La grande faille de l’utopie, selon la critique, c’est la mort. Le présent travail analyse la place accordée et les réponses apportées aux morts/à la mort par les utopies littéraires françaises et francophones de l’âge classique (1616 à 1765), et ce en deux temps. Une première partie étudie le niveau qui a surtout retenu la critique, à savoir le niveau de la norme, à la fois norme descriptive de l’utopie-texte et norme institutionnelle de l’utopie-État. Notre objectif est d’analyser les stratégies de « normalisation » de la mort mises en œuvre par l’utopie, trait majeur du genre selon plusieurs critiques, cette « normalisation » étant à la fois synonyme de « dédramatisation » (ou « neutralisation », ou encore « apprivoisement ») et de « ritualisation ». Un examen approfondi des textes permettra de nuancer ce propos, tout en étudiant la mort non simplement comme un thème, mais aussi à travers ses articulations littéraires. Celles-ci feront l’objet spécifique de la seconde partie, qui se penche sur les séquences narratives de l’utopie littéraire, où réapparaît une mort exceptionnelle et parfois fortement dramatisée. Nous chercherons alors à comprendre les raisons de ce réinvestissement de la mort, qui semble contredire la tentative de « normalisation » de la mort par l’utopie. / According to the critic, utopia’s major flaw is death. This work analyses the place allocated to death and the dead, and the responses to this, by literary French and Francophone utopias of the classic era (1616 to 1765), and does so in two stages. The first stage examines the state of the norm, both the descriptive norm of the text utopia and the institutional norm of the state utopia, privileged by the critics of utopian literature. Our aim is to analyze the strategies used to “normalize” death, which, according to numerous critics, are characteristic of the utopic genre; a “normalization” which seems to have a double meaning, both “attenuation” of its impact (or “neutralization” or “taming”) and “ritualization”. Thanks to an in-depth examination of each text, we will be able to offer a more nuanced picture of death in utopia, which we analyze not only from a thematic but also from a literary perspective. The second stage focuses on the narrative sequences of literary utopia, wherein death reappears, often characterized as extraordinary and sometimes heavily dramatized. We seek to understand the reasons behind this repositioning of death within the utopia, which appears to contradict the utopia’s attempt to normalize death.

Un manteau (pallium) recouvre pudiquement le corps souffrant du patient atteint d’une maladie grave qui se termine par une mort proche. Pour la rendre plus douce, les soins palliatifs prennent la relève des soins curatifs devenus inefficaces. Pour leur conférer une spécificité, ils évoluent dans le cadre d’une philosophie et d’un mode d’approche qui prennent la relève des soins curatifs devenus inutiles, dangereux et dépourvus de tout espoir de guérison. Ils sont dispensés plus souvent par les femmes dont on pense qu’elles sont pourvues d’une capacité plus grande que celle des hommes pour apaiser les souffrances, diminuer l’intensité des douleurs et amortir le choc affectif, mental et anxiogène qui précède la survenue de l’agonie puis de de la mort. La société des profanes, des soignants, des philosophes et des religieux pense que ces mesures sont de nature à transformer le drame du mourir en un épisode plus serein que celui ressenti auparavant en l’absence de toute intervention humaniste, médicale ou spirituelle sur le corps et l’esprit tourmentés du mourant. / A coat is modestly covering the unwell body of a severely diseased patient who is aware that he/she is shortly going to die. To make it softer palliative care is prone to act as a substitute for curative medicine that is no longer effective in recovering the patient from the disease. In order to endow specificity, palliative care is evolving in the framework of curative care that is thought to result in more discomfort, harm and pain as far as both sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic tools are concerned. Women are thought to be more deeply adjusted for care giving that is likely to soothe pain and absorb the emotional, spiritual and anxiety shock that is getting ahead of death. Lay people, caregivers and philosophers as well as people concerned with religion do think that doing so would be able to convert death tragedy into a more serene episode that the previous one without any help issued from conditions that used to leave dying patients living in loneliness.

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[pt] A escatologia de Joseph Ratzinger é o tema principal dessa dissertação. Busca-se através da análise dos escritos escatológicos do autor apresentar parte de suas contribuições aos recorrentes debates sobre a escatologia do século XX. Para isso, foi necessário estudar e apresentar uma panorâmica histórica da escatologia e de seus característicos desdobramentos ao longo dos séculos. Posteriormente se analisou os escritos e as homilias de Ratzinger que se relacionavam diretamente com a doutrina das últimas coisas com destaque para as suas formulações teológicas mais importantes a partir dos tais. Nessas análises, buscou-se focar nos posicionamentos adotados por Ratzinger à medida que suas investigações se intensificavam. Dedicou-se, também ao exame da relação de Ratzinger e o desenvolvimento histórico da matéria com espaço para observação da evolução do seu pensamento. Foram apresentados aspectos distintivos e as contribuições do autor ao debate sobre escatologia. / [en] Joseph Ratzinger s eschatology is the main theme of this dissertation. It seeks through the analysis of the author s eschatological writings to present part of his contributions to the recurring debates on eschatology in the 20th century. To do this, it was necessary to study and present a historical overview of eschatology and its characteristic developments over the centuries. Subsequently, the writings and homilies of Ratzinger that were directly related to the doctrine of the last things were analyzed, with emphasis on his most important theological formulations from these. In these analyses, the focus was on the positions adopted by Ratzinger as his investigations intensified. It was also dedicated to examining the relationship between Ratzinger and the historical development of the subject, with space for observing the evolution of his thought. The author s distinctive aspects and contributions to the debate on eschatology were presented.

Работа посвящена наиболее интеллектуальному роману русского писателя-эмигранта В. С. Яновского «Портативное бессмертие» (1953). Как показывает исследование, в романе присутствуют философские идеи, которые не только декларируются персонажами, но и активно влияют на развитие сюжета и образов главных героев произведения. В частности, можно говорить о влиянии на роман идей общества «Круг» (и его лидера И. И. Фондаминского), Н. Ф. Федорова, А. Бергсона, В. С. Соловьева, Х. Ортеги-и-Гассета, Н. А. Бердяева. Кроме того, исследователь демонстрирует, что автор романа не только вплетает идеи в ткань повествования, но и активно дискутирует с ними. / The work is devoted to the most intellectual novel of the Russian emigrant writer V. S. Yanovsky "Portable Immortality" (1953). As the research shows, there are philosophical ideas in the novel, which are not only declared by the characters, but also actively influence the development of the plot and images of the main characters of the work. In particular, we can talk about the influence on the novel of the ideas of the Circle society (and its leader I. I. Fondaminsky), N. F. Fedorov, A. Bergson, V. S. Solovyov, H. Ortega-i-Gasset, N. A. Berdyaev. In addition, the researcher demonstrates that the author of the novel not only weaves ideas into the fabric of the narrative, but also actively discusses them.

This thesis takes as its starting point current views on the relationship between man and god in Archaic and Classical Greek literature, according to which mortality and immortality are primarily temporal concepts and, therefore, mutually exclusive. This thesis aims to show that this mutual exclusivity between mortality and immortality is emphasised only in certain poetic genres, while others, namely those centred on extraordinary achievements or exceptional moments in the life of a mortal, can reduce the temporal notion of immortality and emphasise instead the happiness, success, and undisturbed existence that characterise divine life. Here, the paradox of momentary immortality emerges as something attainable to mortals in the poetic representation of certain occasions. The chapters of this thesis pursue such notions of momentary immortality in the wedding ceremony, as presented through wedding songs, in celebrations for athletic victory, as presented through the epinician, and at certain stages of the tragic plot. In the chapter on the wedding song, the discussion focuses on explicit comparisons between the beauty of bride and bridegroom and that of heroes or gods, and between their happiness and divine bliss. The chapter on the epinician analyses the parallelism between the achievement of victory and the exploits of mythical heroes, and argues for a parallelism between the victory celebration and immortalisation. Finally, the chapter on tragedy examines how characters are perceived as godlike because of their beauty, success, or power, and discusses how these perceptions are exploited by the tragedians for certain effects. By examining features of a rhetoric of praise, this thesis is not concerned with the beliefs or expectations of the author, the recipient of praise, or the surrounding milieu. It rather intends to elucidate how moments conceived of as extraordinary are communicated in poetry.

The dissertation "Hu Shi's Theory of Social Immortality and Its Relation to Chinese Tradition" aims to map the influence of Chinese traditional thought and modern Western concepts on Hu Shi's theory of social immortality. It also seeks to answer the question whether the theory inclined towards China's own tradition or to the new Western ideas. It consists of four major parts. The first part concentrates on selected parts of Hu Shi's life, which had an impact on his thought and philosophy. This part is primarily built on Hu Shi's own autobiographical work as well as on literature by Western and Chinese authors. The second part of the thesis describes the theory of social immortality in detail. The third part analyses the influence of traditional Chinese concepts on this theory, as revealed in Hu Shi's own articles. The last part of the thesis analyzes reactions to Hu Shi's theory using contemporary sources and modern scholarly articles about Hu Shi and his theory of social immortality.

La thèse présente une analyse du transhumanisme et de ses enjeux, en partant de l’examen de sa philosophie, l’extropianisme, ainsi que de son projet. La mission transhumaniste est d’élever la condition humaine en offrant à l’espèce humaine le pouvoir de vivre indéfiniment grâce aux progrès des technosciences, mais aussi de s’améliorer cognitivement pour devenir plus intelligente et plus heureuse. L’objectif de la thèse est de mettre au jour les fondements philosophiques qui constituent le socle de la rhétorique transhumaniste afin de comprendre son efficience et pour analyser les enjeux éthiques qui en découlent concernant notre rapport à la mort, à l'existence et au temps. Il s’agira également de revenir sur la façon dont les fondateurs du transhumanisme se sont positionnés au sujet de ces enjeux pour insister sur l’importance d’une connaissance approfondie des principes et des valeurs du transhumanisme et de sa complexité pour proposer une critique de son projet. / The thesis presents an analysis of transhumanism and its issues, starting from an examination of its philosophy, extropianism, and its project. The transhumanist mission is to elevate the human condition by giving the human species the power to live indefinitely thanks to the progress of technoscience, but also to improve cognitively to become smarter and happier. The aim of the thesis is to uncover the philosophical foundations of transhumanist rhetoric to understand its efficiency and to analyse the ethical issues that arise from it in relation to our relationship with death, existence and time. It will also be necessary to consider the way the founders of transhumanism have positioned themselves on these issues to insist on the importance of a thorough knowledge of the principles and values of transhumanism and its complexity to propose a critique of its project.

La démonstration de l’immortalité de l’âme dans les dialogues de Platon, notamment dans le Phédon, a été abondamment commentée au point d’avoir longtemps servi de référence majeure sur cette question. Cette thèse se propose donc de « déconstruire » le propos platonicien relatif à la survie de l’âme afin de découvrir si cette conception n’est pas sous-tendue par des intuitions spontanées que peut avoir tout homme lorsqu’il prend conscience de son être propre et qui, précisément, l’amènent à se penser doté d’une âme survivant à son corps ; que nous dit Platon, explicitement ou non, sur ces intuitions ? De quelles vérités humaines les mythes eschatologiques se font-ils l’écho ? Pour tenter de répondre à cette problématique, la thèse s’ouvre sur une première partie spécifiquement consacrée à un commentaire des développements platoniciens relatifs à l’immortalité de l’âme, ne passant sous silence ni le contexte dans lequel Platon situait ses dialogues ni son projet philosophique, éthique et politique global. Sur la base des conclusions de cette exégèse, s’engage ensuite une analyse des rapports qu’entretient la thèse de la survie post corporis mortem de l’âme avec les principaux aspects de la spécificité humaine mis en jeu dans la démonstration platonicienne ; la dernière partie, enfin, tente d’opérer la synthèse des idées développées antérieurement et propose quelques hypothèses pour identifier les sentiments se situant à la source de la croyance en l’immortalité de l’âme et déterminer si Platon faisait siens ces sentiments ou non : ainsi, la boucle sera bouclée et cette thèse devrait donner de quoi répondre à certaines idées reçues relatives à Platon. / The demonstration of immortality of soul in Plato’s dialogues, notably in Phædo, has been the object of many commentaries : as a result, it has been for a long time the major reference about this question. So, this thesis’ purpose is accomplishing the « deconstruction » of Plato’s writings about soul’s survival : when he begins to know his own being, every human might have spontaneous intuitions which make he thinks his soul survive after body’s death. Maybe such intuitions underlie this concept in Plato’s dialogues : so, what does Plato, explicitly or not, tell about these intuitions ? Which human features underlie his eschatological myths ? In order to try to answer these questions, the actual commentary of Plato’s explanations concering immortality of soul will be the object of thesis’ first part : this commentary will forget neither the context of dialogues nor Plato’s philosophical, ethical and politcal whole plans. This exegesis will lay the foundations for an analysis of links betweem the concept of soul’s survival after body’s death and human specificity’s major aspects which Plato mentions in his explanations ; the last part will try to summarize what has been previously presented and will propose some hypothesis in order to identify human feelings which constitute the source of belief in soul’s immortality and to see if these feelings were Plato’s ones or not. As a result, the thesis will come full circle and might contradict some wrongly widespread ideas concerning Plato.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Kiochi Nakamiti.pdf: 730671 bytes, checksum: 08bbe2df9c9c685eaa5e4cdb5a4893a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-05 / The object of this research is to study the spread in mass and digital media in its various forms, scientific advances in the field of human-machine relations. The paper aims to discuss the gap between the forms of academic communication and dissemination, on the one hand, and popular, on the other, that depict the development of post-humanism and post-human in their quest for permanence or immortalization. Our specific objective is to evaluate, through the dissemination of the findings of the sciences of complexity, this popular form of communication that is doing this in digital media such as the Internet and other mass media. This type of communication designed to rapidly disseminate technological advances, simplify complex theories to popular understanding, and especially disseminate theses and controversial studies, often viewed with skepticism by the Academy. The mass media tries to portray the quest for permanence by man, disseminating technological discoveries that highlight the post-human and immortal. But, what is the purpose of this revolution? Why do we need all this energy in popular magazines? Is it because of the speed of these new discoveries? Our hypothesis is that this is necessary to ensure the funding of research in matters of public knowledge, but not yet developed. Methodologically, we use as sources on the one hand, the available academic literature, recognized by the Academy and, in particular, science articles from Scientific American. For dissemination in the mass media, we use the figure of Raymond Kurzweil as an exemplary case, because it comes from a scientist who became famous with the popular dissemination of technological change and its consequences, which result in Artificial Intelligence that will supersede Human intelligence. Because this popularization of science, the public is familiar with terms such as cosmology, nanotechnology, black hole, quasar, boson etc. Show as Ray Kurzweil has every sponsorship and support for their research, based on this disclosure form. Also be used as a source of dissemination multiple sites, as well as the program of Morgan Freeman television series titled "Great mysteries of the universe with Morgan Freeman." As theoretical sources, we use the traditional academic work Lúcia Santaella, Donna Haraway, Neil Badminton, Robert Pepperell, Rudiger Francisco, Paula Sibilia and Raymond Kurzweil, Brian Greene, Miguel Nicolelis, Robert Freitas Júnior, Michio Kaku as popular sources / O objeto desta pesquisa é estudar a divulgação nas mídias de massa e digital, em suas mais variadas formas de avanços científicos na esfera das relações homem-máquina. O trabalho visa discutir o descompasso entre as formas de comunicação e divulgação acadêmica, por um lado, e popular, por outro, que retratam o desenvolvimento do pós-humanismo e do homem pós-humano em sua busca pela permanência ou eternização. Nosso objetivo específico é avaliar, por meio da divulgação das descobertas das ciências da complexidade, esta forma de comunicação popular que está se faz presente nas mídias digitais, tal como a Internet e outras mídias de massa. Esse tipo de comunicação visa divulgar rapidamente os avanços tecnológicos, simplificar teorias complexas para o entendimento popular e, principalmente, divulgar teses e estudos controversos, normalmente vistos pela Academia com certo ceticismo. A mídia de massa se esforça em retratar a busca da permanência pelo homem, divulgando as descobertas tecnológicas que destacam o homem pós-humano como imortal. Mas para que esta revolução? Por que é necessário toda esta energia na divulgação popular? Será por causa da velocidade das descobertas? Nossa hipótese é de que isto se faz necessário para garantir as verbas de pesquisa em temáticas de conhecimento do público, mas ainda não desenvolvidas. Metodologicamente, utilizaremos como fontes, de um lado, a literatura acadêmica disponível, reconhecida pela Academia e, em especial, os artigos científicos da Scientific American. Para a divulgação na mídia de massa, utilizaremos a figura de Raymond Kurzweil como case exemplar, pois se trata de um cientista que se notabilizou com a divulgação popular da evolução tecnológica e de suas consequências, que resultarão numa Inteligência Artificial que suplantará a Inteligência Humana. Esta popularização da ciência está familiarizando o público com termos como cosmologia, nanotecnologia, buracos negro, quasar, bóson etc. Mostraremos como Ray Kurzweil possui todo o patrocínio e apoio para suas pesquisas, baseados nesta forma de divulgação. Também serão utilizados como fonte diversos sites de divulgação, bem como o programa da série televisiva de Morgan Freeman intitulada Grandes mistérios do universo com Morgan Freeman . Como fontes teóricas, usamos os trabalhos acadêmicos tradicionais de Lúcia Santaella, Donna Haraway, Neil Badmington, Robert Pepperell, Francisco Rudiger, Paula Sibilia e Raymond Kurzweil, Brian Greene, Miguel Nicolelis, Robert Freitas Júnior, Michio Kaku como fontes populares