Le rôle des neutrophiles dans la réponse immunitaire innée est bien connu. Ils résident dans le sang et ont une durée de vie limitée à quelques heures. Suite à une infection, ils quittent le flux sanguin et se dirigent vers les sites inflammatoires en réponse à des chimiokines produites par des cellules endothéliales et des fibroblastes. Au niveau du site d’inflammation, les neutrophiles phagocytent et éliminent les pathogènes extracellulaires, et produisent des cytokines inflammatoires. <p><p>Des travaux récents montrent que les neutrophiles peuvent également jouer un rôle dans l’immunité adaptative. En effet, ils ont la capacité de transporter des antigènes vers les ganglions lymphatiques, d’induire la différenciation des lymphocytes et d’influencer la réponse immune adaptative par la production de cytokines. <p><p>La fonction des neutrophiles dans l’induction et/ou la régulation de la réponse adaptative requiert l’interaction entre ceux-ci et d’autres populations cellulaires, telles que les cellules dendritiques et les lymphocytes. <p>Nous avons donc examiné la localisation des neutrophiles au niveau de la rate dans des conditions basales ou inflammatoires. D’une manière générale, nos résultats montrent que, en cas d’infection, les neutrophiles migrent vers la pulpe blanche de la rate et se localisent en contact étroit avec les lymphocytes T. Ce phénomène de migration est dépendant des molécules CD14 et MyD88 et corrèle avec l’augmentation de l’expression des chimiokines CXCL1 et 2, ainsi qu’avec la diminution de l’expression du récepteur CXCR2 à la surface des neutrophiles. <p>Cependant, au niveau de la cavité péritonéale, le recrutement des neutrophiles est augmenté en absence de la molécule CD14. Nos résultats montrent que la migration des neutrophiles, dans les organes lymphoïdes et non lymphoïdes, est dirigée par des mécanismes différents. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Malgré l'existence d'un vaccin et de différentes molécules antituberculeuses, l'infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis est toujours l'un des principaux problèmes de santé publique au niveau mondial. Le traitement standard, bien qu'efficace, est long et difficile à mettre en œuvre. Par ailleurs, l'un des principaux challenges actuels est la prise en charge des formes résistantes de tuberculose, dont la prévalence est en augmentation constante. Nous avons souhaité mettre à profit les techniques récentes de modélisation in silico pour mieux comprendre l'action d'un des antituberculeux majeurs, l'isoniazide. L'objectif de ce travail est de construire un modèle mathématique global du traitement de la tuberculose pulmonaire par l'isoniazide basé sur des éléments pharmacocinétiques, pharmacodynamiques et physiopathologiques.En utilisant une approche de population, un modèle pharmacocinétique de diffusion pulmonaire a permis de décrire les concentrations en isoniazide dans le plasma et le poumon de 89 sujets. Des simulations réalisées à partir de ce modèle ont permis de montrer, par combinaison avec un modèle pharmacodynamique, qu'une individualisation de la posologie avec augmentation de la dose chez les métaboliseurs rapides de l'isoniazide n'aurait d'intérêt qu'en cas d'infection par une souche de M. tuberculosis de sensibilité intermédiaire. Ce modèle pharmacocinétique a ensuite été couplé à un modèle pharmacodynamique et à un modèle de la physiopathologie de la tuberculose pour construire un modèle mathématique thérapeutique global. Ce dernier a permis de simuler la dynamique bactérienne à partir du premier jour de l'infection et pour les deux premières semaines de traitement par isoniazide, et de reproduire certaines caractéristiques qualitatives et quantitatives de l'effet antibactérien initial de l'isoniazide connues en clinique. Les analyses réalisées sur ce modèle ont permis de mieux comprendre les déterminants de la dynamique bactérienne et notamment le ralentissement de l'effet antibactérien après les premiers jours de traitement / Despite the availability of a vaccine and several antituberculosis drugs, tuberculosis, an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis still remains a major public health concern worldwide. The standard treatment of tuberculosis is efficient but is long and hard to conduct. We decided to use recent in silico modeling techniques to improve our understanding of the action of isoniazid, one of the major antituberculosis drugs. The aim of this work was to build a full mathematical model reproducing the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by isoniazid, based on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and physiopathological data. A pulmonary pharmacokinetic model was developed in order to describe plasma and pulmonary isoniazid concentrations from 89 subjects. This model was used to perform simulations and was coupled to a pharmacodynamic model. The simulations showed that individualizing the dose according to the isoniazid metabolizer status would only be beneficial in fast metabolizers infected with a strain of intermediate sensitivity. This pharmacokinetic model was then integrated to a full mathematical model including a pharmacodynamic and an immune response model. This model adequately reproduced the bacterial dynamics over the development of the infection and its early treatment with isoniazid. It reproduced qualitative and quantitative features of the antimicrobial effect of isoniazid in agreement with clinical data. The simulations and analysis performed enabled us to better characterize the parameters influencing the bacterial dynamics and especially why the antibacterial effect tends to diminish after the first days of treatment

A doença de Chagas é um problema de saúde pública, com dados preocupantes do número de pessoas contaminadas e que ainda irão se contaminar. O objetivo desta investigação é avaliar o efeito da melatonina sobre o sistema imune na infecção chagásica experimental. Produzida pela glândula pineal possui várias ações fisiológicas, entre elas a mais importante, controlar o ritmo circadiano na grande maioria dos seres vivos. A melatonina foi administrada por via oral, tendo seu efeito avaliado através da quantificação dos níveis parasitêmicos, leucograma, histopatologia cardíaca e por ensaios imunológicos como IFN, TNF, IL-2, IL-12. A parasitemia foi drasticamente diminuída nos animais infectados e tratados com melatonina refletindo em uma diminuição ou quase ausência da presença de ninhos de amastigotas nas fibras cardíacas desses animais. A melatonina promoveu uma leucocitose com aumento dos neutrófilos e linfócitos. Não foi observada morte em nenhum dos grupos infectados tratados ou não com melatonina. Os ensaios imunológicos mostraram que as citocinas quantificadas apresentaram uma ação imunoestimuladora aumentada em relação aos grupos infectados que certamente foi responsável pela diminuição da carga parasitária sanguícola e tecidual. Dessa forma conclui-se que a melatonina exerceu um papel imunoestimulador importante, agindo sobre o eixo HHA que se refletiu em uma melhor resposta do hospedeiro durante o curso da infecção experimental. / Chagas disease is still considered a major problem in public health, with an alarming number of bearing parasite people and the risk of future contamination. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate a possible immunostimulatory effect of melatonin during the evolution of the experimental disease in Wistar rats infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Produced by pineal gland, it has a wide range of physiological functions, among them to control the circadian rhythm in most of the species. In this work melatonin was orally administrated being its effects evaluated by the number of blood trypomastigotes, leucogram, heart hystopathologyn and immunologic assays such IFN-, TNF-, Il-2, Il-12. Parasitemia was drastically reduced in melatonin treated infected animals consequently leading to a drop in the number of amastiogoter burdens being sacarcely found among heart fibers. Melatonin promoted a leucocytosis with enhanced levels of neutrophils and lymphocites. Absence of death was observed in all groups. Immuno-enhanced effects were observed with assays of IL-2, IL12, IFN- and TNF-. when compared to non treated animals. According to our data we conclude that Melatonin displayed an immunostimatory effect over the HHA axis, reducing blood and tecidual parasite consequently avoiding parasite replication during the evolution of the experimental infection in rats.

A imunidade inata que o mosquito apresenta tenta combater os patógenos dentro do organismo do mosquito impedindo que este seja transmitido para outros hospedeiros. A resposta celular apresenta três diferentes processos: fagocitose, encapsulamento e formação nodular, todos estes processos buscam eliminar os patógenos. Peptídeos antimicrobianos fazem parte da resposta humoral do mosquito, sendo codificados por genes e secretados por diversos tipos celulares. Um peptídeo novo pouco conhecido descoberto em Anopheles gambiae, a gambicina, demonstrou bons resultados no combate de parasitas. Na infecção por Plasmodium galleceum, não há diferença significativa na expressão deste peptídeo entre o grupo controle e infectado nos intervalos analisados. Na infecção por vírus dengue, sorotipo 2, a gambicina não apresenta diferença significativa no intervalo de 24 horas após a infecção, quando comparamos grupo controle e infectado, nos intervalos de 7 dias e 14 dias após a infecção, a expressão da gambicina é maior no grupo controle quando comparemos com o grupo infectado. / Innate immunity presents a mosquito tries to combat the pathogens inside the body of the mosquito preventing it from being transmitted to other hosts. The cellular response has three different processes: phagocytosis, encapsulation and nodule formation, all these processes seek to eliminate pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides are part of the humoral response mosquito being encoded by genes and secreted by several cell types. A little known new peptide discovered in Anopheles gambiae, the gambicina showed good results in controlling pests. In Plasmodium infection galleceum, there is no significant difference in the expression of this peptide between the control group and infected in the analyzed intervals. In infection with dengue virus serotype 2, the gambicina no significant difference within 24 hours after infection when comparing the control group and infected at intervals of 7 days and 14 days after infection, the expression is higher in gambicina control group when compare to the infected group.

No sistema imune de artrópodes, em contraste com o dos vertebrados, não ocorre uma resposta a antígenos por meio da produção de imunoglobulinas específicas contra agentes infecciosos. Portanto, a imunidade adaptativa está ausente, sendo que o sistema imune nesses animais baseia-se somente numa resposta inata. Os mecanismos presentes na resposta imune inata dos artrópodes incluem: (i) o sistema de coagulação; (ii) a cascata da profenoloxidase; (iii) a liberação de moléculas que possuem ação direta contra microorganismos dentre elas, os peptídeos antimicrobianos (PAMs). Estas moléculas podem ser constitutivas, como observado em aracnídeos, ou terem sua expressão induzida após desafio imune, como observado em alguns insetos. PAMs são moléculas anfipáticas, geralmente catiônicas e compostas por 9 a 100 resíduos. O estudo desses peptídeos, além de possibilitar a descoberta de novas moléculas que tenham modo de ação alternativo aos antibióticos convencionais, permite uma compreensão mais ampla do sistema imunológico de diferentes grupos de animais, bem como a origem dos seus mecanismos na história evolutiva. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o opilião Acutisoma longipes como modelo experimental para a caracterização de PAMs presentes na sua hemolinfa, tendo em vista que não há registros de estudos dessa natureza que utilizaram representantes da ordem Opiliones. Primeiramente, foi demonstrada a ocorrência de diversas frações, obtidas da purificação da hemolinfa, com atividade anti-M. luteus, consistidas por peptídeos que aparentemente são constitutivos. Uma das frações mostrou-se pura e apresentou um peptídeo de 2,1 kDa cuja estrutura primária, composta por 18 resíduos, foi completamente elucidada (SGYLPGKEYVYKYKGKVF) por sequenciamento de novo e sequenciamento do N-terminal. Este peptídeo linear foi nomeado longipina. O peptídeo sintético apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra as bactérias Escherichia coli e Micrococcus luteus, e as leveduras Candida albicans e C. tropicalis, além de não apresentar atividade hemolítica na máxima concentração testada (100 mM). Foi demonstrado que a longipina liga-se preferencialmente a vesículas unilamelares grandes (LUVs), constituídas de fosfolipídios aniônicos (POPG), que mimetizam as cargas da superfície das células de microorganismos. A ligação do peptídeo a LUVs compostas, na razão molar de 1:1, por POPG e POPC (zwiteriônico) provoca o extravasamento de marcadores (carboxifluoresceína) aprisionados nos seus interiores. Esse peptídeo encontra-se majoritariamente desestruturado em solução ou na presença de sistema mimético composto somente por POPC. Porém, na sua ligação com POPG:POPC 1:1, adota estruturas b e estrutura relacionada à presente em agregados intermoleculares de fibras amiloides. / The arthropods immune system, in contrast to the vertebrates one, lacks a response to antigens through the production of specific immunoglobulins to fight against infectious agents. Therefore, the adaptive immunity is absent, and their immune system is only supported by an innate response. The mechanisms present in the arthropods innate immune response include: (i) the clotting system; (ii) the prophenoloxidase cascade; (ii) the release of molecules that can directly act against microorganisms among them, the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These molecules can be constitutive, as observed in arachnids, or have their expression induced upon imune challenge, as observed in some insects. AMPs are amphipathic molecules, usually cationic and formed by 9 to 100 residues. The study of these peptides, besides allowing the discovery of new molecules that exert their mode of action alternatively from the conventional antibiotics, permits a wider understanding of the immunological system from different groups of animals, as well as the origin of their mechanisms in the evolutionary history. The harvestman Acutisoma longipes was used in this work as na experimental model for the characterization of AMPs from its haemolymph, taking into account that there are no records of using representatives of the Opiliones order in such kind of study. Firstly, it was demonstrated the occurrence of several fractions, obtained from the haemolymph purification, that presented anti-M. luteus activity, consisted by peptides that are apparently constitutive. One of these fractions was pure and presented a 2.1 kDa peptide which had its primary structure, composed by 18 residues, completely elucidated by de novo and N-terminal sequencing (SGYLPGKEYVYKYKGKVF). This linear peptide was named longipin. The synthetic peptide presented antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus bacteria and Candida albicans and C. tropicalis yeasts, in addition to the absence of hemolytic activity at the highest concentration used (100mM). It was shown that longipin preferentially binds to large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), constituted by anionic phospholipds (POPG), that mimics the membrane surface of microbe cells. The peptide biding to LUVs composed, in 1:1 molar ratio, by POPG and POPC (zwitterionic) causes dye leakage (carboxyfluorescein) from their inside. This peptide in solution or in the presence of POPC solely containing mimic system is mostly unstructured. However, upon its binding to POPG:POPC 1:1, it adopts b and intermolecular aggregates amyloid-like fibrils structures.

Les modèles animaux ont largement contribué à notre compréhension de l’immunologie humaine et des mécanismes pathologiques associés au développement des maladies. Cependant, les modèles murins ne permettent pas de reproduire toute la complexité des pathologies humaines. Les souris à système immunitaire humain (HIS), par leur capacité à récapituler l’hématopoïèse humaine et à être infectées par des pathogènes humains, constituent une solution de choix pour combler ce fossé inter-espèce. Après greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques humaines, des souris hôtes sévèrement immunodéprimées permettent un haut niveau de développement du système hémato-lymphoïde humain tout au long de leur vie. Cependant, certains types cellulaires, comme les cellules lymphoïdes innées, ne parviennent pas à se différencier et à fonctionner normalement dans les modèles murins HIS actuels. Ici, nous décrivons le développement d’un modèle souris HIS original, nommé BRGSF, montrant une amélioration de la maturation, de la fonction et de l’homéostasie des cellules natural killer (NK) humaines et des autres ILCs. De plus, en récapitulant les différentes étapes du développement des ILCs humaines, ce modèle souris BRGSF nous a permis d’identifier pour la première fois un précurseur d’ILC (ILCP) présent à la fois dans notre modèle HIS ainsi que dans le sang périphérique et plusieurs organes lymphoïdes et non-lymphoïdes humains. Cette population circulante d’ILCPs pourrait constituer un substrat pour la production d’ILCs matures dans les tissus périphériques en réponse à des stress environnementaux, inflammatoires et/ou infectieux. Dans une seconde partie de ce travail de thèse, nous avons utilisé ces souris BRGS afin de tester l’efficacité de deux immunothérapies reposant sur les lymphocytes innés pour le traitement d’un carcinome colorectal exprimant EGFR et muté pour KRAS. La première approche a consisté en la co-administration des cellules NK dérivées de sang de cordon ombilical et d'anticorps monoclonal cetuximab afin de promouvoir le mécanisme de cytotoxicité cellulaire dépendante des anticorps (ADCC) contre la tumeur. La seconde stratégie a reposé sur l’injection de nanobodies VHH combinant l’inhibition de l’EGFR et l’activation spécifique du récepteur Vγ9Vδ2 des cellules T effectrices. Les résultats de cette étude soulignent l’importance des modèles murins HIS pour la compréhension du développement des lymphocytes innés humains et pour mieux les mettre à profit dans les thérapies anti-tumeurs / Animal models have extensively contributed to our understanding of human immunobiology and to uncover the underlying pathological mechanisms occurring in the development of the disease. However, mouse models do not always reproduce the genetic complexity inherent in human disease conditions. Human immune system (HIS) mouse models that are susceptible to human pathogens and can recapitulate human hematopoiesis provide one means to bridge the interspecies gap. Severely immunodeficient host mice support life-long, high level human hematolymphoid development after engraftment with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). However, the differentiation and function of some blood cell types, including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), is poorly characterized in current HIS mice. Here we describe the development of a novel HIS mouse model, named BRGSF, which demonstrate enhanced maturation, function and homeostasis of human natural killer (NK) cells and other ILCs. Furthermore, the BRGSF-based HIS mouse model recapitulated the developmental stages of human ILCs. We could identify for the first time an ILC precursor (ILCP) population that is present both in HIS mice and in human peripheral blood as well as in several lymphoid and non-lymphoid human tissues. This circulating human ILCP population may provide a substrate to generate mature ILCs in tissues in response to environmental stressors, inflammation and infection. In a second part of the thesis we used BRGS immunodeficient mice to assess two innate lymphocyte-based immunotherapeutic approaches for treating EGFR-expressing KRAS-mutated colorectal carcinoma in vivo. The first model used a combination of umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived NK cells and the monoclonal antibody cetuximab to promote antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the tumors. In a second model, we evaluated the therapeutic suitability of novel bispecific VHH constructs that combine inhibition of the EGFR with the target-specific activation of effector Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. These studies highlight the utility for HIS-based mouse models to understand human innate lymphocyte development and to harness these potent effectors for anti-tumor therapies.

The purposes of this dissertation were to investigate the acute effects of branched-chain amino acids on psychological, physiological, and subsequent performance changes following high volume resistance training. The rationale for this study design was based on abrupt or contiguous training/ competitions that specific athletes encounter in a competitive season. This study design also sought to fill some gaps in the scientific literature concerning the efficacy of BCAAs for subjective fatigue in a resistance training paradigm. To address the purposes of this dissertation, a one-week study was conducted on resistance trained males, in which half of the subjects were randomly selected to receive BCAAs and the other half was a non-supplement group. The subjects in this study performed two high volume resistance training bouts consisting of squat and bench press (5 sets x 10 repetitions at 95% relative intensity) separated by two days. The physiological variables tested in this study were creatine kinase, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, testosterone, and cortisol. The performance variables tested in this study were static and counter-movement jumps, isometric mid-thigh pull, and Bosco repeated jumps. The primary findings from this study was that subjects in the BCAA group had a statistically significant decrease in muscle damage, indicated by levels of CK. Additionally, there was a statistically significant increase in T:C ratio for the BCAA group compared to the NS group. Concerning performance variables, BCAAs had a small to moderate effect on rate of force development; however, this result was not statistically significant. There were no differences in psychological variables between the groups. Based on the findings of this dissertation, BCAAs mitigate levels of muscle damage and rate of force development. To conclude, BCAAs may provide a competitive advantage for athletes when training volume and competitions become contiguous.

Background Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) is an understudied precursor of multiple myeloma (MM), the second most prevalent hematologic malignancy in the United States. This dissertation was designed to: (1) Describe the trajectories of serum biomarkers over time in patients with an MGUS diagnosis, (2) Determine if an MGUS diagnosis is associated with changes in healthcare service utilization, and (3) explore the patient- and provider-level drivers of healthcare utilization in patients with MGUS. Methods Data sources include health claims and electronic health records from a community-based population of patients seeking care in central Massachusetts and primary qualitative data collected from providers and patients’ interviews. The analyses included descriptive statistics, group-based trajectory modeling, conditional Poisson regression, and qualitative data analyses. Results (1) Three distinct multi-trajectory groups of creatinine and hemoglobin were identified. (2) The rates of emergency room, hospital, and outpatient visits were higher for patients with MGUS than patients without MGUS. (3) Patients have a basic understanding of MGUS; however, some patients feel anxiety, which may affect other aspects of their lives. Patients primarily see hematologists for follow-up care; other providers have less knowledge about MGUS. Conclusions Biomarker trajectories characterize specific subpopulations of patients with MGUS over time. We found that an MGUS diagnosis is associated with higher healthcare utilization, especially during the months surrounding the diagnosis date. Finally, our study suggests that some patients with MGUS may need psychosocial support services and identifies a gap in knowledge around caring for MGUS patients among primary care providers.

This work deals with creating a hybrid system based on the aggregation of artificial immune system with appropriate heuristics to make the most effective spam detection. This work describes the main principles of biological and artificial immune system and conventional techniques to detect spam including several classifiers. The developed system is tested using well known database corpuses and a comparison of the final experiments is made.

Les lipopolysaccharides (LPS) sont les constituants majeurs de la membrane externe des bactéries à Gram négatif. Ils sont composés d’un polysaccharide (PS) relié à une région lipidique : le lipide A. Ces structures sont très variables d’une bactérie à l’autre. Elles sont aussi susceptibles de subir des modifications post-traductionnelles par des enzymes en réponse à des stimuli extérieurs. Chaque bactérie possède sa propre signature représentée par la structure unique de ses LPS. Les LPS sont reconnus par le récepteur MD-2 :TLR4. Ce complexe discrimine la structure des lipides A et déclenche de façon structure-dépendante ses voies de signalisation. Les LPS sont très étudiés pour leurs activités néfastes, notamment dans le déclenchement de la cascade inflammatoire qui mène au choc septique. Cependant ils présentent aussi de multiples activités bénéfiques. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons exploré deux types d’activités bénéfiques des LPS chez l’homme.L’analyse structurale des LPS par spectrométrie de masse est une étape indispensable pour comprendre leurs activités biologiques. Nous proposons deux nouvelles micro-méthodes d’analyse appliquées directement sur les membranes bactériennes. Ceci nous permet d’identifier plus rapidement les molécules de LPS au plus proche de leurs configurations natives, en évitant les artefacts dus à l’extraction. Cette méthode puissante pourra également être développée comme outil de détection rapide de pathogènes.Ensuite, nous avons étudié la relation structure-activité de LPS naturellement peu toxiques mais actifs au niveau cutané. Ce sont des composés du lysat bactérien de Vitreoscilla filiformis contenus dans des crèmes dermatologiques et cosmétiques visant à traiter la dermatite atopique. Les lipides A possèdent des chaînes courtes d’acides gras et les groupes phosphates peuvent être substitués par des groupements phosphoéthanolamines. Les activités biologiques induites par ces LPS prennent place comme des mécanismes de défense pour améliorer la réponse immune et lutter contre les pathogènes.En outre, le pouvoir adjuvant des LPS est l’une de leurs activités bénéfiques les plus étudiées. Les LPS sont naturellement trop toxiques pour être utilisés tels quels. Nous avons, caractérisé des LPS détoxifiés par modifications chimiques, établi et effectué différents tests de « screening » permettant d’évaluer leur adjuvanticité et leur non-pyrogénicité.Enfin, pour des applications thérapeutiques chez l’homme, les LPS doivent être produits en grandes quantités. Nous exposons la compatibilité du procédé de production de la société LPS-BioSciences à l’échelle industrielle et la réglementation des médicaments. Une amélioration de la méthode d’extraction est proposée pour extraire des quantités de l’ordre du gramme. De plus, le procédé de production est réalisable en respectant les bonnes pratiques de fabrication des médicaments. / Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the main components of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. They are composed of a polysaccharide moiety linked to a lipid one, the lipid A. These structures are different from one bacterium to the other. They are also able to be modified by enzymatic post-translational modifications in response to external stimuli. Each bacterium possesses its own footprint shown by the unique structure of its LPS. LPS are recognized by the MD-2:TLR4 receptor. This complex distinguishes the lipid A structures and it actives some signalling pathways with a structure dependant manner. LPS are studied for their harmful effects, especially for their implication in the inflammatory cascade leading to septic shock. However, LPS keep multiple beneficial activities. In the context of this thesis, we have explored two kinds of beneficial activities for human.Structural analysis of LPS by mass spectrometry is an indispensable step to understand their biological activities. We propose two new micromethods of analysis directly applied on bacterial membranes. We can identify quickly the LPS molecules as close as possible to their native configurations. Thus, we can check the LPS structures before their extraction. This powerful method could be developed as a rapid tool for pathogens detection.Then, we studied the structure-activity relationships of naturally low-toxic, but active LPS at the skin level. They are compounds of the Vitreoscilla filiformis bacterial lysate. This lysate is used in dermatological and cosmetic creams to treat atopic dermatitis. Lipids A are composed of short fatty-acid chains (10 and 12 carbons), and the phosphate groups can be substituted by ethanolamine-phosphate. The biological activities induced by these LPS take place as defense mechanisms to improve the immune response against pathogens.Moreover, the adjuvant capability of LPS is another well studied beneficial activity. LPS are naturally too toxic to be used as vaccine adjuvant. We characterized chemically detoxified LPS and we established and realized different « screening » tests to evaluate their adjuvanticity and non-pyrogenicity.Finally, for human therapeutic applications, LPS must be produced on a large scale. We exposed the compatibility between the LPS-BioSciences process of production at the industrial scale and the medical regulation. One improvement of the extraction method is proposed in order to extract about one gram of LPS. The process is compatible with the good manufacturing practices.