<p>This thesis discuss the matter of non-profit-making associations as a self regulatory technique out of a theoretical concept of power. The object for the study is the non-profit-making association Ditt Nya Hageby, which work in the neigborhood of Hageby, a suburb to Norrköping. In the study the association is placed in a contemporary postmodern social context and analyzed through semi- structured qualitative interviews, accordingly to hermeneutical method, with five active members of the association as informants. The association consists of members who lives in the neighborhood. Together with a hired organizer they realizes their own ideas in to projects which unquestionably improves the social and physical enviroment in Hageby. The author of this thesis, however argues their activities also can be looked at in a normative way concerning social order in a non-compelling sence. Thus the author means that the association, in this particular sense, could be understood theoretically by implying Michel Foucaults govermentality concept. In order to reach the final conclusion the informants experience concerning sense of community and identity in relation to Ditt Nya Hageby is analyzed. Further theoretical framework is provided by Ferdinand Tönnies concepts of gemeinschaft/gesellschaft and Jürgen Habermas civil publicity. The paper also accounts for what the authorbelieves to be the ideological/methodological basis for Ditt Nya Hageby’s activities by presenting and discussing the"from the inside out"-perspective which is recomended by John P. Kretzman&John.L McKnight regarding the reconstruction, in a wider sense, of exposed neigborhoods.</p>

This thesis discuss the matter of non-profit-making associations as a self regulatory technique out of a theoretical concept of power. The object for the study is the non-profit-making association Ditt Nya Hageby, which work in the neigborhood of Hageby, a suburb to Norrköping. In the study the association is placed in a contemporary postmodern social context and analyzed through semi- structured qualitative interviews, accordingly to hermeneutical method, with five active members of the association as informants. The association consists of members who lives in the neighborhood. Together with a hired organizer they realizes their own ideas in to projects which unquestionably improves the social and physical enviroment in Hageby. The author of this thesis, however argues their activities also can be looked at in a normative way concerning social order in a non-compelling sence. Thus the author means that the association, in this particular sense, could be understood theoretically by implying Michel Foucaults govermentality concept. In order to reach the final conclusion the informants experience concerning sense of community and identity in relation to Ditt Nya Hageby is analyzed. Further theoretical framework is provided by Ferdinand Tönnies concepts of gemeinschaft/gesellschaft and Jürgen Habermas civil publicity. The paper also accounts for what the authorbelieves to be the ideological/methodological basis for Ditt Nya Hageby’s activities by presenting and discussing the"from the inside out"-perspective which is recomended by John P. Kretzman&amp;John.L McKnight regarding the reconstruction, in a wider sense, of exposed neigborhoods.

Generating all hexahedral meshes on arbitrary geometries has been an area of important research in recent history. Hexahedral meshes have advantages over tetrahedral meshes in structural mechanics because they provide more accurate results with fewer degrees of freedom. Many different approaches have been used to create all-hexahedral meshes. Grid-based, inside-out, or superposition meshing all refer to a similar meshing approach that is a very common mesh generation technique. Grid-based algorithms provide the ability to generate all hexahedral meshes by introducing a structured mesh that bounds the complete body modeled, marking hexahedra to define an interior and exterior mesh, manipulating the boundary region between interior and exterior regions of the structured mesh to fit the specific boundary of the body, and finally, discarding the exterior hexahedra from the given body. Such algorithms generally provide high quality meshes on the interior of the body yet distort element at the boundary in order to fill voids and match surfaces along these regions. The sculpting algorithm as presented here, addresses the difficulty in forming quality elements near boundary regions in two ways. The algorithm first finds more intelligent methods to define a structured mesh that conforms to the body to lessen large distortions to the boundary elements. Second, the algorithm uses collapsing templates to adjust the position of boundary elements to mimic the topology of the body prior to capturing the geometric boundary.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAEL - Daniela Penharvel de A Campos.pdf: 4723832 bytes, checksum: 14c560da8b70f42b1b03a93cb970d7ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main aim of this study was to investigate the phraseology of the verbs try and like in English and confront the information gathered through the analysis of the data with the usage suggested by the course book Inside Out- Upper-Intermediate, adopted by the school I work for. In order to do so, the main theoretical support was provided by Corpus Linguistics, which is the area concerned with the collection and analysis of criteriously selected corpora, by means of computers. Although there are a number of studies based on the use of corpora in teaching, there is not any study concerned with describing what has been described in this one, mainly in respect of the use of the data gathered to the teaching of a foreign language. Therefore, this study aims at closing this gap in literature. Three questions were investigated in order to study the phraseology of the verbs try and like, in order to reach the objective of the study. The corpus used in the study was the BNC (British National Corpus), which is a corpus of native speakers of British English, of different linguistic varieties, that has more than 100 million words. The corpus analysis led us to the observation of differences between the usage suggested by the course book and the usage made by native speakers of English, which was the main aim of this study. The study presented may have contributed to the existing corpus-based research, especially in the area of Corpus Linguistics and the Teaching of English as Foreign Language, as it shows how the use of real data can be an important and essential tool to the teaching of English as a foreign language / O trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar a fraseologia dos verbos try e like em inglês e confrontar as informações obtidas por meio da análise dos dados com a prescrição de uso sugerida pelo livro didático Inside Out- Upper- Intermediate, adotado pela escola em que trabalho. Para tanto, o trabalho utilizou o suporte teórico da Lingüística de Corpus, que é a área que se preocupa com a coleta e exploração de corpora eletrônicos, por meio de computadores, de maneira criteriosa. Apesar de haver muitos trabalhos baseados no uso de corpora para o ensino, não há qualquer pesquisa que busque descrever o que foi descrito neste trabalho, principalmente no tocante ao uso dos dados obtidos para o ensino de língua inglesa. Portanto, esta pesquisa procura preencher esta lacuna. Foram levantadas três perguntas de pesquisa relativas à fraseologia dos verbos try e like, a fim de alcançar o objetivo proposto. O Corpus empregado nesta pesquisa foi o BNC (British National Corpus), um corpus de falantes nativos de inglês britânico, com diversas variedades lingüísticas, que conta com mais de 100 milhões de palavras. A análise do corpus permitiu que fossem observadas diferenças entre o uso prescrito pelo livro didático e o uso feito por falantes nativos de língua inglesa, o que era o objetivo deste trabalho. A pesquisa pretende ter contribuído para a área de Lingüística de Corpus e Ensino ao demonstrar como a utilização de dados reais pode ser uma ferramenta importante e essencial no ensino de língua estrangeira

中國大陸隨著經濟快速發展，石油能源需求成長迅速，導致石油進口依賴增加，石油需求量日益大於國內原油產量，對進口原油的依賴成為中國國家安全的潛在威脅。為鞏固石油安全，除需不斷向外擴張石油的來源管道外，更需儘速調整國內能源消費結構，提昇能源使用效率。本文以石油安全的政治經濟途徑來看中國對外石油政策，探討影響中國石油安全的因素。分析究竟是「由外而內」(outside-in)，還是「由內而外」(inside-out)層面的因素制約了中國對外石油政策的走向。本文認為，依賴國外石油供應本身並不會造成中國石油安全的威脅，主要的威脅來自於對日益增長的能源消費缺乏明顯改善能源效率的機制。長期而言，改善國內能源治理才是一種有效的而且是徹底改善中國能源安全處境的根本途徑。基於這種觀點，中國必須更廣泛的，儘可能的善加利用各種國際資源，來提升國內能源使用效率。從戰略層次來看，其他各國也會受益於中國的努力。 / Mainland China's rapid economic development has brought rapid growth in oil energy demand, that has outstripped domestic sources of supply, causing increased reliance on oil imports. China's reliance on oil imports to satisfy its oil requirements has become the potential threat to the national security. In order to secure its oil security, mainland China need to constantly expand external oil energy sources. Besides, there is even greater need to speedily adjust the domestic energy consumption structure and utilising energy efficiently within china. This paper focuses on the Chinese foreign oil policy based on the political-economic approaches to oil security. The research problem of this paper is : What's the real factor that "constraint" Chinese foreign oil policy, "outside-in" or "inside-out"? The conclusion of this paper is that dependence on foreign sources of oil supply is not in itself a threat to China's oil security; the key threat is ever-growing consumption without significant improvement in erergy efficiency. In the long term, improved domestic energy governance is one effective and indeed essential route for China to improve its overall energy situation. In this concection, China must work to make as extensive use of international resources as possible for the sake of promoting more efficient use of energy in the country. At a strategic level, the rest of the world stands to benefit from progress in Chinese efforts.

<p>Changes in sectors and industries have brought new challenges to corporations as well as been important driving forces for the dynamics in strategy at the corporate level. With the dramatic developments of the 1990’s in mind, such as multilateral free-trade agreements, liberalization, privatization, sharp industry growth/decline, increased competition and globalization, in particular within the telecom and the construction industry, this study contributes to describing and understanding strategic change at the corporate level as well as changes in the division of work within value chains. Strategy is defined as intentions, decisions and actions that relate to bundling and unbundling at different strategic levels, aiming to establish and reestablish a value chain position. Thus, outsourcing, M&As, modularization and systems development and sales are important strategic components which are examined from a value chain perspective. From a value chain perspective, the purpose of this study is to describe and understand strategic change at the corporate level in the telecom and construction industries during the 1990’s. More specifically this study shall contribute to describing and understanding (i) the dynamics of and between M&As, outsourcing, modularization and systemization, as well as (ii) industrial and financial drivers to strategic change.</p><p>The conclusions describe strategic change from a value chain perspective using three descriptive patterns, including an increasing degree of specialization and need for interorganizational coordination across the value chain. In addition, outsourcing and modularization of systems and an increased scope of offering through systemization and BOT-projects, result in the fact that due to M&As the horizontal boundary of the firm sometimes goes beyond the industry scope while the vertical scope is often narrowed through outsourcing. The conclusions also focus on understanding the content of strategic change, that is to say the dynamics of and between mergers and acquisitions, outsourcing, modularization and system sales. These findings are summarized in nine explanatory patterns. These patterns show that the strategic decisions of bundling and unbundling at the corporate and functional level through mergers and acquisitions, outsourcing, systemization and modularization are guided by an industrial as well as a financial logic. By considering the descriptive and explanatory patterns found this study, the conclusions also include what to expect during the next decade with regard to corporate strategy from a value chain perspective in five predictive patterns.</p>

Changes in sectors and industries have brought new challenges to corporations as well as been important driving forces for the dynamics in strategy at the corporate level. With the dramatic developments of the 1990’s in mind, such as multilateral free-trade agreements, liberalization, privatization, sharp industry growth/decline, increased competition and globalization, in particular within the telecom and the construction industry, this study contributes to describing and understanding strategic change at the corporate level as well as changes in the division of work within value chains. Strategy is defined as intentions, decisions and actions that relate to bundling and unbundling at different strategic levels, aiming to establish and reestablish a value chain position. Thus, outsourcing, M&amp;As, modularization and systems development and sales are important strategic components which are examined from a value chain perspective. From a value chain perspective, the purpose of this study is to describe and understand strategic change at the corporate level in the telecom and construction industries during the 1990’s. More specifically this study shall contribute to describing and understanding (i) the dynamics of and between M&amp;As, outsourcing, modularization and systemization, as well as (ii) industrial and financial drivers to strategic change. The conclusions describe strategic change from a value chain perspective using three descriptive patterns, including an increasing degree of specialization and need for interorganizational coordination across the value chain. In addition, outsourcing and modularization of systems and an increased scope of offering through systemization and BOT-projects, result in the fact that due to M&amp;As the horizontal boundary of the firm sometimes goes beyond the industry scope while the vertical scope is often narrowed through outsourcing. The conclusions also focus on understanding the content of strategic change, that is to say the dynamics of and between mergers and acquisitions, outsourcing, modularization and system sales. These findings are summarized in nine explanatory patterns. These patterns show that the strategic decisions of bundling and unbundling at the corporate and functional level through mergers and acquisitions, outsourcing, systemization and modularization are guided by an industrial as well as a financial logic. By considering the descriptive and explanatory patterns found this study, the conclusions also include what to expect during the next decade with regard to corporate strategy from a value chain perspective in five predictive patterns.

Bakgrund: Företagens interna innovationsfunktioner minskas samtidigt som företagen i större utsträckning väljer att tillämpa öppen innovation, gränsöverskridande samarbeten. Massor av forskning visar på att öppen innovation innebär en rad fördelar och möjligheter, men även utmaningar. Få studier belyser dock sambandet mellan komplexa innovationsutvecklingsprocesser och tillämpandet av gränsöverskridande samarbeten. Påverkar antalet komplexa beståndsdelar i innovationsutvecklingsprocesser i vilken konstellation företag väljer att samarbete med externa parter? Författarna ställer sig frågande till detta. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur komplexiteten i innovationsutvecklingsprocesser påverkar i vilken utsträckning företag väljer att samarbeta med externa parter. Studien ska även undersöka i vilken konstellation företag väljer att samarbeta med externa parter baserat på hur komplexa innovationsutvecklingsprocesserna är. Även Incitament för gränsöverskridande samarbete vid utvecklandet av komplexa innovationer kommer att studeras. Genomförande: Kvalitativ data erhölls genom fem samtalsintervjuer med fyra Innovationsledare och en processansvarig för innovationsutveckling avseende komplexa innovationer inom Ikea. Kvantitativ data erhölls genom en enkätundersökning som besvarades av samtliga Innovationsledare samt deras medarbetare (28 respondenter totalt) Resultat: Studien indikerar på att ju mer komplex en innovationsutvecklingsprocess är, desto större är sannolikheten att externa parter får större inblick i fler beståndsdelar avseende utvecklingsprocessen. Graden av komplexitet i utvecklingsprocessen ökar även sannolikheten för att inifrån-ut innovation tillämpas. / Background: The companys internal innovation functions decreases while companies choose to apply open innovation, cross-border cooperation. Lots of research shows that open innovation involves several benefits and opportunities, but also challenges. Few studies, however, illustrates the connection between complex innovation processes and the application of cross-border cooperation. Does the number of complex components in innovation development processes affect in which constellation companies choose to cooperate with external parties? This is something the authors ask themselves. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the complexity of innovation development processes affects the extent to which companies choose to cooperate with external parties. The study will also investigate what constellation companies choose to collaborate with external parties based on the complexity of innovation development processes. Incentives for cross-border cooperation in the development of complex innovations will also be studied. Implementation: Qualitative data was obtained through five interviews with four Innovation leaders and a process manager for innovation development, regarding complex innovations within Ikea. Quantitative data was obtained through a survey that was answered by all Innovation Leaders and their employees (28 respondents in total). Results: The study indicates that the more complex an innovation development process is, the greater is the likelihood that external parties will gain more insight into more components of the development process. The degree of complexity in the development process also increases the likelihood that inside-out innovation is applied.

This research study aims to enhance the effectiveness of the architectural design process regarding the exploration and framing of the best visual connections to the outside environment within built environments. Specifically, it aims to develop a framework for developing and integrating an inside-out design approach augmented and informed by digital 3D geospatial data as a way to enhance the explorative ability and decision-making process for designers regarding the visual connection to the outside environment. To do so, the strategy of logical argumentation is used to analyze and study the phenomenon of making visual connections to a surrounding context. The initial recommendation of this stage is to integrate an inside-out design approach that operates within the digital immersion within 3D digital representations of the surrounding context. This strategy will help to identify the basic logical steps of the proposed inside-out design process. Then, the method of immersive case study is used to test and further develop a proposed process by designing a specific building, specifically, an Art Museum building on the campus of Virginia Tech. Finally, the Delphi method is used in order to evaluate the necessity and importance of the proposed approach to the design process and its ability to achieve this goal. A multi-round survey was distributed to measure the consensus among a number of experts regarding the proposed design approach and its developed design tool. Overall, findings refer to a total agreement among the participating experts regarding the proposed design approach with some different concerns regarding the proposed design tool. / Doctor of Philosophy / Achieving a well-designed visual connection to one's surroundings is considered by many philosophers and theorists to be an essential aspect of our spatial experience within built environments. The goal of this research is to help designers to achieve better visual connections to the outside environment and therefore create more meaningful spatial experiences within the built environment. This research aims to enhance the ability of designers to explore the best possible views and make the right design decisions to frame these views of the outdoors from the inside of their buildings. Of course, the physical presence of designers at a building site has been the traditional method of determining the best views; however, this is not always possible during the design process for many reasons. Thus, this research aims to find a more effective alternative to visiting a building site in order to inform each design decision regarding the quality of its visual connection to the outdoors. To do so, this research developed a proposed inside-out design approach to be integrated into the design process. Specifically, it outlines a process that allows the designers to be digitally immersed within an accurate 3D representation of the surrounding context, which will help designers to explore views from multiple angles both inside the space and in response make the most suitable design decision. For further developing the proposed process, it was used during conducting this research to design an Art Museum on Virginia Tech Campus.