'étude de la loi de perte de prédictibilité attendue.

The study explored whether or not to delay introducing Chinese characters as part of first year Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) courses in post-secondary institutions in the U.S. Topics investigated: a) timing structures of current CFL programs in the U.S.; b) CFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs and rationales of an appropriate timing to introduce characters; c) CFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs about the importance and difficulty of different Chinese language skills; and d) CFL teachers’ and students’ beliefs about the requirement of handwriting in beginning-level CFL courses. Data were collected through a large-scale online student survey with 914 students and a large-scale online teacher survey with 192 teachers. At the same time, a total of 21 students and five teachers from a delayed character introduction (DCI) program and an immediate character introduction (ICI) program were interviewed. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that the majority of CFL programs did not delay teaching characters; most of teachers and students believed that speaking and listening were the most important skills and reading and especially writing characters were the most difficult skills; and most of teachers and students did not favor alternative methods to replace the handwriting of characters even though they considered handwriting to be the most difficult skill. With few studies carried out to investigate the timing issue of character teaching, results from the study provided foundational knowledge for CFL educators to better understand CFL teaching and learning in general, along with the teaching and learning of written Chinese characters, in particular.

No description available.

Organizational scholars have long been interested in organizations which exemplify high reliability. While such organizational studies have provided valuable clues to the ways in which such organizations form and function, this paper argues that a more nuanced study of high reliability processes within team contexts is warranted. This study focuses on organizational teams which are faced with the challenges of maintaining high levels of reliability. Of particular interest is how teams manage adverse events which disrupt the team's process and how they make adaptations immediately to restore their functionality. In my dissertation, I: (1) explore the existing literature surrounding high reliability organization and resilience, (2) present a qualitative analysis of Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams to explore and identify factors surrounding adaptation within the critical moment, and (3) discuss the implications of these factors in the theory and research surrounding high-reliability teams. The findings of this study find strong connection with the work of Weick and serve to advance and clarify previous characteristics associated with high reliability organizing; however, by using the small group as the unit of analysis for the study additions to concepts traditionally associated with high reliability organizing can be noted: (1) controlling variability during team function, (2) accepting the value of the unexpected, (3) continuous forward motion, and (4) the role of tacit and explicit knowledge.

Η ντοπαμινεργική νεύρωση είναι πολύ σημαντική για τις μακροχρόνιες αλλαγές της συναπτικής πλαστικότητας στον ιππόκαμπο και στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό, καθώς και για την έκφραση των πρώιμων γονιδίων που σχετίζονται με τη μνήμη και τη μάθηση. Πολλές εργασίες έχουν δείξει ότι οι αλληλεπιδράσεις μεταξύ ντοπαμινεργικών και γλουταμινεργικών υποδοχέων είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικές για τις γνωστικές λειτουργίες του ιππόκαμπου και του προμετωπιαίου φλοιού. Προκειμένου να μελετήσουμε το μοριακό υπόβαθρο των αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ των ντοπαμινεργικών και γλουταμινεργικών υποδοχέων στο ιππόκαμπο και τον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό του επίμυος, εξετάσαμε «in vitro» την επίδραση της ενεργοποίησης των D1 υποδοχέων ντοπαμίνης στο επίπεδο φωσφορυλίωσης των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων γλουταμινικού οξέος., καθώς στην φωσφορυλίωση/ ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της ERK1/2 κινάσης (Extracellular Regulated Kinase1/2) και της DARPP-32 (Dopamine-and cyclicAMP-Regulated PhosphoProtein-32). Επιπλέον, συγκρίναμε τις αλληλεπιδράσεις των D1/NMDA/AMPA υποδοχέων που παρατηρούνται στον ιππόκαμπο και στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό με αυτές που εμφανίζονται στο ραβδωτό σώμα, στο οποίο η πυκνότητα των D1 υποδοχέων είναι η μέγιστη στον εγκέφαλο. Τα αποτελέσματά μας δείχνουν ότι η ενεργοποίηση των D1 υποδοχέων από τον ειδικό αγωνιστή τους SKF38393 (10 μΜ) στις τομές του ιππόκαμπου και του προμετωπιαίου φλοιού έχει ως αποτέλεσμα μια σημαντική αύξηση των επιπέδων φωσφορυλίωσης: α) της σερίνης-897 της NR1 υπομονάδας και της σερίνης-1303 της NR2B υπομονάδας του NMDA υποδοχέα, οι οποίες επάγουν τη διακίνηση των υποδοχέων στην μεμβρανική επιφάνεια (trafficking) και την ενίσχυση των ρευμάτων του ιοντικού διαύλου, αντίστοιχα, β) των σερινών-831 και -845 της GLUR1 υπομονάδας του AMPA υποδοχέα, οι οποίες ενισχύουν τα ρεύματα του ιοντικού διαύλου και αυξάνουν την πιθανότητα ανοίγματος του καναλιού, αντίστοιχα και γ) της ERK1/2 κινάσης, αλλά όχι της DARPP-32. Είναι ενδιαφέρον το γεγονός ότι η συνενεργοποίηση των D1 και NMDA υποδοχέων με ανενεργές δόσεις των ειδικών αγωνιστών τους SKF38393 (2 μΜ) και NMDA (5 μΜ), αντίστοιχα έχει ως αποτέλεσμα μια περαιτέρω αύξηση των επιπέδων φωσφορυλίωσης των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων, καθώς και της ERK1/2 κινάσης, αλλά όχι της DARPP-32. Οι παραπάνω επαγόμενες από την ενεργοποίηση των D1 υποδοχέων και την συνενεργοποίηση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων φωσφορυλιώσεις αναστέλλονται πλήρως από τον ειδικό αναστολέα της ενεργοποίησης της ERK1/2 κινάσης, SL327. Αντίθετα, στο ραβδωτό σώμα τα αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν ότι η επαγόμενη από τους D1 υποδοχείς φωσφορυλίωση των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων βασίζεται στο καλά περιγραμμένο σηματοδοτικό μονοπάτι D1/PKA/DARPP-32. Συμπερασματικά, τα «in vitro» πειράματα δείχνουν στον ιππόκαμπο και στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό να υφίσταται ισχυρή συνεργιστική αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ των D1 και των NMDA υποδοχέων, η οποία οδηγεί στην ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της ΕΡΚ1/2 κινάσης. Επιπλέον, η επαγόμενη από την διέγερση των D1 υποδοχέων και από τη συνδιέγερση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων φωσφορυλίωση των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMΡΑ υποδοχέων φαίνεται να οφείλεται στο σηματοδοτικό μονοπάτι της ERK1/2 κινάσης και πιθανώς αποτελεί το μοριακό υπόβαθρο της ενίσχυσης των ρευμάτων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων από την ενεργοποίηση των D1 υποδοχέων. Προκειμένου να διερευνήσουμε εάν αυτή η συνεργιστική αλληλεπίδραση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων υφίσταται και «in vivo» και να εξετάσουμε περαιτέρω τη λειτουργική της σημασία, επιλέξαμε ένα φυσικό συμπεριφορικό τεστ, την εισαγωγή των πειραματόζωων σε «πρωτόγνωρο» περιβάλλον (ελεύθερη εξερεύνηση του χώρου). Η δοκιμασία αυτή είναι γνωστό ότι επάγει την αύξηση των επιπέδων ντοπαμίνης στον ιππόκαμπο και τον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό και κατ’επέκταση επάγει την ενεργοποίηση των D1 υποδοχέων. Τα αποτελέσματα μας δείχνουν ότι η εισαγωγή των επίμυων στο «καινούργιο» περιβάλλον επάγει στον ιππόκαμπο και στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό: α) μια σημαντική αύξηση των επιπέδων φωσφορυλίωσης των υπομονάδων των NMDA και ΑΜPA υποδοχέων, καθώς και ισχυρή φωσφορυλίωση/ ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της ERK1/2 κινάσης. Τα φαινόμενα αυτά όπως δείξαμε μετά τη χορήγηση ειδικών ανταγωνιστών εξαρτώνται από τη σύγχρονη ενεργοποίηση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων και οφείλονται στο «νέο» ερέθισματα, δεδομένου ότι δεν εμφανίζονται μετά από δοκιμασία «εξοικείωσης» των επίμυων στο «καινούργιο» περιβάλλον, β) επιγεννετικές τροποποιήσεις (φωσφορυλίωση/ ακετυλίωση της ιστόνης Η3) και γ) αύξηση των πρωτεϊνικών επιπέδων έκφρασης των πρώιμων γονιδίων cFos και zif268 επιλεκτικά στη CA1 περιοχή του ιπποκάμπου, φαινόμενα τα οποία εξαρτώνται από την συνενεργοποίηση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων, καθώς και των μουσκαρινικών υποδοχέων ακετυλοχολίνης. Συμπερασματικά τα αποτελέσματα μας δείχνουν ότι: α) η φωσφορυλίωση των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων πιθανώς δρα ως «δείκτης του πρωτόγνωρου ερεθίσματος», δεδομένου ότι δεν εμφανίζονται μετά την «εξοικείωση» των επίμυων στο «καινούργιο» περιβάλλον, β) η ισχυρή ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της ERK1/2 κινάσης που επάγεται από το «νέο» ερέθισμα απαιτεί τη συνεργιστική αλληλεπίδραση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων και γ) η ενεργοποίηση του μονοπατιού μεταγωγής σήματος της ERK1/2 κινάσης οδηγεί σε επιγεννετικές αλλαγές και αύξηση της έκφρασης των πρώιμων γονιδίων cFos και zif268, φαινόμενα τα οποία απαιτούνται στη ρύθμιση της συναπτικής πλαστικότητας, καθώς και στις διαδικασίες της μνήμης και της μάθησης. / Dopaminergic innervation is critical for long term changes in synaptic efficacy in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as for learning-associated immediate-early gene expression. Many studies have demonstrated that the interactions between dopamine and glutamate receptors are essential for the prefrontal cortical (PFC) and hippocampal cognitive functions. In order to understand the molecular basis of dopamine/glutamate interactions in rat PFC and hippocampus, we investigated the effect of “in vitro” dopamine D1 receptor stimulation on glutamate NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits’ phosphorylation, as well as on ERK1/2 (Extracellular Regulated Kinase1/2) and DARPP-32 (Dopamine-and cyclicAMP-Regulated PhosphoProtein-32) phosphorylation/activation. Furthermore, we compared the D1/NMDA/AMPA receptor interactions seen in PFC and hippocampus with those appearing in striatum, in which the D1 receptors’ density is the highest within the mammalian brain. Our results showed that stimulation of D1 receptor by the specific agonist SKF38393 (10μM) in PFC and hippocampal slices significantly increased the phosphorylation state of: a) NR1ser897 and NR2Bser1303 subunits of NMDA receptor, which promotes the trafficking and enhances the ionic currents, respectively, b) of GLUR1(ser831 and ser845) subunit of AMPA receptor, which enhances the receptor currents and the open probability of the receptor channel and c) of ERK1/2, but not of DARPP-32. Interestingly, co-stimulation of D1 and NMDA receptors with an ineffective dose of SKF38393(2μM) and NMDA(5μM) respectively, elevated further the phosphorylation level of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits, as well as of ERK1/2, but not of DARPP-32. The D1- and D1/NMDA-induced phosphorylations were totally inhibited by SL327 (specific ERK1/2 inhibitor). Conversely, in striatal slices our data confirm that the D1-mediated phosphorylation of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits relies on D1/PKA/DARPP-32 signalling. In conclusion, in PFC and hippocampus: a) a strong synergistic interaction of D1 and NMDA receptors exists, which results in a significant ERK1/2 pathway activation, b) The D1 and the D1/NMDA receptor induced phosphorylation of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits seems to rely on ERK1/2 signalling and could to some extend underlie the enhancement of NMDA and AMPA receptor currents mediated by D1 receptor activation. In order to investigate whether this synergistic interaction occurs also “in vivo” and to further examine its functional significance, we exposed the rats to a novel environment (open field exploration), which is known to evoke dopamine release in hippocampus and PFC. Our results showed that the “spatial” novelty stimulus induced in rat hippocampus and PFC: a) a significant increase in phosphorylation of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits, as well as a robust phosphorylation/activation of ERK1/2 signalling, which are both dependent on the concomitant stimulation of D1/NMDA receptors and are both abolished by habituation, b) chromatin remodeling events (phosphorylation-acetylation of histone H3) and c) an increase in the immediate early genes cFos and zif268 expression in the CA1 region of hippocampus, which is dependent on the coactivation of D1/NMDA and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Our results indicate that: a) the phosphorylation of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits could act as a ‘novelty detector’, since it is absent after habituation, b) the robust activation of ERK1/2 signalling elicited by “spatial” novelty, demands the synergistic interaction of D1/NMDA receptors and c) the activation of ERK1/2 pathway leads to chromatin remodeling events and expression of the immediate early genes cFos and zif268, which are required for the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation.

Introduction: Short dental implants have been considered alternative to the reconstructive surgeries in patients with extremely atrophic maxillaries. Due to lack of prognostic data, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the success percentage of short implants with and without immediate loading. Material and method: Short implants, Neodent® mark (cortical Titamax cm 3,75 mm of diameter and 7, 8, and 9 mm of length and cortical Titamax WS 4, 5 and 6mm of diameter and, 5 and 6 mm of length) were installed, in posterior region of partially edentulous mandibles (Kennedy Class I, II and III ). Based on primary stability, measured in the end of the installation, the implants had been placed in immediate or delayed loading. Those that had gotten torque lower than 32 Ncm had been left subgengival (2 stages ). In those with torque of 32 Ncm, but lower than 45 Ncm, abutments with 32 Ncm torque were installed, covered With protection caps (1 stage) and left without loading for at least 4 months. Those with torque of 45 Ncm or more were placed with immediate loading (1 stage). The temporay prosthesis had been installed splinted, with passive fit and adjusted in functional loading. The patients were followed up to at least 6 months from the implant installation. Result: Some 63 implants were installed in women of 34 to 79 years of age (average 55 years and two months); 33 implants (52.38%) had 45 Ncm torque and were placed immediate loading, 30 implants (47.62%) with less than 45 Ncm torque were placed in delayed in loading (4 months). Three of these implants had not stabilized in the surgical site (zero torque). In a follow up of 6 months, eight implants had failed, four with immediate loading and four without loading (failure of 12.12% and 13.33%, respectively). Six had been removed by presenting mobility and two had been expelled spontaneously, all within the maximum of 66 days after the surgery of installation. Conclusion: Short implants, installed in delayed or immediate loading, are therapeutic alternative for replacing missing teeth of posterior region of jaws with severe atrophy. / Introdução: Implantes curtos têm sido considerados alternativa às cirurgias reconstrutivas na reabilitação de pacientes com atrofias graves dos maxilares. Devido à falta de dados referentes ao prognóstico, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a sobrevida destes implantes instalados com e sem carga imediata. Material e método: Foram instalados implante curtos, marca Neodent® (Titamax CM cortical 3,75 mm de diâmetro e 7, 8, e 9 mm de comprimento e Titamax WS cortical 4, 5 e 6 mm de diâmetro e, 5 e 6 mm de comprimento), em região posterior de mandíbulas desdentadas parciais (Classe I, II e III de Kennedy). Com base na estabilidade primária, mensurada no final da instalação, os implantes foram colocados em carga imediata ou tardia. Aqueles que obtiveram torque inferior a 32 Ncm foram deixados sub-gengival (2 estágios). Naqueles com torque de 32Ncm ou mais, mas menores do que 45 Ncm, foram instalados pilares com torque de 32 Ncm, colocadas tampas de proteção (1 estágio) e deixados sem carga por, no mínimo 4 meses. Aqueles com torque de 45 Ncm ou mais foram colocados em carga imediata (1 estágio). As próteses provisórias foram instaladas ferulizadas, com assentamento passivo, ajustadas em carga funcional e livres de contatos excursivos. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por, no mínimo, 6 meses a partir da instalação do implante. Resultado: Foram instalados 63 implantes em mulheres com de 34 a 70 anos de idade (média de 55 anos e dois meses); 33 implantes (52,38%) obtiveram torque de 45 Ncm ou mais e foram colocados em carga imediata, em 30 implantes (47,62%), foram obtidos torques com menos de 45 Ncm, e foram colocados em carga tardia (4 meses). Três destes implantes não estabilizaram na loja cirúrgica (torque de zero). Em um acompanhamento de 6 meses, oito implantes falharam, quatro com carga imediata e quatro sem carga (insucesso de 12,12% e 13,33%, respectivamente), seis foram removidos por apresentarem mobilidade e dois foram expelidos espontaneamente, todos dentro de no máximo 66 dias após a cirurgia de instalação. Conclusão: Implantes curtos, instalados em carga tardia ou imediata, são alternativa terapêutica para reabilitação de região posterior de mandíbulas com atrofia severa. / Mestre em Odontologia

La formation des souvenirs repose sur un dialogue entre l’hippocampe et le cortex préfrontal médian (CPFm) qui se met en place progressivement et durablement après l’encodage de l’information. La lésion des noyaux reuniens et rhomboïde (ReRh), relai anatomo-fonctionnel entre ces deux structures, perturbe la consolidation à long terme d’un souvenir spatial. A ce jour, les mécanismes mis en jeu ne sont, pas connus. Nous avons donc étudié les processus moléculaires impliqués dans la formation d’un souvenir spatial, au sein de l’hippocampe et du CPFm, et les conséquences induites par la lésion des noyaux ReRh. Pour cela, nous avons lésé les noyaux ReRh de rats, puis nous les testés dans une tâche de piscine de Morris pendant trois jours. Nous avons alors effectué un séquençage des ARNm des sous-régions hippocampiques CA1 dorsale et ventrale, une analyse par RT-qPCR des ARNm du CPFm, ainsi qu’une analyse de l’activation de ces structures par quantification de la protéine issue du gène immédiat c-fos. Nos résultats montrent que la lésion des noyaux ReRh modifie les processus transcriptionnels et traductionnels qui prennent place dans l’hippocampe et le CPFm, dès trois jours d’apprentissage spatial. Ces résultats pourraient expliquer la non persistance d’un souvenir spatial et les déficits comportementaux qui en résultent à la suite d’une lésion des noyaux ReRh. / Memorization relies on a dialogue between the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). This dialog takes place progressively after the encoding of an event. Given their connectivity, the thalamic nuclei named reuniens and rhomboid (ReRh) may modulate the functional loop between these two structures. Indeed, a lesion of these nuclei impairs the persistence of a spatial memory. The mechanisms underlying this process are still unknown. Therefore, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial memory consolidation within the hippocampus and the mPFC, and the consequences of a lesion of the ReRh nuclei. After a stereotaxic lesion of the ReRh nuclei, rats were subjected to three days of a spatial training in the Morris water maze. We then performed a RNA sequencing of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus (CA1 regions), RT-qPCR analysis of the mPCF, and a quantification of the expression of c-fos in these two structures. Results show that ReRh nuclei lesion impairs the transcriptional and translational mechanisms within the hippocampus and the mPFC as soon as after three days of a spatial learning. These alterations could lead to the retrieval deficit observed after a long post-acquisition delay.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie ondersoek is daar navorsing gedoen oor die aard en rol van fisiese beheer in die sakereg met die oog daarop om dit te omskryf en die funksies daarvan te identifiseer. By die verkryging van eiendomsreg word net vereis dat die fisiese beheer wat ten aansien van die saak uitgeoefen word, effektief moet wees. Of 'n saak effektief beheer word al dan nie, word aan die hand van die heersende verkeersopvattings getoets. Hierdie verkeersmaatstawwe wat in die praktyk ten aansien van bepaalde soorte sake uitgekristalliseer het, is buigsaam en veranderlik en dit maak dit moontlik dat die reg by maatskaplike en ekonomiese veranderinge aanpas. Die funksie van fisiese beheer in gevalle van verkryging is altyd publisiteit. In die geval van die beskerming van eiendomsreg word fisiese beheer besonder breed omskryf en daar word slegs verwag dat die persoon van wie die saak teruggeeis word, genoegsame beheer daaroor moet he om dit te kan teruggee. Die funksie van beheer is hier suiwer funksioneel. By die verlies van eiendomsreg speel fisiese beheer nie juis 'n besondere rol nie aangesien die verlies van beheer nie noodwendig op die verlies of beeindiging van eiendomsreg dui nie. Wanneer dit wel ter sprake kom, is die funksie daarvan publisiteit. In die geval van die verkryging van besit en houerskap, dien daarop gelet te word dat die enigste vereiste is dat beheer effektief moet wees en dit word weer eens aan die hand van verkeersmaatstawwe bepaal. Fisiese beheer word strenger omskryf vir verkryging as vir behoud. By die beskerming van besit en houerskap is die enigste vereiste wat gestel word dat beheer vreedsaam en ongestoord moes gewees het. Wanneer beheer oor 'n saak verloor word, gaan dit gewoonlik gepaard met die verlies van besit of houerskap. Die funksie van fisiese beheer is deurgaans publisiteit. Fisiese beheer word redelik streng omskryf vir doeleindes van 'n gewone pand en daar word gewoonlik vereis dat die pandsaak gelewer en gehou moet word vir die vestiging en behoud van 'n pandreg. Die funksies van beheer is hier sekuriteit en publisiteit. / This study examines the nature and role of physical control in the law of property with a view to defining this concept and identifying its functions. The only requirement for the acquisition of ownership is the exercise of effective physical control of the thing in question. Whether or not a thing is physically under control, is determined by the application of legal indicators deriving from use and custom. Such indicators as have cristallised in practice in respect of certain classes of things, are flexible and variable and enable the law to adjust to social and economical changes. The function of physical control in cases of acquisition is always publicity. The definition of physical control in cases of protection of ownership is particularly wide, the only requirement being that the person from whom the thing is reclaimed must have sufficient physical control of it to enable him to return it. The function of control is purely functional. Since loss of control does not necessarily indicate the termination or loss of ownerhip, physical control has no significant part to play in respect of loss, of ownership. Where it does come into play, however, its function will be publicity. In cases of acquisition of possession and holdership it is essential that physical control of the thing is effective and once again this will be determined by application of legal indicators. The definition of physical control is much narrower in respect of acquisition than in respect of retention. The only requisite for the protection of possession and holdership is peaceful and undisturbed physical control. Loss of control of a thing is usually indicative of loss of possession or holdership. Throughout the function of control is publicity. Physical control is quite narrowly defined in cases of ordinary pledge insofar as delivery and retention of the pledge object are usually required for the establishment and continuation of the pledge. In this instance, physical control serves the functions of both publicity and security. / Mercantile Law / LL.D.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dentre os efeitos moduladores da Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), um de grande importância, verificado em nosso laboratório em um modelo murino de hipersensibilidade imediata à ovoalbumina (OVA), é a sua capacidade de direcionar a resposta imune para Th1 ou Th2, dependendo do esquema de tratamento dos animais. Efeito semelhante foi induzido pelo polissacarídeo solúvel extraído da bactéria (PS), porém, como apenas a sua capacidade de modular a resposta Th1 havia sido verificada, nós nos propusemos a investigar, no presente estudo, se o PS poderia também potencializar a resposta Th2. De fato, verificamos que o polissacarídeo solúvel extraído da P. acnes foi capaz de potencializar a reação de hipersensibilidade imediata na pata de camundongos, como demonstrado pelo aumento do número de eosinófilos no infiltrado inflamatório, predominância do número de esplenócitos produtores de IL-4 e aumento da produção de IgG1 anti-OVA, concomitantemente à diminuição de IgG2a, compatível com padrão Th2 de resposta. Além disso, nós também avaliamos se os efeitos de potencialização ou supressão da hipersensibilidade imediata induzidos pela P. acnes ou seu polissacarídeo estariam relacionados com diferenças no número e grau de ativação de células apresentadoras de antígenos (APCs) e linfócitos B1. Observamos que o aumento da quantidade de APCs esplênicas positivas para moléculas co-estimuladoras, TLR4 e IL-4 em animais tratados com P. acnes ou PS e a maior expressão de CD80 por linfócitos B1c peritoneais estava relacionada com exacerbação da resposta Th2. Por outro lado, o aumento do número de linfócitos B2 esplênicos TLR2+, bem como maior expressão de TLR9 intracelular por células dendríticas, e também menor número de células B1a peritoneais positivas para TLR2 e TLR9 intracelular em camundongos tratados com P. acnes ou PS, estava relacionado com supressão da reação. Quanto à síntese de citocinas, verificou-se um aumento menos pronunciado do número de APCs IL-4+ e também maior quantidade de células produtoras de IL-12 nos grupos em que a reação foi suprimida, em relação aos submetidos ao protocolo de exacerbação. In vitro, o estímulo concomitante de P. acnes e OVA em co-culturas de células dendríticas e linfócitos T aumentou a liberação de IL-5 e IL-17, em relação às culturas estimuladas apenas com OVA, e o estímulo concomitante de PS e OVA aumentou a síntese de IL-17. Já o estímulo com P. acnes ou PS, seguido do estímulo com OVA no dia seguinte, induziu uma diminuição da liberação de IL-5 e IL-17, em comparação com as culturas estimuladas apenas com OVA, sugerindo que a P. acnes e o polissacarídeo atuam diretamente sobre células apresentadoras de antígenos. / Among Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) immunomodulatory effects, one of great importance, verified in our laboratory in a murine model of type I hypersensitivity to ovalbumin (OVA), is its capacity to direct the immune response to Th1 or Th2, depending on the animals treatment. Similar effect was induced by the soluble polysaccharide extracted from the bacteria (PS), however, since only its capacity to modulate the Th1 response has been verified, we decided to investigate, in the present study, if PS could also potentiate the Th2 response. In fact, this compound was able to potentiate or suppress the immediate hypersensitivity reaction in mice, depending on the protocol used. Besides, we investigated, in this work, whether the number of spleen cells and peritoneal B1 lymphocytes would be different between the treatment protocols, being related to potentiation or suppression of the OVA response, and also if the activation status of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and B1 lymphocytes could interfere on reaction modulation. We verified that the higher numbers of APCs expressing co-stimulatory molecules and the higher expression levels of these molecules on cell surface are probably related to potentiation of the Th2 response to OVA induced by P. acnes or PS. The higher CD80 expression by peritoneal B1c lymphocytes is also possibly involved with OVA response exacerbation in these animals. Besides, there seems to be a correlation between higher number of APCs expressing TLR4 and exacerbation of the immediate hypersensitivity reaction in P. acnes- or PS-treated mice. Differences on TLRs expression by spleen and peritoneal B1 lymphocytes can also be related to the type I hypersensitivity modulation. Analysis of cytokines synthesis by spleen APCs confirmed the Th2 potentiation or suppression in this model. Finally, in vitro experiments using co-cultures of dendritic cells and T lymphocytes indicated that P. acnes and PS seem to perform their effects of Th2 response potentiation or suppression by direct action on antigen presenting cells. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

This diploma thesis on social impacts of disasters and their solutions deals with disasters that have accompanied the mankind from the very beginning, their impacts and the effective solutions of such impacts. The theoretical section, in the first chapter, introduces the concept of disaster and it describes disasters that struck the Earth in the past and endangered substantially human lives. The second chapter is devoted to disasters of the 21st century and is divided into two parts. The first part of the second chapter deals with disasters of the 21st century in the world, including the current situation in Japan and the other part introduces major disasters of the 21st century in our country. The third chapter of the theoretical section focuses on the characteristics of basic disasters that may occur in the Czech Republic. The fourth chapter informs us about the impact and consequences of extraordinary events and crisis situations in the Czech Republic and about their solutions. This chapter introduces us to the way the Czech Republic addresses social impacts of disasters, which are an important factor in determining the seriousness of disasters. The concept of social impacts of disasters includes not only the loss of life or property, but also reduced ability of self-support of people affected by disasters caused by closing down businesses and their decreased work ability. The last chapter of the theoretical section, chapter five, deals with the role and responsibilities of state authorities and local governments during extraordinary events and crisis situations. This thesis aims at specifying social impacts of disasters and to propose some solutions. The results of quantitative research using questionnaire survey showed that we can confirm working hypothesis no. one, i.e. that one of the major impacts of disasters are social impacts. The thesis also includes research conducted using the method of guided interviews thanks to which we can confirm the second working hypothesis, i.e. that dealing with the impact takes place mostly in the reconstruction period after the crisis situation. Knowledge obtained while working on this thesis may serve as a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the Czech Republic in terms of dealing with social impacts of disasters.