Introdução O diagnóstico de derrame pleural maligno (DPM) se baseia no achado de células tumorais no líquido ou no tecido pleural. Resultados falsos positivos ou falsos negativos influenciam na escolha da melhor conduta terapêutica a ser tomada, além de alterar substancialmente o prognóstico desses pacientes. A sensibilidade do exame citológico é geralmente inferior a 70%, motivo pelo qual, métodos complementares são frequentemente associados. Fatores como tipo histológico, sítio primário e grau de invasibilidade do tumor são os principais responsáveis por esta variação. Dentre os exames complementares propostos, destacam-se a dosagem de marcadores tumorais no líquido pleural (LP), as técnicas citoquímicas, imunocitoquímicas e de marcadores de proliferação celular em células do LP, a análise da ploidia de DNA por citometria de fluxo (CF) ou estática (CE) e, mais recentemente, as técnicas de citogenética e de biologia molecular, como a técnica de hibridação in situ por fluorescência (FISH) e a técnica de amplificação multiplex por sondas ligação - dependentes (MLPA) estas, capazes de detectar alterações em regiões gênicas consideradas \"alvo\" para o desfecho neoplásico. Objetivos 1) Padronizar as técnicas de DNA ploidia, FISH e MLPA em amostras frescas de líquido pleural; 2) Testar a eficiência diagnóstica dos métodos da DNA ploidia e da FISH no diagnóstico de derrame pleural maligno e 3) Avaliar alterações no número de cópias no gene EGFR em metástases pleurais utilizando a técnica de MLPA. Métodos Foram incluídos 200 pacientes adultos portadores de derrame pleural (DP) com indicação de toracocentese. O diagnóstico histológico foi o padrão ouro para malignidade. Características clínicas, radiológicas, histológicas e de seguimento clínico foram considerados para a exclusão de malignidade, de maneira que 130 casos foram classificados como malignos e 70 como benignos. As 200 amostras de LP foram submetidas ao exame citológico e à FISH utilizando sondas centroméricas para os cromossomos 11 e 17. A análise da ploidia de DNA por CF foi realizada em 45 casos de DP e a MLPA com o kit do gene do receptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGFR) em 50 casos. Resultados A análise da ploidia de DNA por CF apresentou sensibilidade inferior ao exame citológico, com especificidade próxima (57,0%vs 96,2%; 70,0% vs 66,7%, respectivamente). A FISH isoladamente apresentou sensibilidade de 98,5% e especificidade de 98,6% e de 98,0% e 99,% quando associada ao exame citológico, com apenas um caso falso positivo e dois casos falsos negativos. A técnica de MLPA, padronizada para LP, demonstrou alterações na sequência do gene do EGFR em 28,2% dos casos malignos. Nenhuma amostra de líquido pleural dos casos benignos (controle) apresentou alteração no número de cópias e/ou rearranjos estruturais. Conclusão A análise citogenética de amostras frescas de líquido pleural por FISH é um valioso complemento ao exame citológico no diagnóstico de derrame pleural maligno, particularmente nos casos em que o resultado da citologia oncótica é inconclusiva / Introduction The diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is based on the finding of tumor cells in the pleural fluid or tissue. False positive or false negative results influence the choice of the best therapeutic approach to be used with these patients and substantially change their prognosis. The sensitivity of the cytology is generally lesser than 70%, for which complementary methods are often associated. Factors such as tumor histological type, staging, primary site and potential of invasiveness are responsible for this variation. Among the proposed ancillary tests, we highlight the dosage of tumor markers in pleural fluid (PF), the cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques, including markers of cell proliferation, DNA ploidy analysis by flow cytometry (FC) or static cytometry (EC) and more recently, the cytogenetics and molecular techniques, as the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the multiplex ligation - dependent probe amplification (MLPA), capable of detecting changes in gene regions considered \"target\" for the neoplastic outcome. Objectives 1) To standardize the techniques of DNA ploidy, FISH and MLPA in fresh samples of pleural fluid; 2) To test the diagnosis efficiency of DNA ploidy and FISH in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion and 3) To evaluate changes in the copy number of the EGFR gene by using the MLPA technique in cases of pleural metastases. Methods We included 200 adult patients with pleural effusion and clinical indication for thoracentesis. The histological diagnosis was considered the gold standard for malignancy. Clinical follow-up, radiological and histological characteristics were considered for exclusion of malignancy, which ranked de cases as 130 malignant effusions and 70 as benign ones. All cases were submitted to cytology and FISH using centromeric probes for the chromosomes 11 and 17. Analysis of DNA ploidy by FC was performed in 45 cases and the MLPA for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in 50 cases. Results DNA ploidy analysis showed less sensitivity than PF cytology, with similar specificity (57.0% vs 96.2% and 70.0% vs 66.7%, respectively). FISH alone had a sensitivity of 98.5% and specificity of 98.6%, and of 98.0% and 99% when associated with cytology. Only one false positive and two false negative cases were observed. The MLPA technique, standardized for PF, showed changes in the EGFR gene in 28.2% of the malignant cases. No samples of pleural fluid from benign cases (control) showed changes in copy number and/or structural rearrangements. Conclusion The cytogenetic analysis of fresh pleural fluid samples by FISH seems to be a valuable method to be associated to cytology in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion, particularly in cases of inconclusive cytological results

O Sarcoma Sinovial revela consistentemente t(X;18) resultando em SS18- SSX1, SS18-SSX2 e raramente SS18-SSX4. Dos 328 casos incluídos neste estudo, Sarcoma Sinovial foi considerado a primeira possibilidade diagnóstica ou um importante diagnóstico diferencial em 134 casos: destes, cDNA de qualidade foi obtido em 131. A fusão SS18-SSX foi identificada em 126 (96%) casos (74 SS18-SSX1, 52 SS18-SSX2) através de qRT-PCR e 120 (92%) por RT-PCR convencional. 101 casos no array de tecidos, analisados por FISH, revelaram que 87 (86%) mostraram rearranjo do SS18. Quatro casos positivos por RT-PCR mostraram perda de um sinal spectrum green e 15 casos revelaram cópias múltiplas de SS18: ambos os achados são potencialmente problemáticos na interpretação de resultados. Um dos 3 casos não analisados por RT-PCR por não ter gerado cDNA de qualidade, foi positivo por FISH. A fusão SS18-SSX1 foi demonstrada em 56 SS monofásicos e 18 SS bifásicos. SS18-SSX2 foi detectada em 41 monofásicos e 11 bifásicos. Áreas pouco diferenciadas foram identificadas em 44 casos (31%). Não houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre os subtipos bifásico, monofásico e o tipo de fusão. Cinco casos foram negativos através dos três métodos utilizados, três de localização pleural. Após correlação clínica, o diagnóstico de mesotelioma foi favorecido em um caso, tumor fibroso solitário em outro e o diagnóstico de sarcoma sem outras especificações no terceiro. A possibilidade do diagnóstico de TMBNP não pode ser excluída nos outros dois casos. Nós concluímos que os métodos moleculares são ferramentas auxiliares importantes para o diagnóstico de SS com 95% de sensibilidade e 100% de especificidade, mas os resultados devem ser interpretados à luz de características clínicas e dados imunohistoquímicos. / Synovial Sarcoma consistently harbors t(X;18) resulting in SS18-SSX1, SS18-SSX2 and rarely SS18-SSX4 fusion transcripts. Of 328 cases included in our study, synovial sarcoma was either the primary diagnosis or was very high in the differential diagnosis in 134 cases: of these, amplifiable cDNA was obtained from 131. SS18-SSX fusion products were found in 126 (96%) cases, (74 SS18-SSX1, 52 SS18-SSX2), using quantitative and 120 by conventional RT-PCR. 101 cases in a tissue microarray, analyzed by FISH, revealed that 87 (86%) showed SS18 rearrangement: 4 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction positive cases, reported as negative for FISH, showed loss of one spectrum green signal, and 15 cases had multiple copies of the SS18 gene: both findings are potentially problematic when interpreting results. One of 3 cases, not analyzed by RT PCR due to poor quality RNA, was positive by FISH. SS18-SSX1 was present in 56 monophasic and 18 biphasic synovial sarcoma: SS18-SSX2 was detected in 41 monophasic and 11 biphasic synovial sarcoma. Poorly differentiated areas were identified in 44 cases (31%). There was no statistically significant association between biphasic, monophasic and fusion type. Five cases were negative for SS18 rearrangement by all methods, 3 of which were pleural-sited neoplasms. Following clinical input, a diagnosis of mesothelioma was favored in one case, a sarcoma, not-otherwise specified in another and a solitary fibrous tumor in the third case. The possibility of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor could not be excluded in the other 2 cases. We concluded that the employment of a combination of molecular approaches is a powerful aid to diagnosing synovial sarcoma giving at least 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity but results must be interpreted in the light of other modalities such as clinical findings and immunohistochemical data.

Estudos hodológicos sugerem um dimorfismo sexual das projeções da área incerto-hipotalâmica (IHy), com áreas relevantes para o controle reprodutivo mais densamente inervadas em fêmeas. Estudos funcionais mostraram que o RNAm do precursor do hormônio concentrador de melanina (ppMCH) varia apenas na IHy, durante o ciclo estral e é reduzido em ratas em anestro induzido por restrição alimentar (RA). Nosso objetivo foi analisar em camundongos fêmeas, as alterações na morfologia de útero e ovários e na expressão do RNAm do ppMCH da IHy ocasionadas pelo anestro induzido por RA. Para isso, camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6 foram distribuídas em controle (C), restrito (R; ração = 70% do C) e realimentado (RR). Os animais R foram perfundidos após 4, 8 e 12 dias para coleta de encéfalo, útero e ovários. Houve um aumento no número de folículos antrais nos animais R12 comparados ao R4 e redução da área uterina nos animais R8 com recuperação dos RR. Não foi possível detectar alterações na expressão do RNAm do ppMCH na IHy. / Hodological studies suggest a sexual dimorphism of the incerto-hypothalamic area (IHy) projections since relevant areas to the reproductive control are more densely innervated in females. Functional studies have shown that the MCH precursor mRNA (ppMCH) varies only in the IHy during the estrous cycle of an intact rat and is decreased in anestrus rats induced by food restriction. We aim to analyze, in female mice, the changes in uterine and ovarian morphology and expression of IHy ppMCH mRNA in anestrus induced by food restriction. For this, C57BL/6 female mice were distributed in control (C), food restricted (FR) and refed (RR). FR were perfused after 4, 8 and 12 days to collect the brain, uterus and ovaries. Our results show an increased number of antral follicles of R12 compared to R4 and a reduction in the uterine area of R8 with restoration in RR. It was not possible to detect changes in ppMCH mRNA expression in IHy.

No description available.

No description available.

Nous avons étudié les relations anatomiques entre les systèmes de neurotransmission à substance P (SP) et à sérotonine (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) dans le noyau du raphé dorsal (NRD) du rongeur, afin de mieux comprendre les interactions entre ces systèmes durant la régulation de l’humeur. Le NRD reçoit une innervation SP provenant de l’habenula, et le blocage pharmacologique des récepteurs neurokinine-1 (rNK1) de la SP aurait des effets antidépresseurs. Chez le rongeur, le traitement par les antagonistes des rNK1 s’accompagne d’une désensibilisation des autorécepteurs 5-HT1A de la 5-HT et d’une hausse de l’activité des neurones 5-HT dans le NRD, suggérant des interactions locales entre ces deux systèmes. Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré par doubles marquages immunocytochimiques en microscopies optique, confocale et électronique, la présence du rNK1 dans une sous-population de neurones 5-HT du NRD caudal. Lors de l’analyse en microscopie électronique, nous avons pu constater que les rNK1 étaient principalement cytoplasmiques dans les neurones 5-HT et membranaires sur les neurones non 5-HT du noyau. Grâce à d’autres doubles marquages, nous avons aussi pu identifier les neurones non-5-HT porteurs de rNK1 comme étant GABAergiques. Nous avons ensuite combiné l’immunomarquage de la SP avec celui du rNK1, dans le but d’examiner les relations entre les terminaisons (varicosités *) axonales SP et les neurones 5-HT (pourvus de rNK1 cytoplasmiques du NRD caudal. En simple marquage de la SP, nous avons pu estimer à 41% la fréquence avec laquelle les terminaisons SP font synapse. Dans le matériel doublement marqué pour la SP et son récepteur, les terminaisons SP ont été fréquemment retrouvées en contact direct ou à proximité des dendrites munies de rNK1 cytoplasmiques, mais toujours éloignées des dendrites à rNK1 membranaires. Pour tester l’hypothèse d’une internalisation soutenue des rNK1 par la SP dans les neurones 5-HT, nous avons ensuite examiné la localisation subcellulaire du récepteur chez le rat traité avec un antagoniste du rNK1, le RP67580. La densité du marquage des rNK1 a été mesurée dans le cytoplasme et sur la membrane des deux types de dendrites (5-HT: rNK1 cytoplasmiques; non 5-HT: rNK1 membranaires). Une heure après une injection unique de l’antagoniste, la distribution du rNK1 est apparue inchangée dans les deux types de neurones (5-HT et non 5-HT). Par contre, après un traitement quotidien de 7 ou 21 jours avec l’antagoniste, nous avons mesuré une augmentation significative des densités cytoplasmique et membranaire du rNK1 dans les neurones 5-HT, sans aucun changement dans les neurones non 5-HT. Ces traitements ont aussi augmenté l’expression du gène rNK1 dans le NRD. Enfin, nous avons mesuré une hausse de la densité membranaire du rNK1 dans les neurones 5-HT, sans hausse de densité cytoplasmique, par suite d’une lésion bilatérale de l’habenula. Ces résultats confortent l’hypothèse d’une activation et d’une internalisation soutenues des rNK1 par la SP dans les neurones 5-HT du NRD caudal. Ils suggèrent aussi que le trafic des rNK1 dans les neurones 5-HT du NRD représente un mécanisme cellulaire en contrôle de l’activation du système 5-HT par les afférences SP en provenance de l’habenula. / We have studied in detail the relationships between substance P (SP) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) neurotransmission systems in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of rodents, in order to further our understanding of their interaction during mood regulation. The DRN receives a SP innervation arising from the habenula and, in human, it is known that blockade of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1r) of SP by antagonists may have antidepressant effects. In rodents, treatment with NK1r antagonists is known to increase the firing of DRN 5-HT neurons and to induce a desensitization of their 5-HT1A autoreceptors, suggesting local interactions between the SP and 5-HT systems. In a first step, we were able to demonstrate by means of light, confocal, and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, including double immunolabelings of NK1r and of the biosynthetic enzyme of 5-HT, tryptophane hydroxylase, the presence of NK1r in a subpopulation of 5-HT neurons in the caudal DRN of rat and mouse. After the dual immunolabelings for electron microscopy, we also found that NK1r was mostly cytoplasmic in 5-HT neurons while predominating on the plasma membrane of TPH negative (non 5-HT) neurons. Subsequently, in additionnal double labeling experiments, we were able to identify most if not all non 5-HT dendrites bearing membranous NK1r as GABAergic. In a second step, we combined the immunolabeling of SP with that of NK1r, in order to examine the relationships between SP axon terminals (varicosities *) and the two categories of DRN neurons (5-HT: cytoplasmic NK1r; non 5-HT: membranous NK1r). After single SP labeling, we could estimate the frequency with which SP terminals made synapse at 41%, at least. In the material doubly labeled for SP and NK1r, the SP terminals were often found in close contact or in the immediate proximity of dendrites endowed with cytoplasmic receptor, but never near non 5-HT dendrites bearing membrane bound receptors. To test the hypothesis of a sustained internalization of NK1r in 5-HT neurons, we then tested the effects of RP67580, a selective NK1r antagonist, on the subcellular localization of the receptor. One hour after administration of a single dose, the NK1r distribution was unchanged in both types of dendrites (5-HT and non 5-HT). However, after administration for 7 (subchronic) or 21 (chronic) days, the cytoplasmic and the membrane densities of NK1r were significantly increased in 5-HT dendrites, without any change in non 5-HT dendrites. These treatments also increased NK1r gene expression in the caudal DRN. Lastly, a significant increase in the membrane density of NK1r was measured in the 5-HT neurons, without any increase of the cytoplamic density, following bilateral electrolytic lesioning of the habenula. These results strenghtened the hypothesis of a sustained activation and internalization of NK1r by SP in 5-HT neurons of the caudal DRN. They also suggested that trafficking of NK1r in these cells might represent a cellular mechanism in control of the activation of the 5-HT system by SP afferents from the habebula.

EphA7 est un membre de la famille des récepteurs à tyrosine kinase Eph, qui régulent l’adhérence et la motilité cellulaires. EphA7 est hautement conservé chez les vertébrés et largement exprimé durant l'embryogenèse, en particulier pendant le développement du SNC. Dans le cerveau adulte, EphA7 est transcrit principalement dans l'hippocampe, avec de faibles niveaux d'expression ailleurs. Nous avons cartographié sa distribution dans le cerveau du rat et de la souris adultes, par hybridation in situ et immunohistochimie en microscopie photonique et électronique. Les deux méthodes montrent une distribution de marquage très cohérente. Le signal le plus fort a été observé dans l’hippocampe, avec des niveaux moins élevés dans l’habénula, le striatum, l’amygdale, les cortex cingulaire, piriforme et entorhinal, ainsi que le cervelet. Au niveau ultrastructural, dans l’hippocampe, l’immunoréactivité d’EphA7 a été localisée dans le cytoplasme des cellules granulaires (gyrus dentelé) et pyramidales (CA1 et CA3) en ordre décroissant d’intensité. Dans le neuropile de CA1, des épines dendritiques et des prolongements astrocytaires, souvent périsynaptiques, ont été les éléments le plus fréquemment marqués. Plus rarement, nous avons aussi rencontré des dendrites et des terminaisons axonales immunopositives. La localisation préférentielle d’EphA7 dans les épines dendritiques et les prolongements astrocytaires périsynaptiques est conséquente avec un rôle de ce récepteur dans la plasticité synaptique / Abstract: EphA7 is a member of the family of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, which regulate cell adhesion and motility. EphA7 is highly conserved in vertebrates and widely expressed during embryogenesis, especially during the development of the CNS. In the adult brain, EphA7 is transcribed mainly in the hippocampus, with low expression levels elsewhere. We have mapped its distribution in the adult brain of rat and mice by in situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry in light and electron microscopy. Both methods show very consistent labelling distribution. The strongest signal was observed in the hippocampus, but modest levels were detected in the habenula, striatum, amygdala, the cingulate, piriform and entorhinal cortex, and the cerebellum. At the ultrastructural level, in the hippocampus, EphA7 immunoreactivity was localized in the cytoplasm of granule (dentate gyrus) and pyramidal cells (CA1 and CA3) in descending order of intensity. In the neuropil of CA1, dendritic spines and astrocytic processes, often perisynaptic were the most frequently labelled. More rarely, we also observed immunopositive dendrites and axon terminals. The preferential localization of EphA7 in dendritic spines and perisynaptic astrocytic processes is consistent with a role of this receptor in synaptic plasticity / Bourse de maîtrise du Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central GRSNC, (2009,2010) Bourse d’études supérieures du Canada Frederick Banting et Charles Best, IRSC Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada, (2011)

Les dyskinésies tardives (DT) sont des troubles moteurs associés à l’utilisation chronique des antagonistes des récepteurs dopaminergiques D2 tels que les antipsychotiques et le métoclopramide. Ces dyskinésies correspondent à une incoordination motrice portant préférentiellement sur la musculature oro-faciale. La gestion des DT s'est imposée comme défi de santé publique surtout en l’absence d’une alternative thérapeutique efficace et abordable. L’hypothèse classiquement avancée pour expliquer la physiopathologie des DT inhérente au traitement par les antipsychotiques s’articule autour de l’hypersensibilité des récepteurs dopaminergiques D2, cibles principales de ces molécules. Néanmoins, plusieurs données remettent la véracité de cette hypothèse en question. Hypothèse: nous proposons que le blocage chronique des récepteurs dopaminergiques soit effectivement responsable d’un phénomène d’hypersensibilisation mais contrairement à l’hypothèse classique, cette hypersensibilisation porterait sur des paramètres de la transmission dopaminergique autres que les récepteurs D2. De même nous postulons que cette hypersensibilisation se traduirait par des altérations des cascades signalétiques au niveau des cellules du striatum. Ces altérations aboutissent à des changements portant sur le récepteur nucléaire (Nur77), qui est hautement associé au système dopaminergique; l’induction de ces récepteurs déclencherait des cascades associées à la compensation ou à la genèse des DT. Matériels et méthodes: 23 femelles Cebus apella, réparties en 3 groupes: groupe halopéridol, groupe clozapine, et groupe contrôle, ont été exposées aux traitements respectifs pendant 6-36 mois. Après l’analyse comportementale, les animaux ont été décapités et leurs cerveaux isolés pour fin d’analyse. Hybridation in situ: nous avons fait appel à cette technique pour mesurer l’expression de l’ARNm de Nur77 et du neuropeptide enképhaline. Hybridation in situ double: nous avons exploités cette technique pour identifier les populations neuronales exprimant les récepteurs dopaminergiques D3 et localiser leur éventuelle induction. Autoradiographies des récepteurs dopaminergiques D1, D2 et D3 et autoradiographies des récepteurs i glutamatergiques mGluR5. Ces autoradiographies avaient pour objectif d’évaluer l’expression de ces différents récepteurs. Mutagenèse dirigée et transfection cellulaire: nous faisons appel à ces techniques pour reproduire le polymorphisme identifié au niveau de la région 3’UTR de l’ARNm Nur77 et évaluer l’impact que pourrait avoir ce polymorphisme sur la stabilité de l’ARNm Nur77 sinon sur l’expression de la protèine Nur77. Western Blot des kinases ERK 1 et 2: cette technique nous a servi comme moyen pour quantifier l’expression globale de ces kinases. Analyses statistiques: l’expression de l’ARNm Nur77 a été évaluée en utilisant l’analyse de la variance à un seul facteur (One way ANOVA). Nous avons procédé de la même façon pour mesurer l’expression des récepteurs D2, D3 et mGluR5. Résultats: le groupe des animaux traités par l’halopéridol montre une plus forte expression des récepteurs D3 par rapport aux sujets des autres groupes. Cette expression se produit au niveau des neurones de la voie directe. De plus, cette augmentation corrèle positivement avec la sévérité des DT. L’expression des récepteurs D2 et mGluR5 reste relativement inchangée entre les différents groupes, alors qu’un gradient d’expression a été observé pour le récepteur D1. Par ailleurs, Nur77 est induit par l’halopéridol, alors que son expression semble baisser chez les animaux traités par la clozapine. L’induction de l’expression de Nur77 par l’halopéridol est plus accrue chez les animaux non dyskinétiques. Les animaux traités par la clozapine démontrent une expression amoindrie de l’ARNm de Nur77 qui tend à être plus faible que l’expression de base. D’autre part, la présence du polymorphisme au niveau de la région 3’UTR semble affecter l’expression cellulaire de Nur77. Conclusion: ces résultats confortent notre hypothèse concernant l’existence d’un phénomène d’hypersensibilisation prenant place suite un traitement chronique par les antipsychotiques. Ce phénomène s’est traduit par une augmentation de l’expression des récepteurs D3 sans porter sur les récepteurs D2 tel que prôné classiquement. Cette hypersensibilisation des récepteurs D3 implique également l’existence d’un débalancement des voies striatales pouvant ainsi sous tendre l’apparition des DT. Ces résultats dévoilent ainsi un nouveau mécanisme qui pourrait contribuer à l’apparition des DT et pourraient permettre une meilleure gestion, nous l’espérons, des DT à l’échelle clinique. / Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a potentially disabling and irreversible motor complication including all persistent, abnormal, involuntary movements, classicaly caused by the chronic therapy with typical antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol, fluphenazine). Atypical antipsychotic drugs like clozapine have been introduced because they showed little potential to induce TD, raising the hope to completely eradicate this complication. However, it has been later shown that these drugs have several serious metabolic side- effects and that some atypical molecules are as responsible as typical drugs for inducing TD. Besides, the typical drugs are still widely prescribed in a large spectrum of disorders. For all these reasons, TD still constitutes a major challenge for psychotic disorders treatments especially that the pathophysiology of TD remains elusive and therapeutics are difficult. Based on rodent experiments, it was proposed that dopamine D2 receptor hypersensitivity could be responsible for TD. However, this hypothesis lacks strong support in humans. We suggest, in this thesis, that TD is associated with the hypersensitivity of other receptors, than D2. To investigate the neurochemical basis of TD, we chronically exposed 23 adult capuchin monkeys to haloperidol (median 18.5 months, N=11) or clozapine (median 6 months, N=6). Six unmedicated animals were used as controls. Five haloperidol-treated animals developed mild TD movements, and no TD was observed in the clozapine group. Using receptor autoradiography, we measured dopamine D1, D2, D3 and mGluR5 receptor levels. We also examined the D3 receptor/preprotachykinin mRNA co-expression, and quantified enkephalin and Nur77 mRNA levels, in striatal sections. Unlike clozapine, haloperidol strongly induced dopamine D3 receptor binding sites in the anterior striatum, particularly in TD animals, and binding levels positively correlated with TD intensity. In contrast, D2 receptor binding was comparable to controls, and dopamine D1 receptor binding reduced in the anterior (haloperidol and clozapine) and posterior (clozapine) putamen. Preprotachykinin mRNA-labeled cell count was unaffected by either haloperidol or clozapine, enkephalin mRNA widely increased in all animals, but to a greater extent in TD-free animals. Nur77 mRNA levels in the caudate-putamen were strongly up regulated iv in animals exposed to haloperidol but were spared following clozapine treatment. Interestingly, within the haloperidol-treated group, TD-free animals showed higher Nur77 expression in putamen sub territories compared with dyskinetic animals. These results corroborate our hypersensitivity hypothesis, and indicate that an imbalance between the striatal pathways could contribute to the pathophysiology of TD.

Cytogenetics of mesothelid spiders is largely unkown. The presented diploma thesis is focused on the karyotype evolution of these spiders. As it is the most basal group of spiders, the analysis of its cytogenetics can bring important data about ancestral spider karyotype. In the framework of my thesis, I analysed diploid chromosome numbers, chromosome morphology, meiotic division, sex chromosomes and the pattern of selected molecular markers that were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. According to my results, mesothelid spiders have a high number of chromosomes and the prevalence of monoarmed chromosomes. Unlike other spiders, mesothelids have little differentiated sex chromosomes. Key words: evolution, spider, chromosome, karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization, nucleolar organiser region, sex chromosomes

INTRODUÇÃO: A Leucemia/Linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL) é uma doença linfoproliferativa crônica com transformação clonal predominantemente de linfócitos TCD4+, causada pelo vírus linfotrópico T humano do tipo I (HTLV-I). A ATL se desenvolve em 3-5% dos portadores do vírus HTLV-I, após longo período de latência clínica, acompanhado de expansão clonal dos linfócitos infectados. As células da ATL apresentam várias anormalidades cromossômicas, semelhantes àquelas resultantes de disfunção telomérica e a instabilidade genômica contribui para o desenvolvimento da ATL. Para entender o papel do encurtamento telomérico na oncogênese da ATL, avaliamos o comprimento dos telômeros de linfócitos TCD4 e TCD8 em portadores do vírus HTLV-I e em portadores de ATL. RESULTADOS: Não foi evidenciada diferença significativa no comprimento de telômero dos subtipos linfocitários TCD4+ e TCD8+ entre portadores do vírus HTLV-I e indivíduos saudáveis, assim como, entre portadores de ATL e indivíduos saudáveis. Entretanto, quando incluímos na análise a variável idade, evidenciamos redução significativa do comprimento do telômero com a idade em portadores do vírus HTLV-I e maior perda telomérica nos portadores do vírus HTLV-I e portadores de ATL em relação aos indivíduos saudáveis de mesma idade, embora a diferença entre os grupos não atinja o nível de significância estatística. Estes resultados podem ser explicados pelo fato de que as células dos indivíduos infectados pelo vírus HTLV-I apresentam maior taxa proliferativa devido à ação viral, mesmo em estado de latência clínica. A perda telomérica em função da idade nos portadores de ATL não demostrou-se significativa devido ao pequeno número de casos analisados em decorrência da raridade da doença. Entretanto, quando analisamos o comprimento telomérico nos subtipos linfocitários de portadores de ATL, evidenciamos acentuada perda telomérica na célula maligna e valores próximos ao limite superior esperado para a idade no subtipo linfocitário não transformado, demonstrando que a disfunção telomérica deve estar associada à transformação celular. Estabelecemos valores de referência de comprimento telomérico dos subtipos linfocitários TCD4+ e TCD8+ de indivíduos saudáveis, definidos por faixa etária. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados demonstram que portadores do vírus HTLV-I apresentam maior perda telomérica em função da idade que indivíduos saudáveis, mas, sem refletir significância estatística e clínica. Entretanto, portadores de ATL apresentam perda acentuada de comprimento de telômero na célula maligna, demonstrando que a determinação do comprimento de telômero pode auxiliar futuramente o monitoramento dos indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-I, indicando conversão à doença / INTRODUCTION: Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL) is a chronic lymphproliferative disease with clonal transformation predominantly of the TCD4+ lymphocytes, caused by the Human T lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I). ATL develops itself in 3-5% of HTLV-I carriers after a long period of clinical latency accompanied by clonal expansion of the infected lymphocytes. The ATL cells present several chromosomic abnormalities, similar to those resulting from telomere dysfunction and the genomic instability contributes to the development of ATL. In order to understanding the role of telomeric shortening in the ATL oncogenesis, we assessed the length of telomeres of lymphocytes TCD4 and TCD8 in HTLV-I carriers and in ATL carriers. RESULTS: No significant difference was evidentiated in the telomere length of lymphocytary subtypes TCD4+ and TCD8+ between HTLV-I carriers and healthy subjects, as well as, between ATL carriers and healthy subjects. However, when the age variable was included in the analysis, we observed significant decrease of telomeric length with age progression in HTLV-I carriers and higher telomeric loss in HTLV-I carriers and ATL carriers when compared to healthy subjects of the same age, although the difference between groups does not reach the level of statistic relevance. These results may be explained by the fact that the cells of HTLV-I infected subjects present higher proliferative rate due to the viral action, even during clinical latency. Age-related telomeric loss in ATL carriers did not manifest itself as significant due to the small number of analyzed cases as a consequence of the diseases rareness. However, when the telomere length on the lymphocytary subtypes of ATL carriers was analyzed, we evidentiated accentuated telomeric loss in the malignant cell and values close to the age-expected upper limit in the nontransformed lymphocytary subtype, demonstrating that the telomere dysfunction may be associated to the cellular transformation. We have determined reference values of telomere length for lymphocytary subtypes TCD4+ and TCD8+ on healthy subjects, defined by age range. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that HTLV-I carriers present higher telomeric loss due to age than healthy subjects, however, with no reflection in clinical and statistical significance. Nevertheless, ATL carriers present accentuated loss of telomere length in the malignant cell, demonstrating that the telomere length determination may, in the future, assist in the monitoring of HTLV-I infected subjects, indicating conversion to the disease