Die Arbeit untersucht die Rolle des Wissens- und Technologietransfers in nationalen Innovationssystemen und insbesondere im Innovationsprozess. Bisher vorliegende Arbeiten zu diesem Thema behandeln entweder den Wissens- und Technologietransfer als einen eigenständigen Prozeß oder den Aufbau nationaler Innovationssysteme. Die Verbindung beider Konzepte ist Gegenstand der Arbeit.

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[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento sobre a capacidade de inovação e os obstáculos à inovação enfrentados pelas empresas de serviços de tecnologia da informação, destacando-se o papel da Tecnologia Industrial Básica (TIB) no fortalecimento dessa capacidade. Particularmente, a dissertação busca responder como as empresas deste setor percebem a importância das funções da TIB - metrologia, normalização, regulamentação técnica e avaliação da conformidade - em seus ciclos de inovação, na perspectiva de destacar os benefícios oriundos da consolidação da infraestrutura nacional de serviços tecnológicos de suporte à capacidade inovadora dessas empresas. A metodologia compreende: (i) revisão bibliográfica e documental sobre os temas centrais da dissertação; (ii) definição do objeto do estudo e seleção da fonte primária de dados - Pesquisa de Inovação 2014 (Pintec 2014), do IBGE; (iii) elaboração do plano tabular para solicitação ao IBGE de tabulação especial da Pintec 2014; (iv) análise e discussão dos resultados; e (v) formulação das conclusões da pesquisa e de sugestões para a próxima edição da Pintec e estudos futuros. Destacam-se como resultados: (i) a identificação de itens da Pintec diretamente associados às funções da TIB; e (ii) a análise da percepção das empresas de serviços de tecnologia da informação sobre a relevância das funções da TIB em seus ciclos de inovação. / [en] The aim of this dissertation is to contribute to the advancement of knowledge about innovation capacity and obstacles to innovation faced by information technology service companies, with emphasis on the role of infrastructural technologies (Portuguese acronym, TIB) in strengthening this capacity. In particular, the dissertation seeks to answer how the companies in this sector perceive the importance of the TIB functions - metrology, standardization, technical regulation and conformity assessment - in their cycles of innovation, with a view to highlighting the benefits derived from the consolidation of the national infrastructure of technological services to support the innovative capacity of these companies. The methodology includes: (i) bibliographic and documentary review on the central themes of the dissertation; (ii) definition of the study object and selection of the primary source of data - IBGE s Innovation Research (Pintec 2014); (iii) preparation of the tabular plan for requesting a special tabulation of the Pintec 2014 to IBGE; (iv) analysis and discussion of the results; and (v) formulation of research findings and suggestions for the next edition of Pintec and future studies. The results are as follows: (i) the identification of Pintec 2014 items directly associated with the TIB functions; and (ii) the analysis of companies perception of information technology services on the relevance of TIB functions in their innovation cycles.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The thesis analyzes the Programa de Apoio à Pesquisa em Empresas (PAPPE), which emerged in Brazil in 2003 with the objective of supporting innovative projects developed by companies in partnership with researchers. It emerges as a political pioneer since it is a joint initiative of federal, via Financier of Studies and Projects (FINEP), and state sphere, via State Support Foundations (FAPs) with the intention to decentralize the actions to promote and provide resources to meet the needs and characteristics of regional development. Based on the neo-Schumpeterian theoretical framework, which supports a systemic view of the innovation process by developing the concept of national innovation system, the program, another groundbreaking project, aims to foster and strengthen relations of interaction between staff economic, since such relations can promote the generation and dissemination of knowledge and learning, highly interactive phenomena, which are key elements in the development and diffusion of innovations. The PAPPE is therefore one of the instruments used by the Brazilian government to try to overcome some bottlenecks that make the country‟s innovation system characterized by some scholars as immature/incomplete. Correspondingly, emerges the importance of studying it and identifying its contributions. For this, and through online interviews with participating companies of PAPPE, the present study considers the program in the States of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, in order to characterize these firms as well as identify their impacts on the interaction relationships and innovative activities. In general, companies that had projects approved in PAPPE are primarily young, created between 1990 and 2000; they are often small, and have a significant number of employees with higher education and graduate, has established partner relationships with other agents; have, in most cases, departments own R & D and founders originated the academic environment. That is, these companies point to the emergence of a new scenario in the country, which is formed by the micro and small innovative firms that recognize the importance of interaction relationships. / O trabalho analisa o Programa de Apoio à Pesquisa em Empresas (PAPPE), que surgiu no Brasil em 2003, com o objetivo de apoiar projetos inovativos desenvolvidos por empresas em parceria com pesquisadores. O programa surgiu como uma política pioneira, por se tratar de uma iniciativa conjunta das esferas federal, via FINEP (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos), e estadual, via FAPs (Fundações de Amparo Estaduais), com a intenção de descentralizar as ações de fomento e oferecer recursos de modo a atender às necessidades e características do desenvolvimento regional. A análise do Programa é realizada com base no arcabouço teórico neoschumpeteriano, que se fundamenta na visão sistêmica do processo inovativo por meio do desenvolvimento do conceito de Sistema Nacional de Inovação, o programa, também de forma pioneira, tem como objetivo estimular e fortalecer as relações de interação entre os agentes econômicos, uma vez que tais relações podem favorecer a geração e disseminação de conhecimento e aprendizado, fenômenos eminentemente interativos que constituem elementos-chave para o desenvolvimento e a difusão de inovações. O PAPPE é, portanto, um dos instrumentos utilizados pelo governo brasileiro para tentar superar alguns gargalos que fazem o sistema de inovação do país ser caracterizado por alguns estudiosos como imaturo/incompleto; por isso, a importância em estudá-lo e identificar suas contribuições. Para tanto, e por meio da realização de entrevistas online com participantes do PAPPE, o presente trabalho analisa o programa nos Estados de Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, com intuito de caracterizar tais empresas, bem como identificar seus impactos sobre as relações de interação e as atividades inovativas. De maneira geral, as empresas que tiveram projetos aprovados no PAPPE são fundamentalmente jovens, criadas entre os anos 1990 e 2000; de pequeno porte, possuem um número significativo de empregados com formação superior e cursos de pós-graduação; já estabelecem relações de parceira com outros agentes; possuem, na grande maioria, departamentos próprios de P&D e sócios fundadores originados do ambiente acadêmico. Noutros termos, tais dados apontam para o surgimento de um novo cenário no país, qual seja o formado por micro e pequenas empresas inovativas que reconhecem a importância das relações de interação. / Doutor em Economia

Bakgrund: Fastighetsbranschen klassificeras som en stabil bransch med fastigheter som fortsatt kommer behöva driftas och förvaltas, vilket har lett till få incitament att driva innovation i branschen. Spridningen av innovationer i branschen utgör en brist, även om tillgänglighet av innovationsmöjligheter finns. Medvetenhet om nödvändigheten av innovation inom fastighetsbranschen har dock ökat under de senaste decennierna, vilket har lett till att fastighetsbolagen gjort satsningar på att driva innovation i högre grad. Innovationsarbetet i fastighetsbranschen påverkas av flera externa och interna faktorer. Här råder det en kunskapslucka, då innovationsprocessen i fastighetsbranschen inte är tillräckligt studerat.   Syfte och Frågeställningar: Studiens syfte är att med hjälp av en komparativ studie utforska skillnader och likheter i olika fastighetsbolags innovationsarbete. För att besvara detta syfte har följande frågeställningar använts: “Vad är drivkraften till innovation för fastighetsbolagen inom branschen?” samt “Hur ser processen ut för innovationsskapande för aktörer inom fastighetsbranschen och finns det några skillnader samt likheter?”  Metod: Denna kvalitativa studie har en abduktiv ansats eftersom studiens teoretiska ramverk har utformats utifrån förintervjuer och en litteraturstudie. Empiriska data har samlats in genom primärdata i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem olika fastighetsbolag vilka sedan har analyserats med en tematisk analysmetod.  Slutsats: Vad som driver innovation inom branschen visade sig vara följande områden: omvärldsanalys, hållbarhet, kunder, samarbeten samt intern vilja och drivkraft. Processen för innovationsskapande för de olika bolagen ser olika ut och processerna är individuella för bolagen. Bolagen har flertalet likheter i sina innovationsprocesser med tanke på medarbetarnas involvering, pilotprojekt och hur de mäter om en innovation har uppnått sitt syfte. Olikheter i processerna grundar sig ofta i initiativet till varför bolaget bedriver innovation och hur innovationsprocessen startas. Studien tyder på att de finns olika samarbets-nätverk kopplat till innovation. Samarbetet inom branschen är en viktig komponent i bolagens innovationsprocess och driver innovation i branschen. Ur intervjudatan framkommer det att hinder för branschen framför allt är den stora kapitalintensiteten och att incitament till innovation saknas på grund av den stabila konjunkturen i branschen. / Introduction: The real estate industry classifies as a stable industry with properties that will still need to be operated and managed, which led to few incentives to drive innovation in the industry. The spread of innovations in the industry constitutes a deficiency, even though there is an availability of innovation opportunities. Awareness of the necessity of innovation in the real estate industry has increased in recent decades which has led real estate companies to make efforts in pursuing innovation to a greater degree. The innovation work in the real estate industry is affected by several external and internal factors. There is a knowledge gap here because the innovation process in the real estate industry has not been sufficiently studied.   Purpose and research questions: The purpose of the thesis is to explore differences and similarities in the innovation work of different real estate companies through a comparative study. To answer this purpose, the research questions used are: “What are the driving forces for innovation for real estate companies in the industry?” and “What does the process look like for innovation creation for players in the real estate industry and are there any differences and similarities?”.   Method: This qualitative study has an abductive approach, which has meant that the study has designed a theoretical frame of reference based on preliminary interviews and a literature review. This qualitative study has an abductive approach. The empirical data has been collected through primary data in the form of semi-structured interviews with five different real estate companies which then have been analysed using a thematic analysis method.   Conclusion: What drives innovation in the industry turned out to be the following areas: external analysis, sustainability, customers, collaborations, and internal will and drive. The process of creating innovation for the different companies looks different and the processes are individual for the companies. The companies have several similarities in their innovation processes in terms of employee involvement, pilot projects, and how they measure whether an innovation has achieved its purpose. Differences in the processes are often based on the initiative for why the company conducts innovation and how the innovation process is started. The study indicates that there are various collaborative networks linked to innovation. Collaboration in the industry is an important component in the companies' innovation process and drives innovation in the industry. The interview data shows that obstacles for the industry are primarily the large capital intensity and that incentives for innovation are lacking due to the stable economic situation in the industry.

Die Arbeit untersucht die Rolle des Wissens- und Technologietransfers in nationalen Innovationssystemen und insbesondere im Innovationsprozess. Bisher vorliegende Arbeiten zu diesem Thema behandeln entweder den Wissens- und Technologietransfer als einen eigenständigen Prozeß oder den Aufbau nationaler Innovationssysteme. Die Verbindung beider Konzepte ist Gegenstand der Arbeit.

Native potatoes are an important element of food security both as a direct food source and as a cash crop for peasant producers in the Andes of Peru. Production is basically for self-consumption and the shift to commercialization is a challenge. As a response, the Papa Andina Initiative (COGEPAN) was initiated to promote market innovation and pro-vide relative advantage to producers to respond to emerging markets. Research is limited on the integration, information and communication in relation to social relations. Old and new nonreciprocal relations and roles among stakeholders, consequences of customary practices, undermine the ability of female peasant producers. Any process requires an un-derstanding of culture, traditions and the gendered practices of agricultural production. As the research was premised on a feminist perspective, a sequential explanatory and mixed design was utilized for obtaining background and contextual data in a way that coupled collecting sex-disaggregated data with iterative planning activities readjusting the research to sharpen its focus on women. The situation of Andean peasant women within modern-day agricultural innovation systems is influenced by traditions and cus-tomary laws embedded in the specific lifeworlds of peasant communities. In COGEPAN, gender relations and roles are changing from the macro to the individual levels. Each change opens up new opportunities to shape innovation and benefit women. The partici-patory nature of market chains unfolds spaces for women to reveal leadership abilities. Gender relations and innovation have shifted in their own areas of interest or spheres. However, other gender issues are still embedded in peasant farming systems and the na-tive market chain. Results allow the researcher to recommend further policy analysis. The full range of women’s and men’s activities, resources, and benefits has to be reflected in the assessment of the innovation system and continuing activities. Gendered socio-economic factors affecting the adoption of proposed technological or institutional innova-tions need to be considered. Structural obstacles have to be addressed by implementing policies that facilitate peasant women’s advancement. The design and implementation of policy and legislation have to acknowledge that communities are not homogeneous and mechanisms have to be context-specific to achieve equitable representation of women and men. / Government of Ontario, IDRC/AUCC - LACREG, University of Guelph

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No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_e_dr_mar.pdf: 17286924 bytes, checksum: b68a5c7e5ee42709df2da8838dd34788 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Considerando que a geração de inovação é fator primordial para o desenvolvimento econômico e social das nações, que o conhecimento é recurso fundamental para a geração de inovação; e que a universidade é um importante agente produtor de conhecimento no âmbito dos Sistemas de Inovação, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral investigar as políticas públicas, as políticas institucionais de universidades selecionadas e os indicadores de inovação no Brasil e na Espanha no que tange à produção e compartilhamento de conhecimento científico. Parte-se da hipótese que a consolidação eficaz de um Sistema Nacionais de Inovação depende da sistematização de políticas para a inovação que não se restrinjam aos programas de incentivo fiscal e ajudas financeiras, mas, além disso, tenham como foco todos os diferentes agentes do Sistema Nacional de Inovação, e em especial a atuação integrada entre eles com foco na produção e no compartilhamento de conhecimento. Diante do exposto, busca-se responder às seguintes questões centrais: As políticas públicas de inovação nos países selecionados se pautam na abordagem sistêmica da inovação e, por consequência enfocam o compartilhamento de conhecimento entre os diferentes agentes do Sistema Nacional de Inovação? A participação das universidades públicas no âmbito de sistemas de inovação como agentes de execução atuantes na produção de conhecimento pode ser melhor explorada? O papel da universidade pública de produtora e socializadora de conhecimento está devidamente incorporado nas políticas públicas e indicadores de inovação? Nessa perspectiva, delineouse uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, composta por pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental, que subsidiou o estudo comparativo entre as políticas e indicadores de inovação brasileiros e espanhóis que compuseram o universo de pesquisa. Para a análise dos dados coletados no universo pesquisado aplicou-se o método de pesquisa ‘Análise de Conteúdo’, mais especificamente a técnica ‘Análise Categorial’, cujas categorias foram definidas a posteriori. As categorias de análise estabelecidas buscaram abranger e percorrer o caminho do conhecimento produzido na universidade nos contextos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação do Brasil e Espanha. Como resultado, a pesquisa verificou que os Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação dos países analisados se dedicam a consolidar uma cultura de inovação com foco no conhecimento, estão alinhados com a abordagem sistêmica da inovação, que preconiza a ação integrada entre os agentes do Sistema Nacionais de Inovação, e vislumbram a universidade como um importante agente produtor de conhecimento no âmbito do Sistema Nacionais de Inovação dos respectivos países. No entanto, as etapas que sucedem à produção e comunicação do conhecimento científico são negligenciadas. Porquanto se faz necessário que as políticas e indicadores de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação se ocupem também de processos para a sistematização, fluxos, apropriação e aplicação do conhecimento produzido pelas universidades no âmbito dos Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação. / Considering that the generation of innovation is a fundamental factor for the economic and social development of nations, that knowledge is a fundamental resource for the generation of innovation; and that the university is an important agent producing knowledge in the scope of Innovation Systems, the present research has the general objective to investigate the public policies, the institutional policies of selected universities and the innovation indicators in Brazil and in Spain regarding the production and sharing of scientific knowledge. The hypothesis is that the effective consolidation of a National Innovation System depends on the systematization of innovation policies that are not restricted to fiscal and financial incentive programs, but also focus on all the different agents of the National Innovation System, and in particular the integrated action between them with focus on the production and the sharing of knowledge. In view of the above, it is sought to answer the following central questions: Do public innovation policies in the selected countries focus on the systemic approach to innovation and, as a consequence, focus on the sharing of knowledge among the different agents of the National Innovation System? Is the participation of public universities in Innovation Systems as acting agents acting in the production of knowledge better exploited? Does the role of the pubic university of production and socialization of knowledge be properly incorporated into public policies and indicators of innovation? From this perspective, a research of a qualitative nature, composed by the bibliographical and documentary research was developed, which subsidized the comparative study between the Brazilian and Spanish innovation policies that made up the research universe. For the analysis of the data collected in the universe researched, the 'Content Analysis' research method was applied, more specifically the 'Categorical Analysis' technique, whose categories were defined a posteriori. The categories of analysis established sought to cover and follow the path of knowledge produced in university in the contexts of the National Systems of Innovation of Brazil and Spain. As a result, the research verified that the National Innovation Systems of the analyzed countries are dedicated to consolidating a culture of innovation with focus on knowledge, are aligned with the systemic approach of innovation, which advocates the integrated action among the agents of the National Innovation System, and considers the university an important agent of knowledge production within the scope of the National Innovation System of the respective countries. However, the steps that follow the production and communication of scientific knowledge are neglected. Because it is necessary that the policies and indicators of Science, Technology and Innovation are also concerned with processes for the systematization, flows, appropriation and application of the knowledge produced by universities within the scope of National Innovation Systems. / Considerando que la generación de innovación es un factor primordial para el desarrollo económico y social de las naciones, que el conocimiento es un recurso fundamental para la generación de innovación; y que la universidad es un importante agente productor de conocimiento en el ámbito de los Sistemas de Innovación, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo general investigar las políticas públicas, las políticas institucionales de universidades seleccionadas y los indicadores de innovación en Brasil y España en lo que atañe la producción y el intercambio de conocimiento científico. Se parte de la hipótesis que la consolidación eficaz de un sistema nacional de innovación depende de la sistematización de políticas para la innovación que no se restrinjan a los programas de incentivo fiscal y ayudas financieras sino que se centren en todos los diferentes agentes del Sistema Nacional de Innovación, y en especial la actuación integrada entre ellos con foco en la producción y en el intercambio de conocimiento. En cuanto a lo anterior, se busca responder a las siguientes cuestiones centrales: ¿Las políticas públicas de innovación en los países seleccionados se basan en el enfoque sistémico de la innovación y, por consiguiente, enfocan el intercambio de conocimiento entre los diferentes agentes del Sistema Nacional de Innovación? La participación de las universidades públicas en el ámbito de SI como agentes de ejecución actuantes en la producción de conocimiento puede ser mejor explotada? ¿El papel de la universidad pública de productora y socializadora de conocimiento está debidamente incorporado en las políticas públicas e indicadores de innovación? En esa perspectiva, se ha delineado una investigación de naturaleza cualitativa, compuesta por investigación bibliográfica e investigación documental, que subsidió el estudio comparativo entre las políticas e indicadores de innovación brasileños y españoles que compusieron el universo de investigación. Para el análisis de los datos recolectados en el universo investigado se aplicó el método de investigación 'Análisis de Contenido', más específicamente la técnica 'Análisis Categorial', cuyas categorías fueron definidas a posteriori. Las categorías de análisis establecidas buscaron abarcar y recorrer el camino del conocimiento producido en la universidad en los contextos de los Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación de Brasil y España. Como resultado, la investigación verificó que los Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación de los países analizados se dedican a consolidar una cultura de innovación con foco en el conocimiento, están alineados con el enfoque sistémico de la innovación, que preconiza la acción integrada entre los agentes del Sistema Nacional de Innovación y vislumbran a la universidad como un importante agente productor de conocimiento en el ámbito del Sistema Nacional de Innovación de los respectivos países. Sin embargo, las etapas que suceden a la producción y comunicación del conocimiento científico se descuidan. Por lo que se hace necesario que las políticas e indicadores de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación se ocupen también de procesos para la sistematización, flujos, apropiación y aplicación del conocimiento producido por las universidades en el ámbito de los Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación.

This master thesis studies alternative energy sources for maritime shipping in Sweden. With current climate goals, and a need for change, the maritime sector currently undergoes intense transitions. For shipping companies to lower their carbon footprint, the need to replace non decarbonised fuels is hence critical. With numerous alternatives, currently being developed, actors are phasing obstacles regarding which energy source that is most mature in terms of technical readiness as well as how adequate it will fulfil current climate goals. This study will analyse four different energy sources, liquid hydrogen (LH2), electro-methanol (emethanol), electro-ammonia (e-ammonia) and wind (sails), and answer which out of these energy sources will be most suitable for actors to adapt. To answer this question, the Technological Innovation System framework has been utilised, and the results has been applied to some chosen climate target actions developed by Swedish authorities. The findings proved that e-methanol currently is most mature and has reached most alignment with current climate goals, followed by LH2/wind and lastly e-ammonia. / Detta examensarbete studerar alternativa energikällor för fraktfartyg i Sverige. Med nuvarande klimatmål, och ett behov av förändring, genomgår den maritima sektorn intensiva omställningar. För att rederier ska kunna sänka sitt koldioxidavtryck är behovet att ersätta icke koldioxidneutrala bränslen därför stort. Med ett flertal alternativ, som för närvarande är under utveckling, står aktörer inför hinder angående vilken energikälla som är mest redo gällande teknikmognadsgrad samt hur adekvat den kommer att uppfylla nuvarande klimatmål. Denna studie kommer att analysera fyra olika energikällor, flytande väte (LH2), elektro-metanol (e-metanol), elektro-ammoniak (e-ammoniak) och vind (segel), och ta reda på vilka av dessa energikällor som är mest lämpad för aktörer att använda sig av. För att svara på denna fråga har ramverket Technological Innovation Systems använts och resultaten har tillämpats på några utvalda klimatmålsåtgärder som tagits fram av svenska myndigheter. Resultaten visade att e-metanol för närvarande är mest mogen och har nått mest anpassning till nuvarande klimatmål, följt av LH2/vind och slutligen e-ammoniak.